Your FREE TEAS (Test of Essential Academic Skills) Practice Test 2026 – 900+ Q&A

Watermelons After extensive research, a German botanist and her colleagues have discovered that the watermelon we know today didn’t originate from Mesopotamia, as many other domesticated crops have. Its genetic analysis shows that it is more closely related to the Sudanese variety, although they look very different. Our ‘modern’ version of watermelons has red flesh and a very sweet taste, while the flesh of Sudanese watermelons is white and it isn’t sweet at all; it is mainly used to feed animals. Which of the following provides information about watermelons?

• A.Conventional domesticated vegetables might have evolved in Sudan.
• B.Common domesticated watermelons might have predecessors in Sudan.
• C.Domesticated sweet watermelons might have evolved in Mesopotamia.
• D.Watermelons in Sudan might have characteristically crimson flesh.

Karl just finished reading a graphic novel with a ‘coming of age’ theme about four young sisters who become grown women through the difficulties of living in a working-class family in the 1800s. Which of the following has a contrasting theme?

• A.A novel about a timid boy who leaves home to discover the extent of his talent.
• B.A song about a wayward youth who grows up to leave the safety of his childhood.
• C.A film about a teenage boy who soon learns to accept the loss of his innocence.
• D.A play about a royal heir who schemes alone to avenge the murder of his father.

Humidity When days are hot and humid, the air feels heavy and breathing might feel challenging; our skin can also feel overheated and sticky. Humidity feels so uncomfortable because it makes us feel hotter than we feel on dry days. Usually, when we feel hot, we sweat and our sweat evaporates into the air, therefore cooling our skin. However, humidity doesn’t allow our sweat to evaporate as quickly since the air around us cannot absorb any more moisture (vapour). The longer our sweat stays on our skin, the warmer (and more uncomfortable!) we feel. Which of the following is an inference that could be made about humidity?

• A.Our sweat dries up more speedily on humid days.
• B.Our lungs gain more fresh oxygen on humid days.
• C.Our bodies cool down more slowly on humid days.
• D.Our skin feels much more parched on humid days.

Mars In 2018, a team of researchers found evidence of a large lake underneath Mars’ south polar surface. This announcement was made after analysing radar data gathered by Europe’s Mars Express spacecraft. The same instruments were used once again to follow up on the discovery and to study a wider area around the newly found lake. This provided evidence for the existence of three more underground lakes. However, a different team of scientists seem unsure regarding the existence of subsurface liquid water on Mars. They simply cannot understand what is preventing the water from freezing in Mars’ sub-zero atmosphere. Which of the following is a prediction based on the last line of the passage?

• A.A mild atmosphere like a blanket might shield the buried lakes.
• B.A geothermal source like a volcano might warm the buried lakes.
• C.A sunbaked landscape like a desert might heat the buried lakes.
• D.A robotic mission like a lander might explore the buried lakes.

Mia and Her Prosthetic Foot Bearded vultures are the largest flying birds in Europe. When large birds such as these lose one of their limbs, their inability to walk will certainly lead to death from malnutrition. Luckily this won’t be the case for a bearded vulture named Mia, who injured its foot so badly that it had to be amputated. So far, prosthetic limbs have been used in humans; however, for the first time, a bionic limb has been attached directly to a vulture’s bones, allowing the bird to land safely multiple times a day and to grab prey. The veterinary team from Vienna University designed a special bone implant durable enough to withstand the large bird’s daily activity. Only a few weeks after the surgery, Mia was able to walk and land using both feet. Which of the following is an inference that could be made about Mia, the bearded vulture?

• A.Mia is the continent's largest wild bird.
• B.Mia is the country's seventh bionic bird.
• C.Mia is the world's double bionic amputee.
• D.Mia is the planet's earliest bionic bird.

Beth just finished watching a movie with a ‘revenge’ theme, in which an innocent man spends his time in prison plotting against those who betrayed him and had him jailed. Which of the following has a similar theme?

• A.A folk song about a lonely girl who renounces her career to follow her sweetheart.
• B.A memoir about a country girl who leaves her village to discover her own identity.
• C.A graphic novel about a bullied girl who uses her powers to punish her tormentors.
• D.A movie about a courageous nurse who risks her own life to safeguard her patients.

Passant just finished reading a novel with a ‘redemption’ theme, in which an old businessman realizes how mean and selfish he had been towards others and invests his money, time, and effort to improve the lives of the people around him. Which of the following has a similar theme?

• A.A song about a betrayed sailor who wastes his fortune ruining his former partners.
• B.A movie about a lonely pianist who risks his job chasing his childhood sweetheart.
• C.A play about a released convict who spends his life enriching his humble hometown.
• D.A novel about a shy teenager who discovers his confidence starting his new school.

Understanding OCD On your way to work, do you sometimes go back to check if the front door of your house is locked? Do you always do the washing up after every meal? Well, that’s nothing to be concerned about. However, if you are compelled to perform repetitive behavior by intrusive, persistent, and disturbing thoughts about something terrible — inflicted by you — happening to you, or even to someone else, it could be a sign of an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). OCD is a common disorder that can affect individuals of any age. It may start in a mild form during childhood and develop further during adolescence, continuing into adulthood. It isn’t clear what causes this disorder, but there are some factors that might trigger it, such as genetics, a chemical imbalance in the brain, or personality. Exceptionally responsible, methodical people who set high standards for themselves are more prone to develop OCD. Embarrassment and shame often prevent people with OCD from seeking help, but the right treatment and support can help them overcome this disorder. Prescribed medicine and therapy are the most effective treatments, but they may take some time to work. Dealing with OCD can be challenging; therefore, contacting support groups can provide some relief from this stressful situation. Which of the following statements from the passage supports the claim made in paragraph 2?

• A.Occasional door rechecks are likely to signal the disorder.
• B.Young sufferers are likely to quickly outgrow the disorder.
• C.Meticulous types are especially likely to get the disorder.
• D.Prescribed drugs are likely to remedy the disorder quickly.

The Man-Eating Whale Sperm whales are huge marine creatures that can reach the size of a school-bus. They mainly feed on very small sea creatures, such as tiny fish and plankton. When a lobster diver got swallowed by one of these enormous animals, he thought he was going to die. Although whales don’t have teeth, the diver could have been crushed by the animal’s tongue. Luckily for him, the whale decided to spit him out. The diver reported an injury no greater than a dislocated knee. Which of the following is a prediction based on the last line of the passage?

• A.The diver's backbone was crushed.
• B.The diver's life was safeguarded.
• C.The diver's profession was ended.
• D.The diver's account was disputed.

The Future of Space Exploration Since the first moon landing, many probes have been sent across the solar system, while our spacecraft have orbited around, surveyed, and landed on several planets. Astronauts have already performed extensive experiments on the dangers and requirements of living in space-bound habitats. It seems logical, then, to expect astronauts of the future to repair equipment sent millions of miles away from Earth. Space isn’t a suitable place for a delicate species like us. The conditions in which humans can survive are limited — we need the right amount of pressure, oxygen, water, temperature, radiation, and acceleration, or we die. In fact, we need protective clothing and technology even to explore many areas of our own planet. After all, space exploration is necessary for the human species, as we will have to leave our biosphere when the sun turns into a red giant. But shouldn’t we send robots to do the exploring instead of humans? Robots don’t die — not like humans, anyway. They are designed to withstand extremely harsh conditions that humans would never be able to endure. If one of the robots breaks down or is lost, it can be rebuilt. For humans, it doesn’t work quite like that. We have always imagined artificial servants or artificial minds that exist for the sole purpose of fulfilling human needs. So, perhaps, the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to live and explore space on our behalf. Current robotic explorers are rare and hence extremely expensive, requiring endless pre-mission modeling and careful actions. But robotics is becoming cheaper and more adaptable, as are the ways to hurl them beyond our atmosphere. As space access becomes cheaper, we should expect a more ruthless use of robots. However, we find it impossible to resist the charm of human space exploration, despite its risks. Knowledge and achievements aren’t enough for us — we want to be there to witness the unfolding of our success. First of all, sending humans into space adds glory to our lives. Overcoming the plethora of challenges that come with long-term spaceflight inspires and delights us. Many of us would consider a human landing on Mars as an achievement of paramount importance for our species, not only for personal satisfaction, but also for national pride. Furthermore, the desire for raw materials in order to make profits is one of the greatest incentives that space exploration has to offer. Of course, this poses the moral dilemma that we might not be able to repair any damage we cause, therefore blurring our knowledge of the origin and organization of life in the solar system. The main motivation that will keep us going is that it is challenging and fascinating: humans are ambitious creatures that strive to achieve what is nearly impossible, and be present for the occasion. I wonder if AI will ever be able to learn this very human trait! Meanwhile, it would be useful to consider the advantages that our automated explorers currently maintain over their human counterparts. Which of the following is a counterargument from the passage?

• A.Robots offer both durability and a simple path of replacement.
• B.People crave both information and a firsthand view of victory.
• C.Automation gives both savings and a wide range of versatility.
• D.Astronauts demand both oxygen and a tight band of temperature.

An Unusual Event Cheese rolling is an unusual annual event that has taken place every spring since the 15th century in the English region of Gloucester, famous for its Double Gloucester cheese. The rules are simple: a large round of cheese is rolled down from the top of a hill, with the competitors chasing it all the way to the bottom. Once the Master of Ceremonies starts the event, those who are competing race down, following the cheese. The winner is the first to cross the finish line. The prize? It’s the cheese, of course! Although you don’t need to meet any fitness requirements to participate, this race is very difficult, dangerous and muddy! Originally, the aim of the competition was to catch the actual cheese round, but this has proved to be almost impossible to achieve. Since 2013, the cheese has been replaced with an object of similar shape, but much lighter, to reduce the number of accidents that occur each year. Which of the following is a prediction based on the passage?

• A.The cheese race was relocated because it was too muddy to stage.
• B.The grassy hill was leveled because it was too steep to descend.
• C.The cheese event was boycotted because it was too risky to join.
• D.The cheese wheel was exchanged because it was too hard to grasp.

The Most Beautiful Sport Its origin is uncertain, but there is no doubt that ‘mermaiding’ is a fascinating water activity. Globally recognised as a sport in 2020, it brings back fond memories of old tales, legends, and cartoon characters for children. It can be described as ‘dancing under water’, while wearing a ‘fishtail’ to keep your legs together. It doesn’t come as a surprise that it is considered to be the ‘most beautiful’ underwater sport in the world. With the help of a professional instructor, this sport can supplement a person’s physical and psychological well-being, but it requires commitment to hours of training and breathing practice. The bond between parents and children becomes stronger when they practice mermaiding together. The children develop their confidence in becoming whoever they want to be, sure of their parents’ support. This type of water sport has become popular worldwide and, as such, it offers many unusual and profitable work opportunities – as performing artists in aquariums and at children’s birthday parties, or as instructors. Which of the following is an inference that could be made about ‘mermaiding’?

• A.It is a beneficial pastime for the entire family.
• B.It is a traditional sport for the coastal people.
• C.It is a lucrative career for the average swimmer.
• D.It is a casual hobby for the untrained beginners.

James just finished reading a graphic novel with a ‘circle of life’ theme in which a fox teaches her three cubs to survive in the forest in order to be prepared when she dies. Which of the following has a similar theme?

• A.A cartoon about a princess who takes her father's throne once he grows old.
• B.A movie about a girl who nurses her father's injuries once he returns home.
• C.A song about a woman who misses her father's laughter once he moves abroad.
• D.A novel about a widow who destroys her husband's killer once he walks free.

Viking Tombs Archeologists have found seven Viking tombs holding 1,000 year old, well preserved skeletons of eight people — four adults and four children. One of the tombs contains two very small infants, who appear to be of the same age. This is probably the result of late miscarriages of a couple of sets of twins. The graves have been excavated, revealing their unusual lay out which doesn’t match traditional Viking beliefs. At that time, Vikings were cremated, rather than buried, which was a the Christian custom. Which of the following is a prediction based on the last line of the passage?

• A.The buried Vikings had taken up Christianity.
• B.The buried Vikings had faced Norse cremation.
• C.The buried Vikings had kept Norse traditions.
• D.The buried Vikings had shared Danish parents.

Andrea just finished listening to a song with a ‘long lasting friendship’ theme, in which the singer describes the importance of having good friends beside you at any point in life. Which of the following has a contrasting theme?

• A.A ballad about two neighbors who gather to share their coffee through a decade.
• B.A film about two astronauts who learn to trust their partner through a mission.
• C.A play about twin daughters who unite to support their father through a crisis.
• D.A novel about old widowers who choose to share their evenings through a winter.

Understanding OCD On your way to work, do you sometimes go back to check if the front door of your house is locked? Do you always do the washing up after every meal? Well, that’s nothing to be concerned about. However, if you are compelled to perform repetitive behavior by intrusive, persistent, and disturbing thoughts about something terrible — inflicted by you — happening to you, or even to someone else, it could be a sign of an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). OCD is a common disorder that can affect individuals of any age. It may start in a mild form during childhood and develop further during adolescence, continuing into adulthood. It isn’t clear what causes this disorder, but there are some factors that might trigger it, such as genetics, a chemical imbalance in the brain, or personality. Exceptionally responsible, methodical people who set high standards for themselves are more prone to develop OCD. Embarrassment and shame often prevent people with OCD from seeking help, but the right treatment and support can help them overcome this disorder. Prescribed medicine and therapy are the most effective treatments, but they may take some time to work. Dealing with OCD can be challenging; therefore, contacting support groups can provide some relief from this stressful situation. What secondary argument does the author make?

• A.Embarrassment and deep shame can result in developing OCD.
• B.Perfectionism and rigid habits can help in preventing OCD.
• C.Household chores and schedules can help in preventing OCD.
• D.Psychological and medical care can help in addressing OCD.

