FREE ABIM Study Guide 2026: Internal Medicine Boards

This free ABIM study guide walks through the highest-yield content the ABIM Internal Medicine Certification exam tests — organized by organ system and built directly on the official ABIM blueprint.^[1]

It is interactive, not a wall of text: every organ system has worked clinical reasoning, comparison tables, labeled diagrams, per-module checkpoints, and built-in flashcards — taught to the level a board-eligible internist is expected to reach.

Read it system by system, then round out your prep with our practice questions and flashcards. The exam has up to 240 questions (about 205 scored) in four sessions on one day and is reported Pass/Fail against an absolute standard.^[3]

ABIM Internal Medicine Exam Snapshot

Six organ systems carry the exam. Cardiovascular Disease alone is 14% of the items, and the next five — Pulmonary, Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease, Rheumatology/Orthopedics, and Endocrinology — are 9% each.^[1]

Together those six are over half the test, so they deserve the bulk of your study time. The remaining categories (Hematology, Oncology, Nephrology at 6% each, then Neurology, Psychiatry, and the smaller fields) round it out.

This guide groups the 18 categories into eight teaching modules by organ system so the content is easy to navigate — all 18 official categories are covered, organized into eight study modules. ^[1] Because every item is a single-best-answer clinical vignette, the skill the exam rewards is the same in every module: read the stem for the task (most likely diagnosis, best test, best next step, mechanism, or prognosis), then choose the one best answer.

How the ABIM Blueprint Is Built

The ABIM Internal Medicine Certification exam is built from a published blueprint that assigns each item to a Medical Content Category (an organ system or specialty) with a fixed relative weight.^[1] It also weaves in cross-content areas— Critical Care, Prevention, Clinical Epidemiology, Ethics, Nutrition, Palliative and End-of-Life Care, Patient Safety, and Substance Abuse — that appear inside those categories rather than as a separate weighted axis. So a single question can be “Pulmonary Disease” (the content category) and also test “Critical Care” and “Ethics” at once.

Scoring is criterion-referenced: the passing standard is an absolute benchmark set by the ABIM board using the Angoff method, reported on a 200–800 scaled score and ultimately as Pass or Fail.^[3] Your result does not depend on how other candidates perform, ABIM does not publish the numeric cut point, and unanswered questions are counted as incorrect — so you should answer every item.

Most items are clinical patient scenarios that test diagnosis, test interpretation, treatment, and risk or prognosis; some include photographs, radiographs, ECGs, or heart and lung sounds.^[2] The modules below teach the highest-yield disease for each system the way the exam asks it — by the best next step, not by rote lists.

Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease is the single largest category at 14% — about 29 of the scored items — so it is where the most points live.^[1] The exam concentrates on acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular disease, and hypertension. A 5% Hypertension block is counted here but is cross-cutting with endocrine and renal causes of secondary hypertension.

Coronary Disease, ACS & Heart Failure

Acute coronary syndrome is the dominant cardiac topic. A STEMI — new ST elevation in two or more contiguous leads (or a new LBBB) with ischemic symptoms — demands emergent reperfusion, with primary PCI the goal within 90 minutes.

Without ST elevation, a rising troponin defines an NSTEMI, while a normal troponin with ischemic symptoms is unstable angina. All ACS gets aspirin, a P2Y12 inhibitor, anticoagulation, and a high-intensity statin; secondary prevention adds a beta-blocker and an ACE inhibitor or ARB.

For heart failure, the most important distinction is ejection fraction. HFrEF (EF ≤40%) is treated with the four guideline pillars — an ARNI (or ACE inhibitor/ARB), a beta-blocker, a mineralocorticoid antagonist, and an SGLT2 inhibitor — which reduce mortality.^[6]

HFpEF (EF ≥50%) is managed with diuresis, comorbidity control, and SGLT2 inhibitors. Loop diuretics relieve congestion but do not improve survival.

Arrhythmias, Valves & Vascular Disease

Atrial fibrillation is an irregularly irregular rhythm with no discrete P waves; manage it with rate or rhythm control plus stroke prevention guided by the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score (direct oral anticoagulants preferred, except mechanical valves and rheumatic mitral stenosis, which need warfarin).

