Your FREE AFOQT Flashcards 2026 – 250+ Cards

A comparison that asks you to find a second pair of words with the same relationship as the first pair. Format: A is to B as C is to ___.

One word names a part of the other. PETAL : FLOWER, PAGE : BOOK, BRANCH : TREE.

The two words mean nearly the same thing. HAPPY : JOYFUL, BRAVE : COURAGEOUS.

The two words are opposites. HOT : COLD, EXPAND : CONTRACT, FRUGAL : WASTEFUL.

One word leads to the other. FIRE : SMOKE, RAIN : FLOOD, VIRUS : ILLNESS.

One word names the purpose of the other. KNIFE : CUT, PEN : WRITE, BROOM : SWEEP.

Pairs a person with the tool they use. CHEF : KNIFE, PAINTER : BRUSH, SURGEON : SCALPEL.

Pairs a person with what they make. BAKER : BREAD, AUTHOR : BOOK, COMPOSER : SYMPHONY.

One word is a kind of the other. ROBIN : BIRD, OAK : TREE, SAPPHIRE : GEM.

Same idea, different strength. WARM : HOT, COOL : COLD, LIKE : ADORE.

Build a sentence linking the first pair ('a petal is part of a flower'), then apply the same sentence to the second pair to pick the answer.

Pairs a thing with where it belongs. CAR : GARAGE, BOOK : LIBRARY, JUDGE : COURT.

Antonyms — abundant means plentiful, scarce means in short supply.

Worker-to-workplace — the place where the worker performs their job. Also TEACHER : SCHOOL.

Instrument-to-what-it-measures. THERMOMETER : TEMPERATURE, SCALE : WEIGHT.

An analogy choice can be a real synonym yet wrong if it doesn't match the SPECIFIC relationship in the first pair. Match the relationship, not just the meaning.

One thing stands for another. DOVE : PEACE, FLAG : COUNTRY, RING : MARRIAGE.

Words in a natural order. INFANT : ADULT, SEED : PLANT, FIRST : LAST.

Pairs an action with what it acts on. READ : BOOK, DRIVE : CAR, EAT : FOOD.

Pairs a thing with a defining trait. SUGAR : SWEET, LEMON : SOUR, ICE : COLD.

Pairs an adult animal with its offspring. DOG : PUPPY, COW : CALF, CAT : KITTEN.

Pairs a quantity with its unit. LENGTH : METER, MASS : GRAM, TIME : SECOND.

Pairs a whole with a smaller part of the same kind. OCEAN : DROP, FOREST : TREE, ARMY : SOLDIER.

Tool-to-worker (reversed worker-to-tool). The poet uses the pen, as the painter uses the brush.

Member-to-group — one ship belongs to a fleet, as one wolf belongs to a pack.

Young-to-adult — a puppy grows into a dog, as a calf grows into a cow.

Reject choices that share a word's topic but not its relationship — e.g., for FIRE : SMOKE pick another cause-effect pair, not just something hot.

Speed = distance ÷ time. 195 miles in 1.5 hours = 195 ÷ 1.5 = 130 mph.

Distance = rate × time. A plane at 400 mph for 3 hours covers 400 × 3 = 1,200 miles.

Time = distance ÷ rate. 600 miles at 300 mph takes 600 ÷ 300 = 2 hours.

Multiply by the decimal. 20% of 150 = 0.20 × 150 = 30.

Change ÷ original × 100. From 80 to 100: 20 ÷ 80 = 25% increase. Always divide by the ORIGINAL.

Combine rates. If A does a job in 4 h and B in 6 h, together: 1/4 + 1/6 = 5/12 per hour, so 12/5 = 2.4 hours.

I = principal × rate × time. 1,000 dollars at 5% for 3 years = 1000 × 0.05 × 3 = 150 dollars.

Set up equal fractions and cross-multiply. If 3 parts to 5 parts and the first is 12, then 3/5 = 12/x, so x = 20.

Divide cost by quantity to compare. 6 dollars for 3 lb = 2/lb; 10 dollars for 4 lb = 2.50/lb — the first is cheaper.

Track the amount of each component, not just totals. Use (amount × strength) sums to keep concentrations straight.

Sum of the values ÷ how many there are. The mean of 4, 8, 10 is 22 ÷ 3 ≈ 7.33.

Miles ÷ gallons = mpg. 360 miles on 12 gallons = 30 mpg; gallons needed = miles ÷ mpg.