ACV for Your Hair You might be a fan of apple cider vinegar (ACV) for your salad dressing, and you may have used it to remove odors from your fridge or stains from your carpet. What’s more, despite the lack of scientific evidence, many swear by the remarkable health properties that ACV has to offer. But have you ever applied apple cider vinegar to your hair? No? You should! Here’s why: Because it contains high levels of acetic acid and minerals, rinsing your hair regularly with apple cider vinegar can bring your dull, frizzy hair back to life. But its benefits don’t stop here. Chemical substances contained in common shampoos and conditioners can cause hair and scalp acidity imbalance. However, adding ACV to your hair care routine can prevent dandruff, scalp itchiness, and minor infections. But beware! Not all scalps are created equal, so it’s better to err on the side of caution to avoid irritating your skin. If you are new to this, start with diluting a couple of tablespoons of vinegar with plenty of water — you can always try increasing the proportion of vinegar in future applications. What secondary argument does the author make?

• A.ACV can unsettle the natural chemical makeup of hair and scalp.
• B.ACV can stabilize the compromised pH balance of hair and scalp.
• C.ACV can replace the detergent power of hair and scalp shampoos.
• D.ACV can boast the scientific support of hair and scalp experts.

Polly just finished watching a movie with a ‘good vs. evil’ theme in which a young wizard fights against the most powerful villain of all time to avenge his parents and protect his friends. Which of the following has a contrasting theme?

• A.A medieval ballad about a daring highwayman who feeds villagers with stolen royal treasure.
• B.A graphic novel about a paranormal detective who grows obsessed with reenacting dark deeds.
• C.A comic series about a masked vigilante who punishes criminals with ruthless urban cunning.
• D.A crime movie about a rookie officer who fights corruption with unflinching honest resolve.

ACV for Your Hair You might be a fan of apple cider vinegar (ACV) for your salad dressing, and you may have used it to remove odors from your fridge or stains from your carpet. What’s more, despite the lack of scientific evidence, many swear by the remarkable health properties that ACV has to offer. But have you ever applied apple cider vinegar to your hair? No? You should! Here’s why: Because it contains high levels of acetic acid and minerals, rinsing your hair regularly with apple cider vinegar can bring your dull, frizzy hair back to life. But its benefits don’t stop here. Chemical substances contained in common shampoos and conditioners can cause hair and scalp acidity imbalance. However, adding ACV to your hair care routine can prevent dandruff, scalp itchiness, and minor infections. But beware! Not all scalps are created equal, so it’s better to err on the side of caution to avoid irritating your skin. If you are new to this, start with diluting a couple of tablespoons of vinegar with plenty of water — you can always try increasing the proportion of vinegar in future applications. Which of the following statements supports the claim made in the last line?

• A.Increasing the vinegar dosage is obligatory later.
• B.Leaving the vinegar rinse overnight is beneficial.
• C.Adjusting the vinegar ratio is possible afterward.
• D.Warming the vinegar gently beforehand is sensible.

Sandra just finished watching a play with the ‘familial love’ theme, in which two sisters joined at the hip share an extraordinary life that brings them fame.

• A.A film about a bitter sister who is reconciled by her brother's apology.
• B.A novel about a runaway wife who is murdered by her husband's relatives.
• C.A song about a wounded soldier who is comforted by her mother's letters.
• D.A play about a cantankerous widow who is softened by her son's children.

Kenyan Work Etiquette If you are new to working in Kenya, you might want to pay attention to the way you interact with others, in order to make a good first impression. Kenyan culture gives great importance to age and position, so remember to greet everyone individually, even when meeting a group. Be respectful in your conduct – don’t address your colleagues by their first names unless you know them well. Should any issue arise between you and a workmate, try to resolve it discreetly, avoiding any public display of anger. Last, but not the least, be on time, even if others might not be! Which of the following summarizes the information about work etiquette in Kenya?

• A.Kenyans greet seniors and juniors individually in the workplace.
• B.Kenyans resolve feuds and conflicts discreetly in the workplace.
• C.Kenyans value formal and professional behavior in the workplace.
• D.Kenyans highly prize punctuality and schedules in the workplace.

Vegetarian vs. Vegan Speaker 1: Would you like to come over for dinner? There are a few vegetarian recipes I’d like you to try. Speaker 2: It sounds great! And I’m so glad you’re including more vegetarian meals in your diet. It’s a great way to reduce gas emissions, avoid further water pollution, and protect wildlife and its habitat. Speaker 1: That’s very true. But on a personal note, I can already see the benefits of my new eating habits. I used to feel very lethargic after my meals, but not anymore. My mood has improved too! Speaker 2: I’m very pleased to hear that! I know exactly how you feel. In fact, I’m considering pushing my vegetarian diet to the next level and becoming a vegan. Speaker 1: Oh no, I could never do that! I love cheese and steaks too much to give them up altogether. Besides, I believe that we should eat anything in moderation and a balanced diet is the best option. Speaker 2: I guess I’d miss eating cheese too, but I feel that the benefits of avoiding any form of animal fats and proteins are far greater than my cravings for dairy products. Speaker 1: Well, good luck, and let me know how you get on! Which of the following statements could NOT provide support for BOTH arguments?

• A.A plant-based diet can improve your health while embracing eggs and milk.
• B.A veggie-heavy diet can help your planet while sparing wildlife and seas.
• C.A vegetable-rich diet can lift your mood while boosting energy and focus.
• D.A low-meat diet can cut your footprint while reducing emissions and smog.

The Five-Second Rule Speaker 1: I’m so hungry…and these chips are delicious! Oh no! I’ve just dropped one… Speaker 2: Quick, pick it up and eat it! Don’t you remember the five-second rule? Speaker 1: What’s this five-second rule? Speaker 2: It is a food hygiene theory stating that it is safe to eat food that has been dropped on the floor, as long as it’s picked up within five seconds. This is because such a limited window of time doesn’t allow dropped food to contract enough bacteria to make you sick. Speaker 1: Well, I don’t think that’s a good idea. After all, even if it’s in small amounts, you don’t know what kind of bacteria is on the floor. Speaker 2: I see your point, but in my opinion, small doses of harmful bacteria can improve our immune system. Isn’t it how vaccines work? Speaker 1: First of all, vaccines are prepared safely in a lab; secondly, why should I choose to ingest food that has been contaminated? No way! Speaker 2: Ok, let’s agree to disagree on this! Which of the following statements would the authors agree on?

• A.Food dropped for five seconds can collect a faint trace of germs.
• B.Food dropped for five seconds can cause a severe bout of illness.
• C.Food dropped for five seconds can offer a mild boost of immunity.
• D.Food dropped for five seconds can receive a clean bill of health.

Jacque just finished listening to a song with a ‘courage and perseverance’ theme, about the struggles we all endure through life and the strength required to carry on living.

• A.A movie about a cook who is trained by demanding mentors to become a successful chef.
• B.A song about a sailor who is drawn by charming letters to marry a faraway sweetheart.
• C.A novel about a prince who is driven by burning grudges to ruin a treacherous cousin.
• D.A cartoon about a turtle who is joined by mutant brothers to defend a sprawling city.

Constellations Orion is one of the largest constellations visible from anywhere on Earth, mainly in January. Like Aries and Cygnus, Orion is among the 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy in the 2nd century and officially recognised by the International Astronomical Union. It is believed to be the most famous of its kind, probably because it has been mentioned by the poets Virgil and Homer. Orion takes its name after the mythological Greek hunter it represents. It appears to be quite easy to recognise, for the unmistakable row of three stars that indicate the hunter’s belt. Orion is a unique constellation in the sense that it can be used as a guide to find other constellations during the winter months. Which of the following is an inference that could be made about the Orion constellation?

• A.Orion owes its title to celebrated poets.
• B.Orion owes its renown to unrivaled scale.
• C.Orion owes its obscurity to dimmer stars.
• D.Orion owes its fame to classical writers.

Online Learning There is no denying that the shift to online learning has brought about several challenges, from a sense of isolation to physical discomfort. Perhaps, what really unsettled educators and learners alike is the sudden change that was imposed by a global pandemic. However, there are many advantages to learning online. This modern medium allows learning to take place where and when possible, from a wide range of devices, while reducing the amount of money and time spent on commuting. With so many benefits of online learning, why didn’t we think of it before? Traditional Learning While acknowledging the positive aspects of online learning, it is believed that traditional (or classroom) learning remains invaluable from a pedagogical point of view, especially with regard to young learners’ education. As well as school subjects, children need to learn social skills – how can they be practiced on a screen? In everyone’s best interest, it is worth considering that the future of education might rely on both methods of learning: traditional and online. Which of the following is a common theme between the passages given above?

• A.Hold to familiar ways.
• B.Turn to screens alone.
• C.Bow to whatever comes.
• D.Adapt to move forward.

Chocolate & Nobel prize A study suggests that moderate and regular chocolate intake could have positive effects on the mental functions of senior patients who show early signs of dementia. This has been backed by experiments on rats and snails, with evidence of improved cognitive abilities on the former, and of better memory on the latter. Intrigued by these findings, researchers have taken their studies a step further and found a correlation between chocolate consumption and the number of Nobel Prize winners in any given country. It appears that the highest number of Nobel Prize winners belongs to the countries with the highest chocolate consumption. It might not come as a surprise, then, that Switzerland came in first place, as one of the biggest chocolate producers worldwide. Among this data, an anomaly was found regarding Sweden. Despite the fact that the amount of chocolate consumed in Sweden is much less than that in Germany, the number of Swedish Nobel Prize winners is twice as much as their German counterparts. Which of the following is an exaggerated claim in support of the argument presented in the passage?

• A.Rodent experiments suggest that daily chocolate improves thinking ability.
• B.Nobel rankings disclose that chocolate consumption tracks winning nations.
• C.Swiss figures validate that eating chocolate increases brain capabilities.
• D.Swedish statistics suggest that winning involves factors beyond chocolate.

Which of the following statements from a company’s mission statement offers evidence in favor of the claim that their business’ purpose is to reduce food waste?

• A.To reinvent, repurpose, and redistribute unwanted farm produce.
• B.To source, package, and distribute sustainable kitchen staples.
• C.To educate, encourage, and celebrate passionate amateur bakers.
• D.To cultivate, gather, and showcase organic heirloom vegetables.

Which of the following car advertising slogans offers evidence in favour of the claim that the vehicles are built to last?

• A.Built for the human race.
• B.Fast car for the weekend.
• C.Small car for the masses.
• D.One car for the lifetime.

Sumo Wrestling Written records of sumo date back to the 8th century AD and it has been a popular sport for over a thousand years. However, sumo has developed throughout the centuries and the wrestlers, called rikishi, lead their lives by a strict code of conduct and ceremony which connects them to the Shinto religion and the ancient samurai tradition. Each of them belongs to a ‘stable’, where they live, eat, sleep and train. All rikishi wake up at 5 o’clock every day, including weekends. Discipline and routine are necessary for their physical and mental wellbeing. During their five hours of hard training, the rikishi carry out a range of exercises, depending on which part of the body they want to work on and the goal they want to achieve: strength, flexibility, balance etc. Their meals are rich in protein and contain a variety of ingredients, such as vegetables, tofu, meat and fish, accompanied by several bowls of rice. They eat large quantities of food and, if they are considered under-weight, they might be forced to eat even more rice. After their meal, the rikishi sleep for a few hours. This is very important because the lack of movement allows the high calorie intake to be transformed into fat, thereby ensuring an increase in body weight. Which of the following summarizes the topic of the passage?

• A.Dietary habits of a sumo wrestler
• B.Daily schedule of a sumo wrestler
• C.Spiritual ties of a sumo wrestler
• D.Weight targets of a sumo wrestler

Creative Writing There’s no doubt that writing is an art and, as such, it cannot be taught. After talking to a university professor who teaches creative writing, I have discovered that it is very rare to come across a course participant who has the talent and the right attitude to make it as a published author. Creativity, imagination, and observational skills are the key features of a good writer. These are unique characteristics that cannot be learnt, but stem from the personality of an individual. However, they can be practiced and developed – which should be the focus of attending a respectable creative writing course. Another vital aspect of literary success that should not be underestimated is the writer’s attitude towards criticism. Although it can be constructive, helping them improve their future work, writers often face useless, negative feedback. This can be the cause of self-doubt and low self-esteem, and it might even lead an aspiring writer to giving up writing altogether. Because of this, writers should develop ‘thick skin’ and avoid getting offended by what others say. In addition to this, while it is important for writers to separate useful from harmful criticism, they should also keep an open mind about the feedback they receive. This helps them create a bond with their audience, which has the advantage of improving a writer’s popularity. Which of the following is a prediction based on the last line of the passage?

• A.Building friendships with their fans can be dangerous for a writer's career.
• B.Arguing publicly with their reviewers can be valuable for a writer's career.
• C.Competing ruthlessly with their peers can be critical for a writer's career.
• D.Developing rapport with their readers can be positive for a writer's career.

Circus – Advertisement 1 Do you have a unique skill? Are you ready to share it with the world? Then Fantasy Circus WANTS YOU! Join our team of talented artists and transform your life into a thrilling adventure. Interested? Pop in for more info. Circus – Advertisement 2 The team at Fantasy Circus are delighted to invite you to our brand new show! Treat yourself and your loved ones to a thrilling evening: Come and see us for an unforgettable experience of mesmerizing acts. You won’t regret it – there’s nothing quite like it! Which of the following is a common theme between the two advertisements?

• A.Affordable passes for the circus.
• B.Talented recruits for the circus.
• C.Wistful nostalgia for the circus.
• D.Shared enthusiasm for the circus.

Detecting Microplastics Information received from NASA satellites can be now used to track the movement of microplastics, thanks to a team of scientists from the University of Michigan. Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic trash broken down by the sun’s rays and the motion of ocean waves. Because ocean currents can carry these plastic particles far away from where they originated, it can become very difficult to track them and remove them. It has been observed that microplastics are present in smoother waters because they can affect the ocean roughness. Data from a group of eight small satellites can help scientists predict where microplastics congregate by following ocean and wind speed calculations. Currently, fisher boat trawlers are the main source of information about the locations of microplastics, as they use nets to catch plankton and, accidentally, microplastics. However, the new technique demonstrates that satellite data can successfully track ocean microplastic from space. This might transform the way in which we tackle water pollution. As microplastics are harmful to marine organisms and ecosystems, this can be considered a ground-breaking discovery. Which of the following provides information about a specific use of the satellites?

• A.Satellite data can remove microplastics from offshore waters.
• B.Satellite data can monitor seaborne microplastics from orbit.
• C.Satellite data can photograph microscopic plankton from afar.
• D.Satellite data can trace microplastics from inland factories.