For valves, memorize the murmurs: aortic stenosis is a crescendo–decrescendo systolic murmur radiating to the carotids with the triad of angina, syncope, and heart failure; mitral regurgitation is holosystolic at the apex radiating to the axilla; aortic regurgitation is an early diastolic decrescendo murmur with a wide pulse pressure.

Round out the system with pericarditis (diffuse ST elevation with PR depression, a friction rub, pain relieved by sitting forward), tamponade (Beck triad with pulsus paradoxus), peripheral artery disease (an ankle–brachial index ≤0.90), and lipid management (high-intensity statin for clinical ASCVD, LDL ≥190, or diabetes age 40–75).

Pulmonary & Critical Care

Pulmonary Disease is 9% of the exam, and Critical Care is one of the cross-content areas woven through it.^[1] The big topics are obstructive airway disease, the evaluation of dyspnea and cough, pulmonary embolism, pleural disease, and the management of respiratory failure and shock in the ICU.

Asthma, COPD & Interstitial Disease

The cardinal distinction is reversibility: asthma airflow obstruction is largely reversible with a bronchodilator, while COPD is incompletely reversible, confirmed by a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC below 0.70.

Asthma is controlled with an inhaled corticosteroid as the cornerstone (adding a LABA and escalating), and a COPD exacerbation is treated with bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, and antibiotics when sputum becomes more purulent (consider noninvasive ventilation for hypercapnic failure).

For interstitial lung disease, recognize idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (a progressive restrictive pattern with honeycombing/UIP on HRCT) and sarcoidosis (non-caseating granulomas with bilateral hilar adenopathy and elevated ACE/calcium).

PE, Pleural Disease & the ICU

Diagnose pulmonary embolism with CT pulmonary angiography, using D-dimer to rule it out when pretest probability is low or moderate; a hemodynamically unstable (massive) PE warrants systemic thrombolysis plus anticoagulation.

Sort a pleural effusion with Light’s criteria into exudate (infection, malignancy, PE) versus transudate (heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome). In the ICU, treat ARDS with lung-protective, low-tidal-volume ventilation, and manage sepsis with early cultures, antibiotics within an hour, fluid resuscitation, and norepinephrine as the first-line vasopressor for septic shock.^[7]

Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Gastroenterology is 9% and spans the luminal gut and the liver, pancreas, and biliary tree.^[1] Expect questions on reflux and ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, GI bleeding, pancreatitis, and the complications of chronic liver disease.

Esophagus, Stomach, Bowel & GI Bleeding

Recognize GERD alarm features (dysphagia, weight loss, bleeding, anemia, new symptoms after 60) that mandate endoscopy, and treat peptic ulcer disease by addressing its two main causes, H. pylori and NSAIDs (test-and-treat H. pylori with PPI-based triple or quadruple therapy).

Distinguish inflammatory bowel disease: ulcerative colitis is continuous, mucosal, and limited to the colon from the rectum up, while Crohn disease has transmural skip lesions anywhere from mouth to anus, with granulomas and fistulae. For GI bleeding, melena and a high BUN/creatinine ratio point above the ligament of Treitz, while hematochezia points below it.

Liver, Pancreas & Biliary Disease

Diagnose acute pancreatitis when two of three are present — characteristic epigastric pain, lipase or amylase at least three times the upper limit, or imaging findings — with gallstones and alcohol the leading causes.

For cirrhosis, master the complications and their treatments: variceal bleeding (octreotide, prophylactic antibiotics, band ligation), ascites with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (ascitic neutrophils ≥250/µL → a third-generation cephalosporin), and hepatic encephalopathy (lactulose titrated to 2–3 stools per day, plus rifaximin).

Recognize the named liver diseases: hemochromatosis (iron overload, treated with phlebotomy), Wilson disease (copper, low ceruloplasmin, Kayser-Fleischer rings), and primary biliary cholangitis (anti-mitochondrial antibody, treated with ursodiol).

Infectious Disease

Infectious Disease is 9% and rewards a syndrome-based approach: match the presentation to the likely organisms, then choose empiric therapy and narrow it with cultures.^[1] The exam also tests infection control and antimicrobial stewardship.