Divide minutes by 60. 90 minutes = 90 ÷ 60 = 1.5 hours; 45 min = 0.75 h.

Markup adds to cost; discount subtracts from price. A 25% discount means you pay 75% (multiply by 0.75).

Moving toward each other: add their speeds. Apart from each other: still add for separation rate.

Profit = revenue − cost. Profit margin = profit ÷ revenue × 100.

Round numbers to check if an answer is reasonable, then eliminate choices that are far off — fast on a timed subtest.

Match your answer's units to what's asked (mph, gallons, dollars, hours). A common trap is solving correctly but giving the wrong unit.

If a recipe for 4 needs 6 cups, for 6 people use 6 × (6/4) = 9 cups.

Multiply the price by the tax rate and add. A 50-dollar item at 8% tax: 50 × 0.08 = 4, total 54 dollars.

A 20%-off 80-dollar item costs 80 × 0.80 = 64 dollars (you pay 80% of the price).

To find a missing value given the mean, multiply the mean by the count to get the total, then subtract the known values.

Combine fill and drain rates: net rate = fill rate − drain rate; time = job ÷ net rate.

Multiply by a conversion factor. 5 feet × 12 = 60 inches; 3 miles × 5,280 = 15,840 feet.

Same direction: subtract speeds for the gap rate. Opposite directions: add speeds.

'25% more than 80' = 80 + 0.25 × 80 = 100; '25% less than 80' = 80 − 20 = 60.

Identify what's asked, list the given numbers with units, choose the operation, then check the answer is reasonable.

Multiply the fraction by the whole. 3/5 of 200 = (3 × 200) ÷ 5 = 120.

Shrewd; perceptive; quick to understand. 'An astute investor.'

Kind; generous; wishing to do good.

Honest and direct; frank; outspoken.

Hardworking; careful and persistent in effort.

Fluent and persuasive in speaking or writing.

Thrifty; economical; sparing with money or resources.

Sociable; fond of the company of others.

Arrogant; looking down on others; disdainfully proud.

Fair; unbiased; not favoring one side.

Using very few words; terse; concise.

Showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise.

A beginner; someone new to a task or skill.

No longer in use; out of date.

Wise and careful; showing good judgment about the future.

Able to recover quickly from difficulty; tough; springy.

To examine closely and critically.

Holding firmly; persistent; not giving up.

Wordy; using more words than needed.

Full of energetic enthusiasm; fervent.

Open to more than one interpretation; unclear; vague.

To make larger; to increase or add to.

Shortness; conciseness in speech or writing.

To cut short; to reduce or limit.

To discourage or prevent someone from acting.

Word Knowledge asks for the word 'most nearly' the same in meaning. If you don't know the word, use roots, prefixes, and how it's used in similar words to estimate.

Means good or well. BENEvolent (good will), BENEficial (helpful), BENEfactor (does good).

Means bad or wrong. MALevolent (ill will), MALfunction, MALadroit (clumsy).

Means hear. AUDible, AUDience, AUDitory.

Means around. CIRCUMnavigate, CIRCUMference, CIRCUMspect (looking around = cautious).

Brief but comprehensive; saying much in few words.

To support or argue for a cause; (noun) a person who does so.

To act in accordance with a rule, request, or command; to obey.

A shortage; the amount by which something falls short, especially money.

To improve the quality, value, or extent of something.

Possible to do easily or conveniently; practical.

To get in the way of; to hamper or obstruct progress.

To introduce something new; to make changes by introducing new methods.

Merciful or tolerant; not harsh in discipline or punishment.

Ordinary; dull; lacking interest or excitement.

Seeming reasonable or probable; believable.

Means look. inSPECT, SPECTator, perSPECTive, SPECTacle.

Means across or through. TRANSport, TRANSfer, TRANSparent.

Means under or below. SUBmarine, SUBstandard, SUBterranean.

Means fear of. claustroPHOBIA (fear of enclosed spaces), acroPHOBIA (heights).

To agree; to be of the same opinion.

Isolate x. For 6x + 13 = 49: subtract 13 (6x = 36), divide by 6 (x = 6).

Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication/Division (left to right), Addition/Subtraction (left to right).

m = (y₂ − y₁) ÷ (x₂ − x₁) — rise over run between two points.

y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept (where the line crosses the y-axis).

x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) ÷ (2a), which solves any quadratic ax² + bx + c = 0.