Bottled drink – Advertisement 1 Since 1951 you have welcomed us at your dinner tables at your picnic venues at your children’s parties Come rain or shine you have chosen us For this, we THANK YOU by investing in the future of your children by investing in 100% biodegradable bottles by investing in ZERO carbon emissions throughout production. Bottled drink – Advertisement 2 By your side, since 1951 on hot days, on cold days on happy days on tough days On our 70th birthday we want to celebrate with you bringing to your lips the fresh taste of a new fruity flavor. Discover more on our website. Which of the following is a difference between the themes of the two advertisements?

• A.A strategy to promote eco-friendly values.
• B.A reminder to applaud decades-old loyalty.
• C.A drink to accompany year-round occasions.
• D.A pledge to use locally-grown ingredients.

Circus – Advertisement 1 Do you have a unique skill? Are you ready to share it with the world? Then Fantasy Circus WANTS YOU! Join our team of talented artists and transform your life into a thrilling adventure. Interested? Pop in for more info. Circus – Advertisement 2 The team at Fantasy Circus are delighted to invite you to our brand new show! Treat yourself and your loved ones to a thrilling evening: Come and see us for an unforgettable experience of mesmerizing acts. You won’t regret it – there’s nothing quite like it! Which of the following is a difference between the themes of the two advertisements?

• A.Calling on readers to pursue an uncommon adventure.
• B.Drawing on proud traditions to strengthen an image.
• C.Focusing on individual abilities to make an impact.
• D.Insisting on bargain prices to attract an audience.

Bottled drink – Advertisement 1 Since 1951 you have welcomed us at your dinner tables at your picnic venues at your children’s parties Come rain or shine you have chosen us For this, we THANK YOU by investing in the future of your children by investing in 100% biodegradable bottles by investing in ZERO carbon emissions throughout production. Bottled drink – Advertisement 2 By your side, since 1951 on hot days, on cold days on happy days on tough days On our 70th birthday we want to celebrate with you bringing to your lips the fresh taste of a new fruity flavor. Discover more on our website. Which of the following is a common theme between the two advertisements?

• A.A focus on the longevity of the company.
• B.A spotlight on the launch of the flavor.
• C.A stand on the protection of the planet.
• D.A comment on the price of the beverages.

Sumo Wrestling Written records of sumo date back to the 8th century AD and it has been a popular sport for over a thousand years. However, sumo has developed throughout the centuries and the wrestlers, called rikishi, lead their lives by a strict code of conduct and ceremony which connects them to the Shinto religion and the ancient samurai tradition. Each of them belongs to a ‘stable’, where they live, eat, sleep and train. All rikishi wake up at 5 o’clock every day, including weekends. Discipline and routine are necessary for their physical and mental wellbeing. During their five hours of hard training, the rikishi carry out a range of exercises, depending on which part of the body they want to work on and the goal they want to achieve: strength, flexibility, balance etc. Their meals are rich in protein and contain a variety of ingredients, such as vegetables, tofu, meat and fish, accompanied by several bowls of rice. They eat large quantities of food and, if they are considered under-weight, they might be forced to eat even more rice. After their meal, the rikishi sleep for a few hours. This is very important because the lack of movement allows the high calorie intake to be transformed into fat, thereby ensuring an increase in body weight. Which of the following is an inference that could be made about sumo wrestlers?

• A.Sumo wrestlers are weighed periodically.
• B.Sumo wrestlers are faithful vegetarians.
• C.Sumo wrestlers are moderately nourished.
• D.Sumo wrestlers are sporadically trained.

The Future of Space Exploration Since the first moon landing, many probes have been sent across the solar system, while our spacecraft have orbited around, surveyed, and landed on several planets. Astronauts have already performed extensive experiments on the dangers and requirements of living in space-bound habitats. It seems logical, then, to expect astronauts of the future to repair equipment sent millions of miles away from Earth. Space isn’t a suitable place for a delicate species like us. The conditions in which humans can survive are limited — we need the right amount of pressure, oxygen, water, temperature, radiation, and acceleration, or we die. In fact, we need protective clothing and technology even to explore many areas of our own planet. After all, space exploration is necessary for the human species, as we will have to leave our biosphere when the sun turns into a red giant. But shouldn’t we send robots to do the exploring instead of humans? Robots don’t die — not like humans, anyway. They are designed to withstand extremely harsh conditions that humans would never be able to endure. If one of the robots breaks down or is lost, it can be rebuilt. For humans, it doesn’t work quite like that. We have always imagined artificial servants or artificial minds that exist for the sole purpose of fulfilling human needs. So, perhaps, the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to live and explore space on our behalf. Current robotic explorers are rare and hence extremely expensive, requiring endless pre-mission modeling and careful actions. But robotics is becoming cheaper and more adaptable, as are the ways to hurl them beyond our atmosphere. As space access becomes cheaper, we should expect a more ruthless use of robots. However, we find it impossible to resist the charm of human space exploration, despite its risks. Knowledge and achievements aren’t enough for us — we want to be there to witness the unfolding of our success. First of all, sending humans into space adds glory to our lives. Overcoming the plethora of challenges that come with long-term spaceflight inspires and delights us. Many of us would consider a human landing on Mars as an achievement of paramount importance for our species, not only for personal satisfaction, but also for national pride. Furthermore, the desire for raw materials in order to make profits is one of the greatest incentives that space exploration has to offer. Of course, this poses the moral dilemma that we might not be able to repair any damage we cause, therefore blurring our knowledge of the origin and organization of life in the solar system. The main motivation that will keep us going is that it is challenging and fascinating: humans are ambitious creatures that strive to achieve what is nearly impossible, and be present for the occasion. I wonder if AI will ever be able to learn this very human trait! Meanwhile, it would be useful to consider the advantages that our automated explorers currently maintain over their human counterparts. What is the primary argument of the passage?

• A.Valuable space minerals should be mined to generate profits.
• B.Uncrewed space journeys should be preferred to avoid losses.
• C.Future space colonies should be prepared to ensure survival.
• D.Crewed space trips should be celebrated to inspire citizens.

Studying at the Sound of Music What’s the soundtrack of your learning? What do you have in the background? Some people listen to the sound of birds singing, while others prefer that of the ocean waves. Research suggests that complete silence is a better option when completing tasks that require memory recalling or problem-solving. Most learners, however, prefer to listen to some music while studying. Studies have shown that music with lyrics can be distracting. This is because listening to the words of a song takes brain resources away from the studying process. It turns out that our brain has only so much power to work with at any given time! Despite this, another study shows that songs with unintelligible words do not have such a negative impact on your studying. However, if you are looking for music that can improve your studying and concentrating abilities, it is important to remember that different genres of music are unlikely to have the same impact on our brains. Generally speaking, classical music is considered a good background choice for studying, but there are some exceptions. Explosive works like Respighi’s Pines of Rome or Rossini’s William Tell Overture may be too energetic for effective studying. As concluded by other studies on music and concentration, it appears that baroque music is a particularly useful type of music to listen to when studying. With 50 to 80 beats per minute, baroque music creates an ideal environment for studying by creating stable mental, physical, and emotional patterns. Another genre without lyrics is meditative music, regarded as a good study option as an alternative, or in addition, to classical music. This hypothesis is supported by studies that focus specifically on this kind of music. It has been found that meditative music, which contains what’s called “alpha” beats, stimulates alpha waves in the brain. These put our brains in a relaxed, yet alert, state, which allows the brain to better absorb and retain information and ideas. Meditative music also commonly includes sounds of nature, like croaking frogs or wind through the trees, which can improve cognitive function and concentration. They also efficiently conceal other sounds that interfere with studying, like people talking or road noise. A study on the correlation between music genres and studying demonstrates that each person’s taste might give more reliable clues regarding the best studying music than any specific genre. This was carried out by comparing brain wave patterns reacting to different musical genres and a song selected by each study participant as a personal favorite. They found that neural activity connected to cognitive processing improved when participants were listening to their music of choice, regardless of the genre. The researcher shared their study results in their paper, titled “Network Science and the Effects of Music Preference on Functional Brain Connectivity: From Beethoven to Eminem.” So, listening to music can improve our concentration and ability to study, but that’s not all, as music is a gift that keeps on giving. It has been suggested that learning to play a musical instrument can strengthen our abilities involved in remembering information, and it could even enhance our IQ. Regardless of whether you can become more intelligent or not, you can use music to make studying more enjoyable and more effective. Ultimately, you know when you’re studying well and when you’re not, so try out some different genres and find out what works for you. Which of the following statements from the passage supports the claim made in paragraph 4?

• A.Brain power devoted to learning can be drained by complex lyrics.
• B.Brain waves linked to unwinding can be stimulated by alpha beats.
• C.Brain signals tied to reasoning can be boosted by favored tracks.
• D.Skills linked to remembering facts can be built by music lessons.

Studying at the Sound of Music What’s the soundtrack of your learning? What do you have in the background? Some people listen to the sound of birds singing, while others prefer that of the ocean waves. Research suggests that complete silence is a better option when completing tasks that require memory recalling or problem-solving. Most learners, however, prefer to listen to some music while studying. Studies have shown that music with lyrics can be distracting. This is because listening to the words of a song takes brain resources away from the studying process. It turns out that our brain has only so much power to work with at any given time! Despite this, another study shows that songs with unintelligible words do not have such a negative impact on your studying. However, if you are looking for music that can improve your studying and concentrating abilities, it is important to remember that different genres of music are unlikely to have the same impact on our brains. Generally speaking, classical music is considered a good background choice for studying, but there are some exceptions. Explosive works like Respighi’s Pines of Rome or Rossini’s William Tell Overture may be too energetic for effective studying. As concluded by other studies on music and concentration, it appears that baroque music is a particularly useful type of music to listen to when studying. With 50 to 80 beats per minute, baroque music creates an ideal environment for studying by creating stable mental, physical, and emotional patterns. Another genre without lyrics is meditative music, regarded as a good study option as an alternative, or in addition, to classical music. This hypothesis is supported by studies that focus specifically on this kind of music. It has been found that meditative music, which contains what’s called “alpha” beats, stimulates alpha waves in the brain. These put our brains in a relaxed, yet alert, state, which allows the brain to better absorb and retain information and ideas. Meditative music also commonly includes sounds of nature, like croaking frogs or wind through the trees, which can improve cognitive function and concentration. They also efficiently conceal other sounds that interfere with studying, like people talking or road noise. A study on the correlation between music genres and studying demonstrates that each person’s taste might give more reliable clues regarding the best studying music than any specific genre. This was carried out by comparing brain wave patterns reacting to different musical genres and a song selected by each study participant as a personal favorite. They found that neural activity connected to cognitive processing improved when participants were listening to their music of choice, regardless of the genre. The researcher shared their study results in their paper, titled “Network Science and the Effects of Music Preference on Functional Brain Connectivity: From Beethoven to Eminem.” So, listening to music can improve our concentration and ability to study, but that’s not all, as music is a gift that keeps on giving. It has been suggested that learning to play a musical instrument can strengthen our abilities involved in remembering information, and it could even enhance our IQ. Regardless of whether you can become more intelligent or not, you can use music to make studying more enjoyable and more effective. Ultimately, you know when you’re studying well and when you’re not, so try out some different genres and find out what works for you. Which of the following is a counterargument in the passage?

• A.Baroque music creates ideal conditions to learn
• B.Alpha rhythms help listeners to absorb material
• C.Many students choose total quiet to concentrate
• D.Nature recordings mask chatter to sharpen focus

Creative Writing There’s no doubt that writing is an art and, as such, it cannot be taught. After talking to a university professor who teaches creative writing, I have discovered that it is very rare to come across a course participant who has the talent and the right attitude to make it as a published author. Creativity, imagination, and observational skills are the key features of a good writer. These are unique characteristics that cannot be learnt, but stem from the personality of an individual. However, they can be practiced and developed – which should be the focus of attending a respectable creative writing course. Another vital aspect of literary success that should not be underestimated is the writer’s attitude towards criticism. Although it can be constructive, helping them improve their future work, writers often face useless, negative feedback. This can be the cause of self-doubt and low self-esteem, and it might even lead an aspiring writer to giving up writing altogether. Because of this, writers should develop ‘thick skin’ and avoid getting offended by what others say. In addition to this, while it is important for writers to separate useful from harmful criticism, they should also keep an open mind about the feedback they receive. This helps them create a bond with their audience, which has the advantage of improving a writer’s popularity. Which of the following summarizes the main message about creative writing courses?

• A.They can sharpen abilities writers already possess
• B.They can help writers achieve eventual publication
• C.They can give writers negligible practical benefit
• D.They can build writers durable audience popularity

Studying at the Sound of Music What’s the soundtrack of your learning? What do you have in the background? Some people listen to the sound of birds singing, while others prefer that of the ocean waves. Research suggests that complete silence is a better option when completing tasks that require memory recalling or problem-solving. Most learners, however, prefer to listen to some music while studying. Studies have shown that music with lyrics can be distracting. This is because listening to the words of a song takes brain resources away from the studying process. It turns out that our brain has only so much power to work with at any given time! Despite this, another study shows that songs with unintelligible words do not have such a negative impact on your studying. However, if you are looking for music that can improve your studying and concentrating abilities, it is important to remember that different genres of music are unlikely to have the same impact on our brains. Generally speaking, classical music is considered a good background choice for studying, but there are some exceptions. Explosive works like Respighi’s Pines of Rome or Rossini’s William Tell Overture may be too energetic for effective studying. As concluded by other studies on music and concentration, it appears that baroque music is a particularly useful type of music to listen to when studying. With 50 to 80 beats per minute, baroque music creates an ideal environment for studying by creating stable mental, physical, and emotional patterns. Another genre without lyrics is meditative music, regarded as a good study option as an alternative, or in addition, to classical music. This hypothesis is supported by studies that focus specifically on this kind of music. It has been found that meditative music, which contains what’s called “alpha” beats, stimulates alpha waves in the brain. These put our brains in a relaxed, yet alert, state, which allows the brain to better absorb and retain information and ideas. Meditative music also commonly includes sounds of nature, like croaking frogs or wind through the trees, which can improve cognitive function and concentration. They also efficiently conceal other sounds that interfere with studying, like people talking or road noise. A study on the correlation between music genres and studying demonstrates that each person’s taste might give more reliable clues regarding the best studying music than any specific genre. This was carried out by comparing brain wave patterns reacting to different musical genres and a song selected by each study participant as a personal favorite. They found that neural activity connected to cognitive processing improved when participants were listening to their music of choice, regardless of the genre. The researcher shared their study results in their paper, titled “Network Science and the Effects of Music Preference on Functional Brain Connectivity: From Beethoven to Eminem.” So, listening to music can improve our concentration and ability to study, but that’s not all, as music is a gift that keeps on giving. It has been suggested that learning to play a musical instrument can strengthen our abilities involved in remembering information, and it could even enhance our IQ. Regardless of whether you can become more intelligent or not, you can use music to make studying more enjoyable and more effective. Ultimately, you know when you’re studying well and when you’re not, so try out some different genres and find out what works for you. Which of the following is evidence that supports the argument?