Sepsis, Pneumonia & Endocarditis

Treat community-acquired pneumonia in a healthy outpatient with amoxicillin or doxycycline (or a respiratory fluoroquinolone), and cover Pseudomonas and MRSA for hospital-acquired pneumonia based on local risk. Diagnose infective endocarditis with the Duke criteria, drawing three sets of blood cultures before antibiotics and looking for vegetations on echocardiography.

Approach sepsis with the time-critical bundle and remember source control — drain abscesses and remove infected lines and devices — is as important as the antibiotic. Always tap an acutely hot joint to exclude septic arthritis before attributing it to gout.

HIV, TB & Antimicrobial Stewardship

Start antiretroviral therapy in everyone with HIV regardless of CD4 count, and add prophylaxis as immunity falls (TMP-SMX for Pneumocystiswhen CD4 <200). For tuberculosis, treat active disease with the four-drug RIPE regimen (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) and latent infection with isoniazid, rifampin, or a short combination course.

Practice stewardship: narrow therapy once cultures return, use the shortest effective duration, and do not treat asymptomatic bacteriuria (except in pregnancy or before a urologic procedure). Know the hepatitis serologies — HBsAg means infection, anti-HBs means immunity, and anti-HBc IgM means acute hepatitis B.

Nephrology, Endocrine & Metabolism

This module combines Nephrology/Urology (6%) with Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (9%) — together a large, electrolyte-heavy slice where careful arithmetic earns points.^[1]

AKI, CKD, Electrolytes & Acid–Base

Classify acute kidney injury as prerenal, intrinsic, or postrenal, and use the fractional excretion of sodium to separate prerenal injury (FENa <1%, bland sediment) from acute tubular necrosis (FENa >2%, muddy-brown casts).^[8] Stage chronic kidney disease by GFR and albuminuria, slowing progression with blood-pressure control, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, and SGLT2 inhibitors.

For electrolytes, treat hyperkalemia in order — calcium to stabilize the membrane, then insulin with glucose (or albuterol) to shift potassium, then remove it — and correct hyponatremia slowly (≤8 mEq/L per 24 hours) to avoid osmotic demyelination. For acid–base, always compute the anion gap.

Diabetes, Thyroid, Adrenal & Bone

For type 2 diabetes, start metformin plus lifestyle and add a GLP-1 receptor agonist or SGLT2 inhibitor for their proven cardiorenal benefit. Recognize and treat diabetic ketoacidosis with fluids, an insulin infusion, and potassium repletion, continuing insulin until the anion gap closes.^[9]

Use TSH to screen thyroid function (high in hypothyroidism, low in hyperthyroidism), and know the endocrine emergencies — thyroid storm, myxedema coma, adrenal crisis. For adrenal disease, primary insufficiency presents with fatigue, hypotension, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia (low cortisol, high ACTH), while a pheochromocytoma needs alpha-blockade before beta-blockade. Treat osteoporosis (a T-score ≤ −2.5 or a fragility fracture) with bisphosphonates plus calcium and vitamin D.

Hematology & Oncology

Hematology and Medical Oncology are 6% each.^[1] Hematology centers on the anemias, coagulation and platelet disorders, and the blood cancers; oncology emphasizes the common solid tumors, cancer screening, and the oncologic emergencies you must recognize on sight.

Anemias, Coagulation & Blood Cancers

Work up anemia by cell size: microcytic suggests iron deficiency (low ferritin, high TIBC — find the GI source in adults) or thalassemia; macrocytic suggests B12 or folate deficiency (only B12 deficiency causes neurologic deficits). Hemolysis shows a high LDH and indirect bilirubin, low haptoglobin, and high reticulocytes.

Among platelet and coagulation disorders, separate immune thrombocytopenia (isolated low platelets), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (the pentad with ADAMTS13 deficiency — urgent plasma exchange), and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (a platelet drop 5–10 days after heparin with thrombosis — stop all heparin). Recognize the blood cancers by their hallmark: multiple myeloma by CRAB (hyperCalcemia, Renal failure, Anemia, Bone lesions) and an M-spike; acute promyelocytic leukemia by t(15;17) and DIC, treated with all-trans retinoic acid.