A = length × width.

A = ½ × base × height.

A = πr², where r is the radius.

C = 2πr (or πd, where d is the diameter).

For a right triangle with legs a and b and hypotenuse c: a² + b² = c².

V = length × width × height.

V = πr²h (base area × height).

V = (4/3)πr³.

180°. Two of them give the third by subtraction.

Add to 180° (supplementary). Angles around a point add to 360°.

Two angles that add to 90°.

xᵐ × xⁿ = xᵐ⁺ⁿ — add the exponents when multiplying like bases.

(xᵐ)ⁿ = xᵐⁿ — multiply the exponents.

x⁻ⁿ = 1 ÷ xⁿ — move it to the denominator.

Any nonzero number to the 0 power = 1.

a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b).

(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b².

Multiply two binomials: First, Outer, Inner, Last terms, then combine like terms.

Sum of the values ÷ the number of values.

The middle value of an ordered data set; it resists outliers.

The value that appears most often in a data set.

Favorable outcomes ÷ total outcomes — always between 0 and 1.

Divide and multiply by 100. 3/4 = 0.75 = 75%.

Side ratio 1 : 1 : √2 (legs equal; hypotenuse = leg × √2).

Side ratio 1 : √3 : 2 (short leg, long leg, hypotenuse).

Solve like an equation, but flip the inequality sign when you multiply or divide by a negative number.

P = 2 × (length + width).

d = √((x₂ − x₁)² + (y₂ − y₁)²) between two points.

Midpoint = ((x₁ + x₂) ÷ 2, (y₁ + y₂) ÷ 2).

6s², where s is the edge length (6 equal square faces).

Drop the percent sign and divide by 100. 35% = 0.35.

The distance of a number from zero, always non-negative. |−7| = 7.

n! = n × (n−1) × ... × 1. So 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24.

Cross-multiply. If a/b = c/d, then a × d = b × c.

√50 = √(25 × 2) = 5√2 — factor out the perfect square.

For y = ax² + bx + c, the x-coordinate of the vertex is −b ÷ (2a).

Supplementary angles sum to 180°; complementary angles sum to 90°.

Your ability to read a short passage and answer questions using only the information stated or implied in it — never outside knowledge.

Asks for the central point of the passage — the claim the whole text supports, broader than any single detail.

Asks for a specific fact the passage states. Locate it directly in the text.

Asks for a conclusion the passage implies but doesn't state. Pick the best-supported choice, not the most extreme one.

Asks how the author feels about the topic (e.g., critical, admiring, neutral). Look at word choice for clues.

Asks WHY the passage was written — to inform, persuade, describe, or entertain.

Asks the meaning of a word AS USED in the passage; the surrounding sentences define it, not the dictionary alone.

Some test-takers skim the questions before the passage so they know what to look for, saving time on a timed subtest.

Cross out choices that are too broad, too narrow, not mentioned, or that contradict the passage.

Must be directly stated. Don't choose a true-in-real-life option that the passage never says.

A fact can be verified; an opinion expresses a belief or judgment (often signaled by 'should,' 'best,' 'I think').

The correct main-idea choice captures the whole passage, not just one paragraph or example.

Choices with 'always,' 'never,' 'all,' or 'none' are often wrong unless the passage clearly supports them.

Ask how the passage is organized — e.g., problem-then-solution, cause-and-effect, or chronological order.

With limited time per question, don't reread the whole passage for each item; locate the relevant sentence and answer.

Choose the title that fits the WHOLE passage — not just an interesting detail or a single paragraph.

However, but, although, on the other hand — they flag a shift in the author's point; the answer often hinges on them.

Therefore, thus, in conclusion, as a result — they introduce the point the passage is building toward.

The correct choice often restates a passage idea in different words; don't reject it just because the wording differs.

A stated detail is written directly; an implied idea must be reasoned from clues. Inference questions want the implied one.

Usually the first or last sentence of a paragraph; it summarizes that paragraph's main point.

When asked which is NOT supported, eliminate the three that ARE in the passage; the leftover is the answer.

Use the rest of the sentence — examples, contrasts, or definitions nearby — to infer an unfamiliar word's meaning.

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion, unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma). More force gives more acceleration; more mass gives less.

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Speed is how fast (magnitude only); velocity is speed WITH a direction.