• A.Classical works produce alpha brain wave rhythms
• B.Energetic classical works help boost study focus
• C.Fixed genre rules outrank personal musical taste
• D.Certain classical styles hold fairly slow tempos

Studying at the Sound of Music What’s the soundtrack of your learning? What do you have in the background? Some people listen to the sound of birds singing, while others prefer that of the ocean waves. Research suggests that complete silence is a better option when completing tasks that require memory recalling or problem-solving. Most learners, however, prefer to listen to some music while studying. Studies have shown that music with lyrics can be distracting. This is because listening to the words of a song takes brain resources away from the studying process. It turns out that our brain has only so much power to work with at any given time! Despite this, another study shows that songs with unintelligible words do not have such a negative impact on your studying. However, if you are looking for music that can improve your studying and concentrating abilities, it is important to remember that different genres of music are unlikely to have the same impact on our brains. Generally speaking, classical music is considered a good background choice for studying, but there are some exceptions. Explosive works like Respighi’s Pines of Rome or Rossini’s William Tell Overture may be too energetic for effective studying. As concluded by other studies on music and concentration, it appears that baroque music is a particularly useful type of music to listen to when studying. With 50 to 80 beats per minute, baroque music creates an ideal environment for studying by creating stable mental, physical, and emotional patterns. Another genre without lyrics is meditative music, regarded as a good study option as an alternative, or in addition, to classical music. This hypothesis is supported by studies that focus specifically on this kind of music. It has been found that meditative music, which contains what’s called “alpha” beats, stimulates alpha waves in the brain. These put our brains in a relaxed, yet alert, state, which allows the brain to better absorb and retain information and ideas. Meditative music also commonly includes sounds of nature, like croaking frogs or wind through the trees, which can improve cognitive function and concentration. They also efficiently conceal other sounds that interfere with studying, like people talking or road noise. A study on the correlation between music genres and studying demonstrates that each person’s taste might give more reliable clues regarding the best studying music than any specific genre. This was carried out by comparing brain wave patterns reacting to different musical genres and a song selected by each study participant as a personal favorite. They found that neural activity connected to cognitive processing improved when participants were listening to their music of choice, regardless of the genre. The researcher shared their study results in their paper, titled “Network Science and the Effects of Music Preference on Functional Brain Connectivity: From Beethoven to Eminem.” So, listening to music can improve our concentration and ability to study, but that’s not all, as music is a gift that keeps on giving. It has been suggested that learning to play a musical instrument can strengthen our abilities involved in remembering information, and it could even enhance our IQ. Regardless of whether you can become more intelligent or not, you can use music to make studying more enjoyable and more effective. Ultimately, you know when you’re studying well and when you’re not, so try out some different genres and find out what works for you. Which of the following is a claim that supports the argument of the passage?

• A.Classical pieces equally aid deep concentration
• B.Meditative tunes reliably beat classical pieces
• C.Lyrical songs reliably strengthen memory recall
• D.Classical pieces yield unequal student outcomes

Studying at the Sound of Music What’s the soundtrack of your learning? What do you have in the background? Some people listen to the sound of birds singing, while others prefer that of the ocean waves. Research suggests that complete silence is a better option when completing tasks that require memory recalling or problem-solving. Most learners, however, prefer to listen to some music while studying. Studies have shown that music with lyrics can be distracting. This is because listening to the words of a song takes brain resources away from the studying process. It turns out that our brain has only so much power to work with at any given time! Despite this, another study shows that songs with unintelligible words do not have such a negative impact on your studying. However, if you are looking for music that can improve your studying and concentrating abilities, it is important to remember that different genres of music are unlikely to have the same impact on our brains. Generally speaking, classical music is considered a good background choice for studying, but there are some exceptions. Explosive works like Respighi’s Pines of Rome or Rossini’s William Tell Overture may be too energetic for effective studying. As concluded by other studies on music and concentration, it appears that baroque music is a particularly useful type of music to listen to when studying. With 50 to 80 beats per minute, baroque music creates an ideal environment for studying by creating stable mental, physical, and emotional patterns. Another genre without lyrics is meditative music, regarded as a good study option as an alternative, or in addition, to classical music. This hypothesis is supported by studies that focus specifically on this kind of music. It has been found that meditative music, which contains what’s called “alpha” beats, stimulates alpha waves in the brain. These put our brains in a relaxed, yet alert, state, which allows the brain to better absorb and retain information and ideas. Meditative music also commonly includes sounds of nature, like croaking frogs or wind through the trees, which can improve cognitive function and concentration. They also efficiently conceal other sounds that interfere with studying, like people talking or road noise. A study on the correlation between music genres and studying demonstrates that each person’s taste might give more reliable clues regarding the best studying music than any specific genre. This was carried out by comparing brain wave patterns reacting to different musical genres and a song selected by each study participant as a personal favorite. They found that neural activity connected to cognitive processing improved when participants were listening to their music of choice, regardless of the genre. The researcher shared their study results in their paper, titled “Network Science and the Effects of Music Preference on Functional Brain Connectivity: From Beethoven to Eminem.” So, listening to music can improve our concentration and ability to study, but that’s not all, as music is a gift that keeps on giving. It has been suggested that learning to play a musical instrument can strengthen our abilities involved in remembering information, and it could even enhance our IQ. Regardless of whether you can become more intelligent or not, you can use music to make studying more enjoyable and more effective. Ultimately, you know when you’re studying well and when you’re not, so try out some different genres and find out what works for you. What is the primary argument of the passage?

• A.Certain classical pieces benefit academic skills
• B.Instrument lessons heighten overall mental power
• C.Classical pieces mask intrusive background noise
• D.Meditative tunes firmly outrank classical pieces

A Prayer in Spring Oh, give us pleasure in the flowers to-day; And give us not to think so far away As the uncertain harvest; keep us here All simply in the springing of the year. The Secret Garden They always called it Magic and indeed it seemed like it in the months that followed—the wonderful months—the radiant months—the amazing ones. Oh! the things which happened in that garden! If you have never had a garden you cannot understand, and if you have had a garden you will know that it would take a whole book to describe all that came to pass there. At first it seemed that green things would never cease pushing their way through the earth, in the grass, in the beds, even in the crevices of the walls. Then the green things began to show buds and the buds began to unfurl and show color, every shade of blue, every shade of purple, every tint and hue of crimson. In its happy days flowers had been tucked away into every inch and hole and corner. Which of the following is a difference between the poem and the passage?

• A.Only the passage excitedly embraces seasonal change
• B.Only the passage plainly mentions springtime blooms
• C.Only the passage directly petitions heavenly powers
• D.Only the poem eagerly anticipates harvest abundance

Detecting Microplastics Information received from NASA satellites can be now used to track the movement of microplastics, thanks to a team of scientists from the University of Michigan. Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic trash broken down by the sun’s rays and the motion of ocean waves. Because ocean currents can carry these plastic particles far away from where they originated, it can become very difficult to track them and remove them. It has been observed that microplastics are present in smoother waters because they can affect the ocean roughness. Data from a group of eight small satellites can help scientists predict where microplastics congregate by following ocean and wind speed calculations. Currently, fisher boat trawlers are the main source of information about the locations of microplastics, as they use nets to catch plankton and, accidentally, microplastics. However, the new technique demonstrates that satellite data can successfully track ocean microplastic from space. This might transform the way in which we tackle water pollution. As microplastics are harmful to marine organisms and ecosystems, this can be considered a ground-breaking discovery. Which of the following is a prediction based on the last line of the passage?

• A.Trawler nets will remain chief microplastic trackers
• B.Marine species will rapidly evolve plastic tolerance
• C.Orbital sensors will eventually aid seawater cleanup
• D.Ocean currents will spread plastic particles farther

The Secret I loved thee, though I told thee not, Right earlily and long, Thou wert my joy in every spot, My theme in every song. And when I saw a stranger face Where beauty held the claim, I gave it like a secret grace The being of thy name. And all the charms of face or voice Which I in others see Are but the recollected choice Of what I felt for thee. Pride and Prejudice In spite of her deeply-rooted dislike, she could not be insensible to the compliment of such a man’s affection, and though her intentions did not vary for an instant, she was at first sorry for the pain he was to receive; till, roused to resentment by his subsequent language, she lost all compassion in anger. Which of the following is a common theme between the poem and the passage?

• A.Anger can override mercy
• B.Time can mend heartbreak
• C.Love can cause heartache
• D.Pride can cloud judgment

Aphantasia The term ‘aphantasia’ was coined in 2015 from the Greek words ‘a’ and ‘phantasia’ meaning ‘without’ and ‘imagination’ respectively. It describes a neurological condition that causes an inability to visualise mental images of thoughts, memories, people, and places, even if they are very familiar. Although the term was coined not so long ago, the actual condition of having a blind mind’s eye was reported by Sir Francis Galton in one of his studies about mental imagery in 1880. While the cause of aphantasia is currently unknown, it has been discovered that it is often a congenital condition. It can also occur after a brain injury. This phenomenon, however, remains highly understudied overall. For those who aren’t affected by aphantasia, creating images in their minds is such an important part of their lives that they cannot imagine what life would be without it. Nevertheless, there are some advantages to having aphantasia, such as the inability to recall vivid images of past traumas and a high ability to concentrate. Which of the following defines ‘aphantasia’?

• A.A neurological disorder hampering inner visualization
• B.A congenital disorder obstructing visual recollection
• C.A neurological disorder erasing painful recollections
• D.A neurological disorder disrupting facial recognition

Dragon Man In June 2021, a group of paleontologists announced the discovery of a new human species named Homo Longi. This discovery was brought to light after the study of a nearly intact cranium found in China in 1933. The nickname Dragon Man comes from the name of the region in which the skull was found – the Black Dragon River. According to the researchers, the skull belonged to a large male individual who lived approximately 146,000 years ago in a forested area. He was around 50 years of age, hunted mammals and birds, gathered fruits and vegetables, and was perhaps able to catch fish. It is Homo Longi‘s large size that might have made it easier for the species to travel long distances and adapt to harsh conditions. This is the largest Homo skull ever found, and while some characteristics separate this species from us, its size brings it closer to the description of a modern human, i.e. Homo Sapiens. Therefore, Homo Longi appears to be a sister species of Homo Sapiens. This evidence demonstrates that Homo Sapiens did not evolve directly from the Neanderthal, as was previously believed. However, many scientists argue that there isn’t enough physical and genetic difference between the species to consider them separate from each other. Which of the following is an inference that can be made about Homo Longi?

• A.Homo Longi was the later descendant of Homo Sapiens
• B.Homo Longi was the direct precursor of Homo Sapiens
• C.Homo Longi was the smallest variety of Homo Sapiens
• D.Homo Longi was the closest relative of Homo Sapiens

The Secret I loved thee, though I told thee not, Right earlily and long, Thou wert my joy in every spot, My theme in every song. And when I saw a stranger face Where beauty held the claim, I gave it like a secret grace The being of thy name. And all the charms of face or voice Which I in others see Are but the recollected choice Of what I felt for thee. Pride and Prejudice In spite of her deeply-rooted dislike, she could not be insensible to the compliment of such a man’s affection, and though her intentions did not vary for an instant, she was at first sorry for the pain he was to receive; till, roused to resentment by his subsequent language, she lost all compassion in anger. Which of the following is a difference between the poem and the passage?

• A.The poem leaves devotion unspoken
• B.The poem voices bitter resentment
• C.The passage shows reciprocal love
• D.The poem neglects physical beauty

Aphantasia The term ‘aphantasia’ was coined in 2015 from the Greek words ‘a’ and ‘phantasia’ meaning ‘without’ and ‘imagination’ respectively. It describes a neurological condition that causes an inability to visualise mental images of thoughts, memories, people, and places, even if they are very familiar. Although the term was coined not so long ago, the actual condition of having a blind mind’s eye was reported by Sir Francis Galton in one of his studies about mental imagery in 1880. While the cause of aphantasia is currently unknown, it has been discovered that it is often a congenital condition. It can also occur after a brain injury. This phenomenon, however, remains highly understudied overall. For those who aren’t affected by aphantasia, creating images in their minds is such an important part of their lives that they cannot imagine what life would be without it. Nevertheless, there are some advantages to having aphantasia, such as the inability to recall vivid images of past traumas and a high ability to concentrate. Which of the following is an inference that can be made about ‘aphantasia’?