Solid Tumors, Screening & Emergencies

For prevention, internalize the screening ages: colorectal cancer from age 45, low-dose CT for high-risk smokers 50–80, mammography for average-risk women (commonly 40–50 depending on the guideline), and shared decision-making for prostate PSA at 55–69.^[10]

Then know the oncologic emergencies cold: tumor lysis syndrome (high potassium, phosphate, and uric acid with low calcium after treating bulky tumors — hydrate and give allopurinol/rasburicase), spinal cord compression (back pain with neurologic deficits → emergent MRI and steroids), superior vena cava syndrome, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and febrile neutropenia (empiric antibiotics within the hour).

Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal

Rheumatology and Orthopedics is 9%.^[1] The exam rewards matching a serologic pattern and a joint distribution to the right systemic disease, then choosing first-line therapy.

RA, SLE & the Vasculitides

Rheumatoid arthritis is symmetric small-joint (MCP/PIP) inflammation with morning stiffness over an hour and positive RF/anti-CCP; methotrexate is the anchor DMARD, and early treatment prevents erosions. Systemic lupus erythematosus is multisystem; ANA is the sensitive screen, while anti-dsDNA and anti-Smith are specific, and complement (C3/C4) falls during flares.

For vasculitis, separate the ANCA-associated small-vessel diseases — GPA (c-ANCA/PR3) and MPA (p-ANCA/MPO), which cause pulmonary–renal syndromes — from large-vessel giant cell arteritis (headache, jaw claudication, vision loss, high ESR in patients over 50), which is treated with immediate high-dose steroids before biopsy to protect vision.

Crystal Arthritis, Spondyloarthritis & OA

Gout is monosodium urate (negatively birefringent, needle-shaped crystals); treat the acute flare with NSAIDs, colchicine, or steroids, and prevent recurrence with allopurinol to a urate below 6 mg/dL. Pseudogout is calcium pyrophosphate (positively birefringent, rhomboid crystals; chondrocalcinosis on X-ray).

The seronegative spondyloarthritides — ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic, reactive, and IBD-associated — share HLA-B27, inflammatory back pain that improves with exercise, and enthesitis. Osteoarthritis, by contrast, worsens with use, has brief stiffness, and lacks systemic features, treated with exercise, weight loss, and analgesics.

Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology & General Internal Medicine

This module covers Neurology (4%), Psychiatry (4%), Dermatology (3%), Geriatric Syndromes (3%), and the cross-content areas — Prevention, Clinical Epidemiology, and Ethics — that ABIM weaves throughout.^[1] Smaller categories (OB/GYN, Allergy/Immunology, Ophthalmology, ENT) live here too.

Stroke, Seizures, Mood & Key Rashes

For ischemic stroke, a non-contrast head CT first rules out hemorrhage; then give IV thrombolysis within 4.5 hours and consider thrombectomy for a large-vessel occlusion (selected patients up to 24 hours). Treat status epilepticus (a seizure over 5 minutes) with a benzodiazepine, then a loading antiepileptic.

In psychiatry, treat major depression (≥5 SIG-E-CAPS symptoms for two weeks) with an SSRI plus psychotherapy, and avoid antidepressant monotherapy in bipolar disorder (it can precipitate mania). Recognize the drug-related emergencies — serotonin syndrome (clonus, hyperreflexia, hyperthermia) and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (rigidity, fever, high CK).

In dermatology, the must-not-miss diagnoses are Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (drug-induced sloughing with a positive Nikolsky sign — stop the drug) and melanoma (the ABCDE warning signs).

Geriatrics, Prevention & Biostatistics

Geriatrics tests the syndromes — delirium (acute, fluctuating inattention; prevent with reorientation, mobility, and sleep), falls (review medications, vision, gait), polypharmacy (the Beers criteria), and decision-making capacity. Prevention questions hinge on the immunization schedule and the USPSTF screening recommendations.