The rate of change of velocity. Gravity accelerates falling objects at about 9.8 m/s².

Mass is the amount of matter (constant); weight is the force of gravity on that mass (changes with location).

Kinetic = energy of motion; potential = stored energy (e.g., a raised object's gravitational PE).

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Work = force × distance (in the direction of the force). No movement = no work done.

The rate of doing work: power = work ÷ time. Measured in watts.

Solid (fixed shape and volume), liquid (fixed volume, takes container shape), gas (fills its container).

A nucleus of protons (+) and neutrons (neutral), surrounded by electrons (−).

The number of protons in an atom — it defines the element.

Elements arranged by increasing atomic number; columns (groups) share similar properties.

Physical change alters form only (ice melting); chemical change makes a new substance (rusting, burning).

Density = mass ÷ volume. Objects less dense than water float; denser ones sink.

Voltage = current × resistance (V = IR).

A conductor lets electricity flow easily (metals); an insulator resists it (rubber, glass).

They are inversely related: higher frequency means shorter wavelength (for the same wave speed).

About 3 × 10⁸ meters per second in a vacuum — the fastest anything travels.

Evaporation → condensation → precipitation → collection, repeating continuously.

Crust (thin outer), mantle (thick middle), outer core (liquid), inner core (solid).

Plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen.

Caused by the changing angle of sunlight on the Moon as it orbits Earth — new, crescent, quarter, gibbous, full.

Conduction (contact), convection (fluid movement), and radiation (waves, e.g., from the Sun).

Sublimation is a solid changing directly into a gas without becoming liquid (e.g., dry ice).

A force of attraction between masses; on Earth it pulls objects toward the center at about 9.8 m/s².

Measures acidity 0–14: below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic (alkaline).

Lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw — they trade force for distance.

How much a machine multiplies force: output force ÷ input force. A longer lever arm gives more advantage.

Momentum = mass × velocity. A heavier or faster object has more momentum and is harder to stop.

A force that resists motion between surfaces in contact; it converts kinetic energy into heat.

In series, current has one path (one break stops all); in parallel, multiple paths (one break, others still work).

A buildup of electric charge on a surface; like charges repel, opposite charges attract.

Every magnet has a north and south pole; opposite poles attract, like poles repel.

Protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative).

An element is one type of atom; a compound is two or more elements chemically bonded (e.g., water, H₂O).

Water boils at 100°C (212°F) and freezes at 0°C (32°F) at sea level.

Reflection bounces light off a surface; refraction bends light as it passes between materials.

A convex lens converges light (magnifies); a concave lens diverges light.

Speed and accuracy reading a grid: you find a value at given X (column) and Y (row) coordinates as fast as possible.

X values run across the top (columns), Y values run down the side (rows). Find where the chosen column and row meet.

Use a finger or the cursor to track the X column and Y row, then read the cell at their intersection — don't lose your place.

It's heavily timed (many items, little time each). Accuracy on the coordinate matters more than rechecking; move steadily.

Columns/rows can be labeled with negatives (−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3). Watch the sign when locating the X or Y value.

Transposing X and Y, or sliding one row/column off. Confirm the column first, then the row, before reading the value.

It gauges how well you process gridded data quickly and accurately — useful for reading charts and instruments in flight.

Form T's Table Reading has many questions with only seconds each — train for speed with accuracy, not perfection on a few.

Lay one finger on the X column heading and another on the Y row label, then slide them to the intersection.

Re-reading each cell costs you later questions; trust a careful first read and keep moving.

If you're running out of time, make your best coordinate read and move on; speed across many items beats perfect on a few.

The cell at X = 0, Y = 0 is the grid's center; counting outward from it can speed up locating a coordinate.

If the answer choices differ in sign or size, a quick read of the cell's neighborhood can rule several out instantly.

Reading an artificial horizon (attitude indicator) and a compass to determine an aircraft's direction of flight and bank/pitch.

Shows the aircraft's pitch (nose up/down) and bank (wings left/right) relative to the horizon line.

The line where brown (ground) meets blue (sky); the miniature wings show the aircraft's position relative to it.

If the horizon tilts so the right wing is low, the aircraft is banked to the right; left wing low = banked left.

More blue (sky) below the wings = nose up (climbing); more brown (ground) = nose down (diving).

Shows heading: N (0°/360°), E (90°), S (180°), W (270°). The aircraft is flying toward the indicated heading.