• A.Aphantasic perks prove superior to burdens
• B.Aphantasic experience proves hard to grasp
• C.Brain injuries prove central to aphantasia
• D.Aphantasic minds stayed unknown to science

The Future of Space Exploration Since the first moon landing, many probes have been sent across the solar system, while our spacecraft have orbited around, surveyed, and landed on several planets. Astronauts have already performed extensive experiments on the dangers and requirements of living in space-bound habitats. It seems logical, then, to expect astronauts of the future to repair equipment sent millions of miles away from Earth. Space isn’t a suitable place for a delicate species like us. The conditions in which humans can survive are limited — we need the right amount of pressure, oxygen, water, temperature, radiation, and acceleration, or we die. In fact, we need protective clothing and technology even to explore many areas of our own planet. After all, space exploration is necessary for the human species, as we will have to leave our biosphere when the sun turns into a red giant. But shouldn’t we send robots to do the exploring instead of humans? Robots don’t die — not like humans, anyway. They are designed to withstand extremely harsh conditions that humans would never be able to endure. If one of the robots breaks down or is lost, it can be rebuilt. For humans, it doesn’t work quite like that. We have always imagined artificial servants or artificial minds that exist for the sole purpose of fulfilling human needs. So, perhaps, the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to live and explore space on our behalf. Current robotic explorers are rare and hence extremely expensive, requiring endless pre-mission modeling and careful actions. But robotics is becoming cheaper and more adaptable, as are the ways to hurl them beyond our atmosphere. As space access becomes cheaper, we should expect a more ruthless use of robots. However, we find it impossible to resist the charm of human space exploration, despite its risks. Knowledge and achievements aren’t enough for us — we want to be there to witness the unfolding of our success. First of all, sending humans into space adds glory to our lives. Overcoming the plethora of challenges that come with long-term spaceflight inspires and delights us. Many of us would consider a human landing on Mars as an achievement of paramount importance for our species, not only for personal satisfaction, but also for national pride. Furthermore, the desire for raw materials in order to make profits is one of the greatest incentives that space exploration has to offer. Of course, this poses the moral dilemma that we might not be able to repair any damage we cause, therefore blurring our knowledge of the origin and organization of life in the solar system. The main motivation that will keep us going is that it is challenging and fascinating: humans are ambitious creatures that strive to achieve what is nearly impossible, and be present for the occasion. I wonder if AI will ever be able to learn this very human trait! Meanwhile, it would be useful to consider the advantages that our automated explorers currently maintain over their human counterparts. Which of the following is evidence that supports the primary argument of this text?

• A.Machines tolerate extreme settings deadly to people
• B.Robotic explorers currently cost little to assemble
• C.Crewed voyages confer tremendous glory to countries
• D.Astronaut bodies adapt readily to intense radiation

The Future of Space Exploration Since the first moon landing, many probes have been sent across the solar system, while our spacecraft have orbited around, surveyed, and landed on several planets. Astronauts have already performed extensive experiments on the dangers and requirements of living in space-bound habitats. It seems logical, then, to expect astronauts of the future to repair equipment sent millions of miles away from Earth. Space isn’t a suitable place for a delicate species like us. The conditions in which humans can survive are limited — we need the right amount of pressure, oxygen, water, temperature, radiation, and acceleration, or we die. In fact, we need protective clothing and technology even to explore many areas of our own planet. After all, space exploration is necessary for the human species, as we will have to leave our biosphere when the sun turns into a red giant. But shouldn’t we send robots to do the exploring instead of humans? Robots don’t die — not like humans, anyway. They are designed to withstand extremely harsh conditions that humans would never be able to endure. If one of the robots breaks down or is lost, it can be rebuilt. For humans, it doesn’t work quite like that. We have always imagined artificial servants or artificial minds that exist for the sole purpose of fulfilling human needs. So, perhaps, the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to live and explore space on our behalf. Current robotic explorers are rare and hence extremely expensive, requiring endless pre-mission modeling and careful actions. But robotics is becoming cheaper and more adaptable, as are the ways to hurl them beyond our atmosphere. As space access becomes cheaper, we should expect a more ruthless use of robots. However, we find it impossible to resist the charm of human space exploration, despite its risks. Knowledge and achievements aren’t enough for us — we want to be there to witness the unfolding of our success. First of all, sending humans into space adds glory to our lives. Overcoming the plethora of challenges that come with long-term spaceflight inspires and delights us. Many of us would consider a human landing on Mars as an achievement of paramount importance for our species, not only for personal satisfaction, but also for national pride. Furthermore, the desire for raw materials in order to make profits is one of the greatest incentives that space exploration has to offer. Of course, this poses the moral dilemma that we might not be able to repair any damage we cause, therefore blurring our knowledge of the origin and organization of life in the solar system. The main motivation that will keep us going is that it is challenging and fascinating: humans are ambitious creatures that strive to achieve what is nearly impossible, and be present for the occasion. I wonder if AI will ever be able to learn this very human trait! Meanwhile, it would be useful to consider the advantages that our automated explorers currently maintain over their human counterparts. Which of the following is a claim that supports the argument of the passage?

• A.Robots demand scant human launch preparation
• B.Machines prove expendable unlike human crews
• C.Space exploration offers minor human benefit
• D.Resource profits mainly motivate space trips

Dragon Man In June 2021, a group of paleontologists announced the discovery of a new human species named Homo Longi. This discovery was brought to light after the study of a nearly intact cranium found in China in 1933. The nickname Dragon Man comes from the name of the region in which the skull was found – the Black Dragon River. According to the researchers, the skull belonged to a large male individual who lived approximately 146,000 years ago in a forested area. He was around 50 years of age, hunted mammals and birds, gathered fruits and vegetables, and was perhaps able to catch fish. It is Homo Longi‘s large size that might have made it easier for the species to travel long distances and adapt to harsh conditions. This is the largest Homo skull ever found, and while some characteristics separate this species from us, its size brings it closer to the description of a modern human, i.e. Homo Sapiens. Therefore, Homo Longi appears to be a sister species of Homo Sapiens. This evidence demonstrates that Homo Sapiens did not evolve directly from the Neanderthal, as was previously believed. However, many scientists argue that there isn’t enough physical and genetic difference between the species to consider them separate from each other. Which of the following is a prediction based on the last line of the passage?

• A.Scientific consensus requires additional evidence
• B.Scientists currently dispute species distinctions
• C.Fossil evidence decisively settles classification
• D.Genetic evidence supersedes skeletal measurements

A Prayer in Spring Oh, give us pleasure in the flowers to-day; And give us not to think so far away As the uncertain harvest; keep us here All simply in the springing of the year. The Secret Garden They always called it Magic and indeed it seemed like it in the months that followed—the wonderful months—the radiant months—the amazing ones. Oh! the things which happened in that garden! If you have never had a garden you cannot understand, and if you have had a garden you will know that it would take a whole book to describe all that came to pass there. At first it seemed that green things would never cease pushing their way through the earth, in the grass, in the beds, even in the crevices of the walls. Then the green things began to show buds and the buds began to unfurl and show color, every shade of blue, every shade of purple, every tint and hue of crimson. In its happy days flowers had been tucked away into every inch and hole and corner. Which of the following has a common theme between the poem and the passage?

• A.Present joys outweigh concerns
• B.Diligent labor yields harvests
• C.Natural beauty inspires wonder
• D.Seasonal change brings sadness

Franco just finished reading a novel with a ‘moral corruption’ theme. It is about a man who trades his soul for an ever-youthful appearance and lives a dissolute and evil life, while the portrait that represents his soul rots away. Which of the following has a similar theme?

• A.A novel about a sailor who, marooned by gales for days, meets a kind fisher and starts rowing to reach the mainland
• B.A play about a nobleman who, blinded by lust for power, murders a good monarch and keeps killing to hold the throne
• C.A film about a teenager who, driven by love for music, joins a garage band and begins rehearsing to win the contest
• D.A poem about a widow who, soothed by friends for years, adopts a stray puppy and resumes painting to cheer the home

Jean just finished reading a novel with a ‘dreams and aspirations’ theme about a shepherd boy who embarks on a journey during which he learns to listen to his heart in order to achieve his dreams. Which of the following has a contrasting theme?

• A.A movie about a woman who joins a friend on a trip to resolve past differences
• B.A novel about a teenager who takes a post on a ranch to pursue aviation dreams
• C.A play about a baker who rents a stall on a pier to realize lifelong ambitions
• D.A song about a racer who trains a decade on a track to capture national titles

Chess Boxing Chess boxing is a sport that combines mental ability and physical strength, and appeals to a wide range of people, from the office worker to the martial art fighter. This sport was invented by a French artist for his comic books in 1992, but it took over a decade for the first chess boxing match to happen in real life, in Germany. In each match there are 11 total rounds of both boxing and chess. The boxing rounds last three minutes, while the chess ones last four. To win the match, players need to beat their opponents at either boxing or chess, not both. The player with the highest score wins. Those who practice it say that the challenge of switching from mental focus to physical strain is what keeps them engaged in this sport. They also believe that it helps them develop a flexible attitude that can be useful in every-day situations. Fireball Soccer Football (or soccer, in the USA) is probably the most popular sport in the world among people of all ages, but what about fireball soccer? Known as Sepak Bola Api in Indonesia, this sport is often played by students to test their courage. In this sport, a leather football is replaced with a coconut soaked in petrol or pure alcohol and set on fire. The players cover themselves in salt to avoid burning themselves before kicking the ball of fire with their bare feet. During the month before this dangerous match, the players spend their time praying. By doing so, they hope to develop their inner strength that should prevent them from being afraid of the fire and should protect their bodies from getting hurt. Fireball soccer is without a doubt a fascinating sport to watch, but it takes truly brave people to play it. Which of the following is a common theme between the passages given above?

• A.Faith and prayers keep players unhurt
• B.Comics and cartoons spawn real sports
• C.Mind and body toughness count equally
• D.Danger and spectacle draw huge crowds

AI and Nursing Artificial Intelligence (AI) is progressing at an exponential rate. These advances could radically transform the healthcare industry, which is investing in quality preventive care and moving away from occasional assistance. To support these changes, outdated policies should be replaced by a series of new and flexible reforms that can adapt to and work with the science of robotics. Hopefully, this will ensure that nurses in all settings can continue to play a pivotal role in the healthcare landscape, trusting that AI will enhance their skills without posing a threat to their position. There is no doubt that this technological innovation will transform the way in which healthcare workers perform their day-to-day tasks. Which of the following is an exaggerated claim in support of the argument presented in the passage?

• A.Clinics will likely favor preventive care
• B.Machines will soon replace trained nurses
• C.Nurses will gain stronger clinical skills
• D.Nurses will keep pivotal healthcare roles

I bought a new bag to match my shoes. Match v. 1. a short, thin piece of wood used to light a fire 2. a sports contest in which people compete against each other 3. to be equal to something in quality or strength 4. to put things together to look pleasant and harmonious. Which of the following dictionary definitions best fits the word match as used in context?

• A.Entry 3, comparable quality levels
• B.Entry 4, attractive visual harmony
• C.Entry 2, competitive athletic bout
• D.Entry 1, narrow wooden firelighter

Dealing with Distractions while Studying: If you find yourself overly distracted while studying, you may need to take some steps to establish a peaceful environment before you even begin studying. With an environment free of distractions, you can use your time more efficiently. First, assess your needs. It’s important to be honest with yourself here. People often cannot resist the temptation of a certain environmental feature and will try to convince themselves they can study in its presence. For example, you may want to study while watching your favorite television show, but realistically, the best case scenario here is a divided attention. If what you’re studying is even a bit challenging, you will need more focus than what you’ll be able to devote when you’re also watching television. Be honest, therefore, about what can or cannot be in your environment while you study. You may need to be away from the television, your phone, and possibly even family members. Once you’ve decided on a distraction-free environment, take stock of all the things that you will need with you for an effective study session. This will certainly include your reading material and may also include things like a notebook, pens, highlighters, folders, coffee, water, and snacks. If you have all these things with you when you begin your study session, you won’t have to interrupt your study time to get them. This is important because leaving your study environment creates chances for distraction. You may go to the kitchen for a cup of coffee and find yourself in an extended conversation with a family member. By the time you make it back to your study environment, you may have lost your motivation, or you may have to move on to other life tasks.With a distraction-free environment, you’ll be able to spend less time studying because you’ll be using your time more efficiently. You’ll also feel more accomplished and better about studying, which will make it easier to come back to it with the consistency that you’ll need to make progress. With a little preparation work, you can establish a good environment and develop positive study habits.

• A.Personal narrative
• B.Descriptive detail
• C.Sequential process
• D.Feature comparison

The Dewey Decimal Classes: 000 Computer science, information, and general works 100 Philosophy and psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Languages 500 Science and mathematics 600 Technical and applied science 700 Arts and recreation 800 Literature 900 History, geography, and biography. During her research, Marta discovers that India was once a British colony. To which section of the library should she go to find out about the fall of the British empire?

• A.300
• B.900
• C.000
• D.600

Play Therapy: Some might associate vibrant colored blocks and crayons with frivolity. For children, playing is not an absent way to kill time. Playing is a primary way for children to interpret experiences and communicate. So, mental health professionals have utilized play in children’s therapy since the early 1900s. Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) resembles person-centered therapy, developed by Carl Rogers. It is the most prevalent play therapy approach in the U.S. The Association for Play Therapy (APT) was established in 1982. It has published many findings, developed training, and contributed to the rapid growth of play therapy over the past few decades. A well-trained therapist uses individualized play therapy in a variety of clinical applications. CCPT aims for children aged three to ten years. Ages two to ten (preoperational stage) have emerging abilities to represent surroundings in words and images. Four to seven is when reasoning and self-regulation skills develop. Cognition grows in complexity during the concrete operational stage from seven to eleven. Then comes abstract thought and deduction during the adolescent formal operational stage. Play therapy adapts to older children and adolescents, too. They begin to experience deeper emotional complexity and social relationships. Play therapy’s versatility and capacity to access nonverbal parts of the brain suits a host of challenges in addition to a range of age groups. It helps address aggression, ADHD, anxiety, depression, speech problems, and trauma. The principles behind CCPT mirror Carl Rogers’ standards. They emphasize empathy, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard for the client. The idea is to facilitate the child’s innate propensity for growth and self-directed healing. Therapists find imaginative ways to visualize difficult concepts, navigate relationships, and build confidence. CCPT appears in more than 90 cross-cultural studies spanning seven decades, including meta-analyses. The research shows encouraging outcomes for children across diverse circumstances and conditions. It works because play is a natural, enjoyable, and enriching state. It meets children where they are, to help them unlock their inner selves. Which of the following is the author’s main purpose for paragraph 2?