For biostatistics, know that sensitivity rules a disease OUT on a negative result (SnNout) and specificity rules it IN on a positive result (SpPin); that positive predictive value rises with prevalence while likelihood ratios do not; and that the number needed to treat is the reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction.

How to Use This Study Guide

Work through the guide one organ system at a time. After each one, check it off in the contents to raise your exam-readiness score, then drill the same content in our free practice questions and flashcards — active recall and timed practice are what move knowledge into exam-day performance.

• Study by the blueprint. The big six — Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, GI, Infectious Disease, Rheumatology, and Endocrine — are over half the exam. Spend your time where the points are.
• Learn the best next step, not lists. The exam is single-best-answer vignettes; for each disease, fix the one fact that drives management (the confirmatory test, the first-line drug, the emergent intervention).
• Master the emergencies. STEMI, massive PE, sepsis, tumor lysis, cord compression, GCA, DKA, and the drug-related syndromes are guaranteed, recognizable points.
• Read for the task. A topic can be asked as diagnosis, mechanism, best test, or best next step — identify what the stem is actually asking before you read the options.
• Pace yourself. About two minutes per item across four sessions is comfortable; answer every question (blanks count as wrong) and flag the hard ones to revisit.
• Then prove it. When a system feels solid, confirm with timed practice questions and build a comfortable margin before exam day.

Common internal-medicine concepts ABIM candidates study and get asked — each answered briefly and backed by an official source (ABIM, NIH, CDC, or the USPSTF). Tap any card to test yourself.

ABIM Internal Medicine Glossary

Key ABIM Internal Medicine terms in one place. Hover any dotted term throughout the guide for its definition; the full list is below.

ABIM

The American Board of Internal Medicine — the member board of the ABMS that develops and administers the Internal Medicine Certification (board) examination and sets its passing standard.

Internal Medicine Certification

ABIM's initial board exam: up to 240 single-best-answer questions (about 205 scored) in four sessions on one test day at a Pearson VUE center, reported Pass/Fail against an absolute standard.

acute coronary syndrome

The spectrum of acute myocardial ischemia — unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI — defined by symptoms, ECG changes, and the troponin level.

STEMI

ST-elevation myocardial infarction: new ST elevation in ≥2 contiguous leads (or new LBBB) with ischemic symptoms — requires emergent reperfusion, preferably primary PCI.

HFrEF

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (≤40%); treated with the four guideline pillars — an ARNI/ACEi/ARB, a beta-blocker, a mineralocorticoid antagonist, and an SGLT2 inhibitor.

HFpEF

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (≥50%) from diastolic dysfunction; managed with diuresis, comorbidity control, and SGLT2 inhibitors.

troponin

A cardiac protein released into blood when heart muscle is injured; a rising troponin distinguishes NSTEMI (myonecrosis) from unstable angina (normal troponin).

CHA₂DS₂-VASc

A stroke-risk score in atrial fibrillation; a score of ≥2 in men or ≥3 in women generally warrants anticoagulation.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: chronic, incompletely reversible airflow limitation (post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <0.70), strongly linked to smoking.

pulmonary embolism

A thrombus lodged in the pulmonary arteries causing dyspnea, pleuritic pain, and hypoxemia; diagnosed by CT pulmonary angiography, with D-dimer ruling it out at low pretest probability.

ARDS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome — acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral infiltrates not from cardiogenic edema; managed with lung-protective (low-tidal-volume) ventilation.

sepsis

Life-threatening organ dysfunction from a dysregulated host response to infection; managed with early cultures, antibiotics within an hour, and fluid resuscitation.

cirrhosis

Irreversible hepatic fibrosis with complications including varices, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome.

inflammatory bowel disease

Crohn disease (transmural, skip lesions, mouth-to-anus, granulomas/fistulae) and ulcerative colitis (continuous mucosal inflammation, rectum-up, colon only).

acute kidney injury

An abrupt fall in kidney function classified as prerenal (low perfusion), intrinsic (ATN, glomerulonephritis), or postrenal (obstruction).

anion gap

Na⁺ − (Cl⁻ + HCO₃⁻); a high anion gap signals a metabolic acidosis from added acid (mnemonic MUDPILES).

diabetic ketoacidosis

A hyperglycemic emergency with anion-gap acidosis and ketosis (usually type 1); treated with IV fluids, insulin, and potassium repletion until the gap closes.