Horizon line is flat and level, compass points to N — straight-and-level flight heading 000°.

The more the horizon line tilts away from level, the steeper the bank angle.

Nose-up pitch (more sky) AND a tilted horizon (banked) together — climbing while turning.

Read the compass for direction first, then the attitude indicator for bank and pitch, then match the airplane silhouette.

Nose-down pitch (more ground showing) combined with a banked horizon line.

Due east — the compass needle points to E.

It shows aircraft attitude when the real horizon isn't visible (clouds, night), preventing spatial disorientation.

Due south — the compass shows S.

Due west — the compass shows W.

Right wing low (horizon tilts down to the right) plus more sky below the wings = climbing right turn.

Horizon line flat and level with the compass on W = straight-and-level flight heading 270°.

After reading bank and pitch, pick the airplane drawing whose attitude matches the instrument exactly.

Spatial reasoning: counting how many blocks a given block touches in a 3-D stack, including hidden blocks.

Two blocks count as touching only when they share a full FACE (surface contact) — not just an edge or a corner.

Up to 6 others — one on each face: top, bottom, front, back, left, right.

You must account for blocks you can't directly see but that logically must be there to support the visible stack.

Check each of the target block's six faces in order and ask 'is there a block flush against this face?'

A block at the corner of a pile touches fewer neighbors — often only 2 or 3 — because several faces are exposed.

A block buried inside a solid stack touches the most neighbors (up to 6) since few or no faces are exposed.

Diagonal contact (edge-to-edge or corner-to-corner) is NOT touching for this subtest — only flat face-to-face.

Mentally separate the pile into horizontal layers to track which block sits above or below the target.

It measures 3-D spatial visualization, a skill linked to interpreting cockpit instruments and aircraft orientation.

A block sitting on top of a pile has nothing on its top face, so it touches at most 5 others.

If a block floats in the picture, blocks must exist beneath it for support — count those bottom-face contacts.

For the marked block, tally contacts on top, bottom, and all four sides separately, then sum them.

A single block resting alone on the ground touches only the block(s) directly beside or beneath it.

Lift (up), weight/gravity (down), thrust (forward), and drag (backward).

The upward force created by air moving over the wing; it opposes weight.

The forward force produced by the engine/propeller; it opposes drag.

The backward force of air resistance opposing the aircraft's motion.

The downward force of gravity on the aircraft; lift must equal it for level flight.

Lift = weight and thrust = drag — all four forces are in balance (unaccelerated flight).

Longitudinal (roll), lateral (pitch), and vertical (yaw).

Rotation about the longitudinal axis (nose-to-tail), controlled by the ailerons.

Rotation about the lateral axis (wingtip-to-wingtip), controlled by the elevator.

Rotation about the vertical axis (up-down), controlled by the rudder.

Control surfaces on the trailing edge of the wings that control ROLL (bank).

The control surface on the horizontal stabilizer (tail) that controls PITCH.

The control surface on the vertical stabilizer (tail) that controls YAW.

Wing devices extended to increase lift (and drag) at low speeds for takeoff and landing.

The tail section of an aircraft — includes the vertical and horizontal stabilizers, rudder, and elevator.

The main body of the aircraft that holds the crew, passengers, and cargo.

The angle between the wing's chord line and the oncoming air; too high causes a stall.

Loss of lift when the angle of attack is too great and airflow separates from the wing — not an engine failure.

The horizontal stabilizer keeps the nose from pitching; the vertical stabilizer keeps the nose from yawing.

Faster-moving air over the curved top of a wing has lower pressure, and the higher pressure below pushes the wing up.

A forward-facing tube that measures ram air pressure to drive the airspeed indicator.

An instrument that shows the aircraft's altitude above sea level using air pressure.

Shows how fast the aircraft is moving through the air, driven by the pitot-static system.

A basic instrument showing heading relative to magnetic north.

VFR = Visual Flight Rules (fly by outside reference); IFR = Instrument Flight Rules (fly by instruments).

Runways are numbered by their magnetic heading rounded to the nearest 10°, dropping the last digit (e.g., heading 270° = Runway 27).

Surrounds the busiest airports; requires clearance and a transponder to enter.

Gear with the third wheel under the nose (nosewheel) — most common on modern aircraft.

The cockpit control that moves the ailerons and elevator (roll and pitch).

Pilots take off and land into the wind whenever possible for more lift and shorter ground roll.