• A.To trace early CCPT history and credential systems
• B.To recap CCPT studies and largely positive results
• C.To claim CCPT quickly cures anxiety and depression
• D.To stress CCPT serves varied youths and objectives

Play Therapy: Some might associate vibrant colored blocks and crayons with frivolity. For children, playing is not an absent way to kill time. Playing is a primary way for children to interpret experiences and communicate. So, mental health professionals have utilized play in children’s therapy since the early 1900s. Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) resembles person-centered therapy, developed by Carl Rogers. It is the most prevalent play therapy approach in the U.S. The Association for Play Therapy (APT) was established in 1982. It has published many findings, developed training, and contributed to the rapid growth of play therapy over the past few decades. A well-trained therapist uses individualized play therapy in a variety of clinical applications. CCPT aims for children aged three to ten years. Ages two to ten (preoperational stage) have emerging abilities to represent surroundings in words and images. Four to seven is when reasoning and self-regulation skills develop. Cognition grows in complexity during the concrete operational stage from seven to eleven. Then comes abstract thought and deduction during the adolescent formal operational stage. Play therapy adapts to older children and adolescents, too. They begin to experience deeper emotional complexity and social relationships. Play therapy’s versatility and capacity to access nonverbal parts of the brain suits a host of challenges in addition to a range of age groups. It helps address aggression, ADHD, anxiety, depression, speech problems, and trauma. The principles behind CCPT mirror Carl Rogers’ standards. They emphasize empathy, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard for the client. The idea is to facilitate the child’s innate propensity for growth and self-directed healing. Therapists find imaginative ways to visualize difficult concepts, navigate relationships, and build confidence. CCPT appears in more than 90 cross-cultural studies spanning seven decades, including meta-analyses. The research shows encouraging outcomes for children across diverse circumstances and conditions. It works because play is a natural, enjoyable, and enriching state. It meets children where they are, to help them unlock their inner selves. What is the purpose of the last sentence of the passage?

• A.It recruits the parents of CCPT candidates
• B.It recaps the significance of CCPT briefly
• C.It details the procedures of CCPT sessions
• D.It extols the ingenuity of CCPT therapists

The Necks of Flying Dinosaurs: During the late Cretaceous period, the skies were filled with giants. Around 70 million years ago, few creatures were safe from the pterosaurs who soared through the air and preyed on all kinds of living things below. The most formidable of them all, Quetzalcoatlus northropi, had a wingspan that stretched up to 33 feet and a neck as long as a giraffe’s. It is thought to be the largest living thing to ever fly. Until recently, scientists were at a loss to explain how this gargantuan creature could possibly carry heavy prey in its beak without breaking its long neck. This question has now been answered, thanks to a new study that found the flying reptile possess bones unlike any others found in nature. As a part of this breakthrough study, Ph.D. students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign utilized a CT scan to analyze a pterosaur vertebra found in the Kem Kem fossil beds of Morocco. They couldn’t believe what they found. Inside, the vertebra was composed of an intricate network of struts, connecting a central tube to the outer walls of the bone. Its cross-section looks much like a bicycle wheel, with spokes radiating out from a central point. A bone like this had never been seen in the animal kingdom. The spoke structure allowed pterosaurs’ necks to be both lightweight and extremely strong. The team behind the discovery calculated that the addition of just 50 spokes increased the weight the bone could carry by 90 percent. The research team plans to follow up this study by scanning the vertebrae of other pterosaur species, to see whether they also possess this unique structure. In order to lift their massive bodies into the air, pterosaurs had to be exceptionally light for their size, and their bones needed to be thin and nearly hollow like those of a bird. As a result, their bones were exceedingly fragile and have mainly disintegrated over time. Though largely absent from the fossil record, pterosaur bones have been well preserved at the Kem Kem fossil site, which was once a thriving river system. Which of the following rephrases the author’s point of view that the discovery made by PhD students at University of Illinois was revolutionary?

• A.The discovery merely confirmed a broadly shared assumption
• B.The discovery documented a universal pterosaur bone design
• C.The discovery remarkably solved a stubborn academic puzzle
• D.The discovery revealed a dangerous pterosaur neck weakness

Which of the following statements indicates a stereotype?

• A.Weekday visits are tied to school trips, whereas weekend crowds peak in afternoons
• B.Gift shop sales are linked to exhibit premieres, whereas donations climb in winter
• C.Art admissions are close to record highs, whereas history turnout dipped in autumn
• D.Female students are naturally suited to visual art, whereas males excel in science

The Necks of Flying Dinosaurs: During the late Cretaceous period, the skies were filled with giants. Around 70 million years ago, few creatures were safe from the pterosaurs who soared through the air and preyed on all kinds of living things below. The most formidable of them all, Quetzalcoatlus northropi, had a wingspan that stretched up to 33 feet and a neck as long as a giraffe’s. It is thought to be the largest living thing to ever fly. Until recently, scientists were at a loss to explain how this gargantuan creature could possibly carry heavy prey in its beak without breaking its long neck. This question has now been answered, thanks to a new study that found the flying reptile possess bones unlike any others found in nature. As a part of this breakthrough study, Ph.D. students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign utilized a CT scan to analyze a pterosaur vertebra found in the Kem Kem fossil beds of Morocco. They couldn’t believe what they found. Inside, the vertebra was composed of an intricate network of struts, connecting a central tube to the outer walls of the bone. Its cross-section looks much like a bicycle wheel, with spokes radiating out from a central point. A bone like this had never been seen in the animal kingdom. The spoke structure allowed pterosaurs’ necks to be both lightweight and extremely strong. The team behind the discovery calculated that the addition of just 50 spokes increased the weight the bone could carry by 90 percent. The research team plans to follow up this study by scanning the vertebrae of other pterosaur species, to see whether they also possess this unique structure. In order to lift their massive bodies into the air, pterosaurs had to be exceptionally light for their size, and their bones needed to be thin and nearly hollow like those of a bird. As a result, their bones were exceedingly fragile and have mainly disintegrated over time. Though largely absent from the fossil record, pterosaur bones have been well preserved at the Kem Kem fossil site, which was once a thriving river system. What word best describes the author’s point of view?

• A.Dazzled
• B.Puzzled
• C.Alarmed
• D.Wistful

Renting or Buying a Home?: For most people, housing is probably by far the biggest monthly expense. It’s understandable, therefore, that people want to figure out whether renting or buying a home is better. While cost is certainly a factor, you should also consider the level of responsibility and freedom you are looking for. If you buy a home, you will be responsible for all its repairs and replacements. This would be true even if the repairs are needed shortly after you move in. Depending upon the state of your home, this could end up adding significantly to your cost of living. However, with this responsibility comes complete decision-making freedom. If you want to change your paint color, you can do that. If you don’t like the flooring, you can change it to anything you want. It will take time and money, but you can customize your house to your liking. If you choose to rent a home, you will be spared the expenses of repairs and replacements. When there’s a leak in a pipe or the dryer doesn’t seem to be working (assuming a dryer was provided by the landlord), you can call the landlord or the property management office and they will make the necessary repairs at no cost to you. However, you will not get to make any decisions about how these repairs are conducted. For example, if the dryer needs to be replaced, you will not be able to pick the replacement. Likewise, you won’t be able to make any aesthetic changes to the home, at least not without the landlord’s permission. If the carpet or paint is not to your liking, you will simply have to accept it. Given these differences, which choice is better might depend on the level of commitment you’re ready to make to home maintenance and improvement. What is the structure of the passage?

• A.Argumentative thesis
• B.Comparative analysis
• C.Causal relationships
• D.Proposed resolutions

The Happy Planet Index The Happy Planet Index was developed by Nic Marks, an independent policy advisor who applies statistics to gain a deeper understanding of happiness and sustainability. The index seeks to provide a broader view of progress than that typically touted by governments. National progress is generally measured in economic terms, as if gross domestic product (GDP)1 itself can fully convey the wellbeing of a nation’s citizenry. However, it takes more than economic output to build happy lives for people and sustainability for the planet. What It Measures The Happy Planet Index measures four criteria: wellbeing, life expectancy, inequality of outcomes, and ecological footprint. A Happy Planet Index (HPI) score for a given nation is determined by multiplying the first of those three factors and dividing the resulting value by the fourth (ecological footprint). Some of these factors, like wellbeing, may seem hard to quantify, but a value is given to them, nonetheless. Wellbeing is assessed on a scale of 1-10 using data collected in a Gallup World Poll. Surprising Results HPI scores have been calculated for 140 countries, and the results may be surprising. Wealthy first-world countries tend to have poorer results. These countries have impressive GDPs and they’re powerful in many respects, but they don’t necessarily succeed at facilitating happy lives for their citizens in a way that is sustainable for the planet. The United States of America, for example, has an HPI score of 20.7, which gives it a rank of 108 out of 140. The US does reasonably well on life expectancy and wellbeing, but there’s room for improvement in equity. Most notably, though, the US does horribly on ecological footprint. The goal for the US and similar countries, then, would be to build on their strengths in a way that doesn’t cost the planet. 1 Defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as “the standard measure of the value added created through the production of goods and services in a country during a certain period.” Which text feature highlights a specific, surprising conclusion of the Happy Planet Index research?

• A.Footnote numerals
• B.Boldfaced entries
• C.Italicized phrase
• D.Topic subheadings

Many Worlds in One Trek: Anyone in search of adventure can find it in unexpected places. All it takes is a working set of wheels and some time to kill. There are plentiful unexpected places along a unique route meandering northwest from that top-hat on Texas to Salt Lake City, Utah. Amarillo gets less attention than Texas’ other cities, but it characteristically offers plains, big sky, and plenty to eat. The Big Texan steakhouse signature 72 ouncer is on the house if you can finish it. From there, expect a couple zen hours of scraggy brush, ghost towns, and dirt. Approaching Albuquerque, NM, hills and windy roads start to appear. The sunsets here are breathtaking but blinding, so timing is key. Navajo and Ute lands appear next in dramatic fashion, boasting jaw-dropping buttes and mesas. Cutting across the tiniest southwest corner of Colorado, take a load off at the unassuming diner in Cortez for some hearty huevos rancheros. Another pit stop might be in order roughly ninety minutes later in Monticello, UT. Peaceful country roads lead from there towards the noble La Sal mountains with a foreground of rolling rock formations. Drawing closer to Moab and Arches National Park will bring surreal, Martian red landscapes well worth exploring. Rest up before braving a stretch of picturesque desert followed by a collage of majestic peaks and plunging vistas. Finally in Salt Lake City, remember to enjoy a satisfying victory lap across the gleaming salt flats. What is the main purpose of the text?

• A.To treat readers to a delightful highlight montage
• B.To help homebound readers to visualize a landscape
• C.To persuade readers to follow a specific itinerary
• D.To urge readers to embrace a spontaneous adventure

The Leaning Tower Building the Leaning Tower of Pisa took 200 years before it was finally completed in 1372. However, five years after the work had begun in 1173, the tower started tilting. As it was in danger of collapsing, the tower was closed to the public in 1990. A British-led team of 13 experts was appointed by the Italian government to lay out a ‘straightening’ plan. The stabilizing work was completed in 2001, straightening the tower by 38cm. In 2013, a study found that the tower had straightened by a further 2.5cm. The tower is expected to continue to straighten by another few millimeters, before gradually leaning again. Which of the following best describes this type of writing?

• A.Persuasive
• B.Expository
• C.Reflective
• D.Procedural

A voter is researching a ballot proposition. Which of the following is a primary source that the voter could use to learn more about this topic?

• A.The radio critique of the ballot proposition
• B.The expert opinion of the ballot proposition
• C.The certified text of the ballot proposition
• D.The newscast recap of the ballot proposition

Surgeons and Robots: Robots currently play a vital role in the operating room, from aiding surgeons in minute tasks to reducing the size and number of incisions required to perform many surgeries. With advances in robotic systems and artificial intelligence, robots could be poised to have an even bigger impact on the way surgeries are done. While many operations once required incisions large enough for a doctor’s hands to access the body cavity, robotic technology now allows for the same tasks to be accomplished with only small incisions in what is known as minimally invasive surgeries. During these procedures, robotic arms enter the body through an opening about the size of a keyhole and are controlled by surgeons with the aid of a camera inserted through another small incision. This type of surgery significantly reduces strain on the body and cuts down on recovery time. Some new robots are even able to accomplish major surgical procedures through just a single incision. In a single-incision surgery, the camera and tools are all inserted through just one small opening. In the case of one robot that is currently in development, this incision is only six-tenths of an inch. Questions remain, however, about how viable this technology really is in a real-world hospital context. The machines required are incredibly costly and many hospitals may not be convinced that the benefits of single-incision surgery justify the steep price tag. Regardless, researchers have been testing the possibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) in performing some simple surgical tasks autonomously – with a human surgeon observing but not actually controlling the machine. Advances in machine learning can enable robots to watch videos of human-controlled surgeries and effectively “learn” how to perform procedures such as incisions or sutures. These autonomous robots would have the benefit of relieving the load of over-worked surgeons and cutting down on costly mistakes if done reliably. So far, the robots have not proven themselves to be as effective as humans, but researchers claim that it is only a matter of time until they are able to reliably perform tasks on their own. Further advances in the field could open up the possibility of remote surgery, allowing doctors to operate on patients who are miles away, on a distant battlefield, or even, someday, on the moon. Which word best describes the author’s attitude towards robotic technology?

• A.The author warns doctors to distrust surgical robots
• B.The author expects robots to extend healthcare reach
• C.The author deems machines unable to learn procedures
• D.The author considers robots too expensive to justify

Many Worlds in One Trek: Anyone in search of adventure can find it in unexpected places. All it takes is a working set of wheels and some time to kill. There are plentiful unexpected places along a unique route meandering northwest from that top-hat on Texas to Salt Lake City, Utah. Amarillo gets less attention than Texas’ other cities, but it characteristically offers plains, big sky, and plenty to eat. The Big Texan steakhouse signature 72 ouncer is on the house if you can finish it. From there, expect a couple zen hours of scraggy brush, ghost towns, and dirt. Approaching Albuquerque, NM, hills and windy roads start to appear. The sunsets here are breathtaking but blinding, so timing is key. Navajo and Ute lands appear next in dramatic fashion, boasting jaw-dropping buttes and mesas. Cutting across the tiniest southwest corner of Colorado, take a load off at the unassuming diner in Cortez for some hearty huevos rancheros. Another pit stop might be in order roughly ninety minutes later in Monticello, UT. Peaceful country roads lead from there towards the noble La Sal mountains with a foreground of rolling rock formations. Drawing closer to Moab and Arches National Park will bring surreal, Martian red landscapes well worth exploring. Rest up before braving a stretch of picturesque desert followed by a collage of majestic peaks and plunging vistas. Finally in Salt Lake City, remember to enjoy a satisfying victory lap across the gleaming salt flats. Which of the following is the author’s main purpose for paragraph 2?