SIADH

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH — euvolemic hyponatremia with concentrated urine; treated with fluid restriction and the underlying cause.

rheumatoid arthritis

A systemic autoimmune disease causing symmetric small-joint inflammation with morning stiffness >1 hour and positive RF/anti-CCP; methotrexate is the anchor DMARD.

SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus — a multisystem autoimmune disease; ANA is the sensitive screen, anti-dsDNA and anti-Smith are specific.

gout

A crystal arthropathy from monosodium urate deposition (negatively birefringent, needle-shaped crystals); flares treated with NSAIDs, colchicine, or steroids and prevented with allopurinol.

vasculitis

Inflammation of blood vessels; small-vessel ANCA-associated disease (GPA/MPA) and large-vessel giant cell arteritis are the high-yield ABIM entities.

tumor lysis syndrome

An oncologic emergency after treating bulky tumors: high potassium, phosphate, and uric acid with low calcium; prevented with hydration and allopurinol/rasburicase.

ischemic stroke

An acute neurologic deficit from arterial occlusion; IV thrombolysis within 4.5 hours and thrombectomy for large-vessel occlusion (selected, up to 24 hours) are time-critical.

anion-gap mnemonic (MUDPILES)

Causes of high-anion-gap acidosis: Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Propylene glycol, Iron/INH, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salicylates.

sensitivity

The proportion of people WITH a disease who test positive (true-positive rate); a negative result on a highly sensitive test helps rule a disease OUT (SnNout).

specificity

The proportion of people WITHOUT a disease who test negative (true-negative rate); a positive result on a highly specific test helps rule a disease IN (SpPin).

criterion-referenced scoring

A passing standard set against an absolute benchmark (ABIM uses the Angoff method) rather than a curve — your pass/fail does not depend on how others score.

ABIM Study Guide FAQ

References

1. 1.American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). “Internal Medicine Certification Exam Blueprint.” abim.org. ↑
2. 2.American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). “Internal Medicine Exam Information.” abim.org. ↑
3. 3.American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). “How Exams Are Scored.” abim.org. ↑
4. 4.American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). “Initial Certification Pass Rates.” abim.org. ↑
5. 5.American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). “Exam Fees & Refund Policies.” abim.org. ↑
6. 6.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). “Heart Failure.” nhlbi.nih.gov. ↑
7. 7.U.S. National Library of Medicine (MedlinePlus). “Sepsis.” medlineplus.gov. ↑
8. 8.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). “Acute Kidney Injury (AKI).” niddk.nih.gov. ↑
9. 9.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). “Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA).” niddk.nih.gov. ↑
10. 10.U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). “Colorectal Cancer: Screening.” uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org. ↑
11. 101.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). “Atrial Fibrillation.” nhlbi.nih.gov, accessed 19 June 2026. ↑
12. 102.U.S. National Library of Medicine (MedlinePlus). “Troponin Test.” medlineplus.gov, accessed 19 June 2026. ↑
13. 103.U.S. National Library of Medicine (MedlinePlus). “COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).” medlineplus.gov, accessed 19 June 2026. ↑
14. 104.U.S. National Library of Medicine (MedlinePlus). “TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) Test.” medlineplus.gov, accessed 19 June 2026. ↑
15. 105.U.S. National Library of Medicine (MedlinePlus). “Anion Gap Blood Test.” medlineplus.gov, accessed 19 June 2026. ↑
16. 106.U.S. National Library of Medicine (MedlinePlus). “Rheumatoid Arthritis.” medlineplus.gov, accessed 19 June 2026. ↑
17. 107.U.S. National Library of Medicine (MedlinePlus). “Gout.” medlineplus.gov, accessed 19 June 2026. ↑
18. 108.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). “Stroke.” ninds.nih.gov, accessed 19 June 2026. ↑
19. 109.National Cancer Institute (NCI). “Tumor Lysis Syndrome.” cancer.gov, accessed 19 June 2026. ↑

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