• A.To specify the roads of the latter stretch
• B.To list the main sights of the destination
• C.To show the scenery of the southern plains
• D.To illustrate the final leg of the journey

Motivation: I woke up early and got ready as quickly as possible. Within thirty minutes, I had eaten my breakfast and was out the door speed walking to my 8 A.M. advanced German grammar and translation class. I would be on time, but being on time wasn’t good enough. I needed to be early. I arrived seven minutes early and slightly out of breath. The board was numbered one through twenty; sentences one through nine had already been completed and other students were working on eleven and twelve. Thirteen won’t be bad, I thought. I quickly put down my bag and began rummaging in it for my notebook. Someone rushed past me and took sentence thirteen. Fine. Fourteen it is. At 8 A.M. exactly, the professor entered the classroom and began going over the translation sentences with us. Each class session, we had to have twenty English to German translations complete. The lower numbers were easier while the higher numbers were hard. Everyone was eager to get an easier sentence because not only did we have to put them up on the board, but we also had to explain our translation in front of the class. No one wanted to get one wrong in front of the class. I’ve never before or since seen a class of students so eager to be early to an already early class. What is the structure of the passage?

• A.Descriptive detail
• B.Problem resolution
• C.Causal explanation
• D.Narrative anecdote

A parent wants to learn about the academic achievements of students in local high schools. Which of the following is a primary source that the parent could use to locate information on this topic?

• A.Academic multiyear analyses of the schools
• B.Television news assessments of the schools
• C.Published magazine rankings of the schools
• D.Recorded proficiency scores of the schools

The Happy Planet Index The Happy Planet Index was developed by Nic Marks, an independent policy advisor who applies statistics to gain a deeper understanding of happiness and sustainability. The index seeks to provide a broader view of progress than that typically touted by governments. National progress is generally measured in economic terms, as if gross domestic product (GDP)1 itself can fully convey the wellbeing of a nation’s citizenry. However, it takes more than economic output to build happy lives for people and sustainability for the planet. What It Measures The Happy Planet Index measures four criteria: wellbeing, life expectancy, inequality of outcomes, and ecological footprint. A Happy Planet Index (HPI) score for a given nation is determined by multiplying the first of those three factors and dividing the resulting value by the fourth (ecological footprint). Some of these factors, like wellbeing, may seem hard to quantify, but a value is given to them, nonetheless. Wellbeing is assessed on a scale of 1-10 using data collected in a Gallup World Poll. Surprising Results HPI scores have been calculated for 140 countries, and the results may be surprising. Wealthy first-world countries tend to have poorer results. These countries have impressive GDPs and they’re powerful in many respects, but they don’t necessarily succeed at facilitating happy lives for their citizens in a way that is sustainable for the planet. The United States of America, for example, has an HPI score of 20.7, which gives it a rank of 108 out of 140. The US does reasonably well on life expectancy and wellbeing, but there’s room for improvement in equity. Most notably, though, the US does horribly on ecological footprint. The goal for the US and similar countries, then, would be to build on their strengths in a way that doesn’t cost the planet. 1 Defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as “the standard measure of the value added created through the production of goods and services in a country during a certain period.” What information is included in the footnote?

• A.The footnote formally defines gross domestic product.
• B.The footnote openly critiques gross domestic product.
• C.The footnote fully quantifies gross domestic product.
• D.The footnote briefly outlines happiness poll methods.

The Happy Planet Index The Happy Planet Index was developed by Nic Marks, an independent policy advisor who applies statistics to gain a deeper understanding of happiness and sustainability. The index seeks to provide a broader view of progress than that typically touted by governments. National progress is generally measured in economic terms, as if gross domestic product (GDP)1 itself can fully convey the wellbeing of a nation’s citizenry. However, it takes more than economic output to build happy lives for people and sustainability for the planet. What It Measures The Happy Planet Index measures four criteria: wellbeing, life expectancy, inequality of outcomes, and ecological footprint. A Happy Planet Index (HPI) score for a given nation is determined by multiplying the first of those three factors and dividing the resulting value by the fourth (ecological footprint). Some of these factors, like wellbeing, may seem hard to quantify, but a value is given to them, nonetheless. Wellbeing is assessed on a scale of 1-10 using data collected in a Gallup World Poll. Surprising Results HPI scores have been calculated for 140 countries, and the results may be surprising. Wealthy first-world countries tend to have poorer results. These countries have impressive GDPs and they’re powerful in many respects, but they don’t necessarily succeed at facilitating happy lives for their citizens in a way that is sustainable for the planet. The United States of America, for example, has an HPI score of 20.7, which gives it a rank of 108 out of 140. The US does reasonably well on life expectancy and wellbeing, but there’s room for improvement in equity. Most notably, though, the US does horribly on ecological footprint. The goal for the US and similar countries, then, would be to build on their strengths in a way that doesn’t cost the planet. 1 Defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as “the standard measure of the value added created through the production of goods and services in a country during a certain period.” What is the purpose of the headings/subheadings in this passage?

• A.They recap the findings and overall verdicts
• B.They define the terms and technical concepts
• C.They emphasize the thesis and central claims
• D.They preview the subject and later subtopics

Surgeons and Robots: Robots currently play a vital role in the operating room, from aiding surgeons in minute tasks to reducing the size and number of incisions required to perform many surgeries. With advances in robotic systems and artificial intelligence, robots could be poised to have an even bigger impact on the way surgeries are done. While many operations once required incisions large enough for a doctor’s hands to access the body cavity, robotic technology now allows for the same tasks to be accomplished with only small incisions in what is known as minimally invasive surgeries. During these procedures, robotic arms enter the body through an opening about the size of a keyhole and are controlled by surgeons with the aid of a camera inserted through another small incision. This type of surgery significantly reduces strain on the body and cuts down on recovery time. Some new robots are even able to accomplish major surgical procedures through just a single incision. In a single-incision surgery, the camera and tools are all inserted through just one small opening. In the case of one robot that is currently in development, this incision is only six-tenths of an inch. Questions remain, however, about how viable this technology really is in a real-world hospital context. The machines required are incredibly costly and many hospitals may not be convinced that the benefits of single-incision surgery justify the steep price tag. Regardless, researchers have been testing the possibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) in performing some simple surgical tasks autonomously – with a human surgeon observing but not actually controlling the machine. Advances in machine learning can enable robots to watch videos of human-controlled surgeries and effectively “learn” how to perform procedures such as incisions or sutures. These autonomous robots would have the benefit of relieving the load of over-worked surgeons and cutting down on costly mistakes if done reliably. So far, the robots have not proven themselves to be as effective as humans, but researchers claim that it is only a matter of time until they are able to reliably perform tasks on their own. Further advances in the field could open up the possibility of remote surgery, allowing doctors to operate on patients who are miles away, on a distant battlefield, or even, someday, on the moon. Which word best describes the author’s point of view towards AI?

• A.Optimistic
• B.Ambivalent
• C.Suspicious
• D.Apathetic

Not us Don’t try us if you are afraid of excitement. Don’t try us if you fear thrilling rides. Don’t try us if you are scared of entertainment at its best. But if you want a one-of-a-kind, fun-packed experience then look no further Visit Rockin’ & Rollin’ theme park! The biggest and boldest entertainment park in the southern states. Which of the following best describes this type of writing?

• A.Narrative writing
• B.Expository writing
• C.Persuasive writing
• D.Technical writing

Transitioning from High School to College: In order to transition effectively from high school to college, it’s important for students to recognize the different level of academic responsibility that will be expected of them. While all classes are different, college classes generally require a greater amount of out-of-class study and preparation time than high school classes do. College classes may have a significant amount of reading meant to be completed on students’ own study time. Class time will likely build on that material or related material, but not repeat it directly. College classes are also more likely to require extensive research projects and longer essays. This also means more out-of-class preparation time than one likely experienced in high school. College students may also find fewer opportunities for make-up work should they get behind in their coursework. Late policies are often stricter in college classes than in high school classes. Additionally, while small amounts of extra credit may be offered in a given college course, college students should not expect that an extra credit assignment can take the place of a significant amount of missed work throughout the quarter or semester. Ultimately, it is generally harder to catch up in a college class than a high school class should one lag behind. This means that college students will need to take on a greater amount of academic responsibility. This might seem daunting, but it doesn’t have to be. Consistent effort throughout the term will pay off with more learning and less stress! What is the structure of the passage?

• A.Problem-solution
• B.Cause-effect
• C.Chronological
• D.Compare-contrast

The Walk We had been walking for hours and I had fallen behind. I was tired and hungry, and I couldn’t wait to get to my uncle’s villa. I had now reached the end of the woods and the trees were behind me. I couldn’t see the others yet, but I could hear the waterfalls and my cousin calling me. “Come on, Adam, hurry up! You won’t believe your eyes!”, she said. Filled with excitement, I ran as fast as I was able to. They had already gone in, lit a fire, and started cooking. The fresh air had given me lots of unexpected energy and I wanted to make myself useful, but there was nothing for me to do. Which of the following best describes this type of writing?

• A.Persuasive writing
• B.Narrative writing
• C.Expository writing
• D.Technical writing

The Dewey Decimal Classes: 000 Computer science, information, and general works 100 Philosophy and psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Languages 500 Science and mathematics 600 Technical and applied science 700 Arts and recreation 800 Literature 900 History, geography, and biography. Stuti needs to do research on residential buildings. To which section of the library should she go to?

• A.700
• B.000
• C.300
• D.900

The Happy Planet Index The Happy Planet Index was developed by Nic Marks, an independent policy advisor who applies statistics to gain a deeper understanding of happiness and sustainability. The index seeks to provide a broader view of progress than that typically touted by governments. National progress is generally measured in economic terms, as if gross domestic product (GDP)1 itself can fully convey the wellbeing of a nation’s citizenry. However, it takes more than economic output to build happy lives for people and sustainability for the planet. What It Measures The Happy Planet Index measures four criteria: wellbeing, life expectancy, inequality of outcomes, and ecological footprint. A Happy Planet Index (HPI) score for a given nation is determined by multiplying the first of those three factors and dividing the resulting value by the fourth (ecological footprint). Some of these factors, like wellbeing, may seem hard to quantify, but a value is given to them, nonetheless. Wellbeing is assessed on a scale of 1-10 using data collected in a Gallup World Poll. Surprising Results HPI scores have been calculated for 140 countries, and the results may be surprising. Wealthy first-world countries tend to have poorer results. These countries have impressive GDPs and they’re powerful in many respects, but they don’t necessarily succeed at facilitating happy lives for their citizens in a way that is sustainable for the planet. The United States of America, for example, has an HPI score of 20.7, which gives it a rank of 108 out of 140. The US does reasonably well on life expectancy and wellbeing, but there’s room for improvement in equity. Most notably, though, the US does horribly on ecological footprint. The goal for the US and similar countries, then, would be to build on their strengths in a way that doesn’t cost the planet. 1 Defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as “the standard measure of the value added created through the production of goods and services in a country during a certain period.” What is the meaning of the superscript “1” in the passage?

• A.It marks key vocabulary collected in a glossary
• B.It marks extra information placed in a footnote
• C.It marks exponent notation written in a formula
• D.It marks happiness figures presented in a table

Website The first step to building your own website is to find a domain name that you like and that is available. Think of something catchy! Remember to register it, so that nobody else can use it. Next, you need to choose a hosting service and connect it to your website. At this point, you are ready to install the software that will enable you to create your website how you want it to be. Choose a suitable design in line with the message you want to send across the web. Configuration is the next step, to give your visitors the best experience possible. Well done, your website is all set! All that is left to do now is to add your content. Which of the following best describes this type of writing?

• A.Narrative writing
• B.Persuasive writing
• C.Technical writing
• D.Expository writing

The Dewey Decimal Classes: 000 Computer science, information, and general works 100 Philosophy and psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Languages 500 Science and mathematics 600 Technical and applied science 700 Arts and recreation 800 Literature 900 History, geography, and biography. James needs to do research on Christian theology. To which section of the library should he go to?

• A.100
• B.800
• C.900
• D.200

After careful examination, the researchers managed to date the fossil back to 3000 years ago. Date v. 1. a specific day or year on which a given event occurred or will occur 2. a person with whom one has a social or romantic appointment 3. to go out with someone that one is romantically involved with 4. to establish the year/period of origin of an object or event. Which of the following dictionary definitions best fits the word date as used in context?

• A.Entry 1: calendar time
• B.Entry 4: determine age
• C.Entry 2: dinner companion
• D.Entry 3: romance somebody

Confirmation Bias When someone is influenced by confirmation bias, that person is not being objective, although they likely won’t recognize this. Confirmation bias means to favor information that confirms a viewpoint that one already holds. Should the information be of questionable credibility, the person will often overlook or excuse any problems. They may not pay attention to such problems as an author’s lack of authority on an issue, inadequate research, or illogical arguments. They will wish to validate the information because it validates their beliefs. However, confirmation bias will influence someone to respond quite differently to information that does not support the person’s pre-existing viewpoint. Even if a text is credible and makes a logical argument, the person will be inclined to find fault with it for one reason or another. The perceived fault may not even be actually present, but the person seeks an excuse to not deal with the substance of the argument. Ultimately, this is a defense mechanism to preserve belief in a viewpoint that one finds comforting on some level. The confirmation bias is likely to be stronger if the topic is something that bolsters a person’s worldview or sense of self. What is the structure of the passage?

• A.Problem-solution
• B.Chronological
• C.Compare-contrast
• D.Argumentative

The Cascadia Subduction Zone: Picture the millions of people living in and around Portland and Seattle. They bustle about their daily lives right on the precipice of the West Coast of the United states. Now, zoom out. Seven hundred miles off that Pacific Northwest Coast lies the Cascadia Subduction Zone. It is situated within the 500 km by 40,000 km Ring of Fire — the volcanic hotbed wrapped around the Pacific Ocean rim. The name comes from the Cascadia Range, roughly one hundred miles inland. The volcanic mountain range stretches from northern California, up through Oregon and Washington to British Columbia. There is evidence of destructive earthquakes at the Cascadia Subduction Zone long before all those people got there. Another might be around the corner. Near the Washington coast, there is a ghost forest. Soil layers and dendrochronology (the study of growth-ring patterns) show that an entire grove of cedars suddenly died between August 1699 and May 1700. The cause was an earthquake that made the ground drop out from under itself. An ‘orphan tsunami’ of unknown origin at the time occurred on the coast of Japan. In 1966, seismologists determined that the magnitude-9.0 earthquake and land drop that killed the cedars of coastal Washington’s ghost forest created a massive wave half a continent long that struck the Northwest coast and then Japan. First nation tribes of the area have also passed down accounts of this event. Seafloor core samples recording the past ten thousand years of geographic history depict a deposit from torrents of land rushing off the continental slope. This evidence offers glimpses into the frequency and extent of Cascadia Subduction Zone ruptures. 41 times over the past 10,000 years, land has collapsed into the seafloor from earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest, leaving deposits. That is a recurrence interval of 243 years. The most recent earthquake happened there in 1700 (320 years ago), so the Pacific Northwest is almost 80 years overdue for another devastating event. Chris Goldfinger is a scientist studying the Cascadia Subduction Zone’s volatility. He predicts a one in three chance of a big earthquake in the next 50 years, and a one in ten chance of a completely catastrophic one. What is the author’s purpose for writing this passage?

• A.To remind readers of the destruction of a cedar forest in the Pacific Northwest in earlier centuries
• B.To persuade readers of the importance of a family emergency plan in the Pacific Northwest in advance
• C.To inform readers of the likelihood of a natural disaster in the Pacific Northwest in future decades
• D.To advise readers of the mechanics of a subduction zone in the Pacific Northwest in technical detail

The Decapitating Sea Slug: While the placid shallow waters of the South Pacific Ocean might call to mind images of tropical love stories, beneath their tranquil surface dwells a creature whose regenerative ability is more akin to the grisly spectacle of a horror film. This monster is no toothy menace, but rather the leaf-like sea slug, Elysia marginata. Recently, scientists have discovered that these slugs are able to decapitate themselves and regrow brand new bodies in a matter of weeks. This shocking finding represents a novel scientific discovery with numerous potential applications for human medicine. A few years ago, researchers at Nara Women’s University in Japan were astounded to find the severed head of one of their laboratory’s Elysia marginata sea slugs crawling away from its discarded body, continuing to eat algae as if nothing had occurred. Meanwhile, the body continued to show signs of life, wriggling and writhing around, with its heart still beating. Within three weeks, the sea slug had regrown a brand new body from the base of its detached head. While this kind of self-amputation, called autotomy, is not altogether uncommon across the animal kingdom, the sea slug’s feat is notable for the complexity of the body parts that it is able to regenerate. Various species of reptiles and insects are known to detach limbs in order to escape predation, and simple-bodied organisms like flatworms and sea squirts are able to regenerate large portions of their bodies. In each of these cases, however, the regrown body parts are relatively straightforward structures. Elysia marginata, on the other hand, is the first animal known to detach its entire body and then regrow vital organs such as its heart and kidneys. The secret to an Elysia marginata’s regeneration appears to lie in the chloroplasts that it hijacks from algae. Chloroplasts are the green-tinted drivers of photosynthesis that algae and other plants use to draw energy directly from the sun’s rays. Incredibly, when these sea slugs eat algae, they incorporate these chloroplasts into their own cells, giving them the nickname “solar-powered sea slugs”, and allowing them to synthesize sugars directly from the sun and thus survive without their organs. The sea slug’s radical autotomy appears to be a way to rid itself of parasitic infection. All of the individuals in the lab who underwent self-decapitation were observed to be carrying harmful parasites. After regenerating their bodies, these parasites were nowhere to be found. While researchers are thrilled by these novel discoveries, much remains unknown about the biological processes that enable this amazing phenomenon. Scientists believe that deepening our understanding of these slugs could one day lead to advances in regenerative medicine and other scientific fields. Which word best describes the author’s attitude towards sea slugs?

• A.Disturbing
• B.Intriguing
• C.Unexciting
• D.Menacing

The Decapitating Sea Slug: While the placid shallow waters of the South Pacific Ocean might call to mind images of tropical love stories, beneath their tranquil surface dwells a creature whose regenerative ability is more akin to the grisly spectacle of a horror film. This monster is no toothy menace, but rather the leaf-like sea slug, Elysia marginata. Recently, scientists have discovered that these slugs are able to decapitate themselves and regrow brand new bodies in a matter of weeks. This shocking finding represents a novel scientific discovery with numerous potential applications for human medicine. A few years ago, researchers at Nara Women’s University in Japan were astounded to find the severed head of one of their laboratory’s Elysia marginata sea slugs crawling away from its discarded body, continuing to eat algae as if nothing had occurred. Meanwhile, the body continued to show signs of life, wriggling and writhing around, with its heart still beating. Within three weeks, the sea slug had regrown a brand new body from the base of its detached head. While this kind of self-amputation, called autotomy, is not altogether uncommon across the animal kingdom, the sea slug’s feat is notable for the complexity of the body parts that it is able to regenerate. Various species of reptiles and insects are known to detach limbs in order to escape predation, and simple-bodied organisms like flatworms and sea squirts are able to regenerate large portions of their bodies. In each of these cases, however, the regrown body parts are relatively straightforward structures. Elysia marginata, on the other hand, is the first animal known to detach its entire body and then regrow vital organs such as its heart and kidneys. The secret to an Elysia marginata’s regeneration appears to lie in the chloroplasts that it hijacks from algae. Chloroplasts are the green-tinted drivers of photosynthesis that algae and other plants use to draw energy directly from the sun’s rays. Incredibly, when these sea slugs eat algae, they incorporate these chloroplasts into their own cells, giving them the nickname “solar-powered sea slugs”, and allowing them to synthesize sugars directly from the sun and thus survive without their organs. The sea slug’s radical autotomy appears to be a way to rid itself of parasitic infection. All of the individuals in the lab who underwent self-decapitation were observed to be carrying harmful parasites. After regenerating their bodies, these parasites were nowhere to be found. While researchers are thrilled by these novel discoveries, much remains unknown about the biological processes that enable this amazing phenomenon. Scientists believe that deepening our understanding of these slugs could one day lead to advances in regenerative medicine and other scientific fields. Based on the passage, what can be inferred about the author’s opinion about autotomy?

• A.We can infer that the author believes that autotomy is intriguing yet standard.
• B.We can infer that the author believes that autotomy is boring yet widespread.
• C.We can infer that the author believes that autotomy is astonishing yet unusual.
• D.We can infer that the author believes that autotomy is sickening yet universal.

The Cascadia Subduction Zone: Picture the millions of people living in and around Portland and Seattle. They bustle about their daily lives right on the precipice of the West Coast of the United states. Now, zoom out. Seven hundred miles off that Pacific Northwest Coast lies the Cascadia Subduction Zone. It is situated within the 500 km by 40,000 km Ring of Fire — the volcanic hotbed wrapped around the Pacific Ocean rim. The name comes from the Cascadia Range, roughly one hundred miles inland. The volcanic mountain range stretches from northern California, up through Oregon and Washington to British Columbia. There is evidence of destructive earthquakes at the Cascadia Subduction Zone long before all those people got there. Another might be around the corner. Near the Washington coast, there is a ghost forest. Soil layers and dendrochronology (the study of growth-ring patterns) show that an entire grove of cedars suddenly died between August 1699 and May 1700. The cause was an earthquake that made the ground drop out from under itself. An ‘orphan tsunami’ of unknown origin at the time occurred on the coast of Japan. In 1966, seismologists determined that the magnitude-9.0 earthquake and land drop that killed the cedars of coastal Washington’s ghost forest created a massive wave half a continent long that struck the Northwest coast and then Japan. First nation tribes of the area have also passed down accounts of this event. Seafloor core samples recording the past ten thousand years of geographic history depict a deposit from torrents of land rushing off the continental slope. This evidence offers glimpses into the frequency and extent of Cascadia Subduction Zone ruptures. 41 times over the past 10,000 years, land has collapsed into the seafloor from earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest, leaving deposits. That is a recurrence interval of 243 years. The most recent earthquake happened there in 1700 (320 years ago), so the Pacific Northwest is almost 80 years overdue for another devastating event. Chris Goldfinger is a scientist studying the Cascadia Subduction Zone’s volatility. He predicts a one in three chance of a big earthquake in the next 50 years, and a one in ten chance of a completely catastrophic one. Which of the following is the author’s main purpose for paragraph 3?

• A.To provide specific details on the likely timeframe of a natural disaster in the Pacific Northwest
• B.To provide scientific evidence on the simultaneous death of a cedar grove in the Pacific Northwest
• C.To provide technical background on the extraction of a seabed core sample in the Pacific Northwest
• D.To provide expert doubts on the soundness of a recent earthquake forecast in the Pacific Northwest

Welcome Aboard Congratulations on being selected! We look forward to having you as part of our crew. This study pack will guide you through your course of study — 40 hours approximately — and it is divided into two parts: ‘General’ and ‘Specific’. The former gives you an overview of the tasks that need to be carried out during each flight on a daily basis. The latter explains the procedures involved in the safety training. At the end of each section, there are revision questions to help you identify the areas that you need to improve on. Please ensure that you understand and learn all the information covered in your study pack. At the end of your training, there are five theory tests and one practical exam that you need to pass in order for you to become a fully-fledged cabin crew member. Which of the following best describes this type of writing?

• A.Persuasive writing
• B.Narrative writing
• C.Expository writing
• D.Technical writing

First Day at Work Mara was nervously looking for her car keys because she couldn’t remember where she had put them. She could have easily taken the bus, but counting on the unreliable frequency of her town’s public transport didn’t fill her with confidence. It was her first day at work and she wanted to feel in control of the situation, so driving was the best option. Unfortunately, it was rush-hour — her least favourite time of the day. She would have to find her keys soon to avoid the stress of dashing through the busy roads of the city centre. Mara didn’t like rushing. She was a calm person and she didn’t like to do things in a hurry. She often arrived late at dinners, appointments and even business meetings. There they were! The keys were in her handbag all along. Which of the following best describes this type of writing?

• A.Narrative writing
• B.Technical writing
• C.Persuasive writing
• D.Expository writing

In “The Chimney Sweeper,” British poet William Blake uses dramatic irony to craft a poem that is all the more chilling for the naive innocence of the speaker. The speaker is a young chimney sweeper. Chimney sweepers had to be extremely small in order to crawl into chimneys, so they were children, not adults. It was also catastrophically unhealthy. This was not something a child ended up doing unless he was an orphan or his family was in perilously dire financial straits. The unnamed chimney sweeper in Blake’s poem recounts having been “sold” into the profession (2) and sleeping in “soot” (4). Despite a life of sadness and deprivation, he displays an unspoiled, child-like sweetness. He soothes another chimney sweeper and encourages dutiful patience, affirming, in the final line, that “if all do their duty, they need not fear harm” (24). The irony, of course, is that doing their duty (sweeping chimneys) is exactly what will send these young children to an early grave. The innocent young speaker doesn’t realize this, and his pure trust makes this poem more chilling for adult readers who recognize the irony and are more aware of the unfairness of the world. Which of the following citations would be the best resource to support the author’s purpose?

• A.A citation from a gallery director specializing in William Blake
• B.A citation from a tourism website specializing in William Blake
• C.A citation from a social historian specializing in East London
• D.A citation from a literary scholar specializing in William Blake

Fixing a Run-On Sentence Many people think a run-on sentence (also called a fused sentence) is just a really long sentence. However, it’s certainly possible to have a long sentence that is correctly punctuated. A run-on occurs when two independent clauses are squished together without appropriate punctuation or a conjunction. Run-on sentences can be corrected in a variety of ways. The most straightforward way to fix a run-on sentence is to simply add a period after the first independent clause. A semicolon can also separate independent clauses; however, semicolons and periods are not interchangeable. A period forms a stronger separation, whereas a semicolon keeps the two clauses in the same sentence, thus indicating a greater degree of relation than clauses separated by a period. Another punctuation choice is a comma. However, just adding a comma creates another type of error, a comma splice. A conjunction must be used with the comma. A coordinating conjunction would be placed after the comma. These conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. There are also subordinating conjunctions, such as when, after, although, and while. One of these would be placed at the beginning of one of the two independent clauses; the clause with the subordinating conjunction would then become dependent, making the comma joining the two clauses acceptable. One final type of conjunction is a conjunctive adverb, such as furthermore and otherwise. After the initial independent clause, there would be a semicolon, a conjunctive adverb, a comma, and then the next independent clause. Since there are various methods of fixing run-on sentences, how do you know which one to use? All of them are grammatically correct, so consider how each of them impacts style and meaning. You may find, for example, that while a period is the easiest method to end a sentence, overusing it can create choppy writing. Additionally, you may find that using a subordinating conjunction to make one of the clauses dependent better supports your meaning by shifting emphasis to the remaining independent clause. In any event, good grammar is about more than being “correct.” It also reinforces your meaning and helps you develop your writing style. What is the structure of the passage?

• A.Compare-contrast
• B.Chronological order
• C.Spatial description
• D.Process analysis

The Cascadia Subduction Zone: Picture the millions of people living in and around Portland and Seattle. They bustle about their daily lives right on the precipice of the West Coast of the United states. Now, zoom out. Seven hundred miles off that Pacific Northwest Coast lies the Cascadia Subduction Zone. It is situated within the 500 km by 40,000 km Ring of Fire — the volcanic hotbed wrapped around the Pacific Ocean rim. The name comes from the Cascadia Range, roughly one hundred miles inland. The volcanic mountain range stretches from northern California, up through Oregon and Washington to British Columbia. There is evidence of destructive earthquakes at the Cascadia Subduction Zone long before all those people got there. Another might be around the corner. Near the Washington coast, there is a ghost forest. Soil layers and dendrochronology (the study of growth-ring patterns) show that an entire grove of cedars suddenly died between August 1699 and May 1700. The cause was an earthquake that made the ground drop out from under itself. An ‘orphan tsunami’ of unknown origin at the time occurred on the coast of Japan. In 1966, seismologists determined that the magnitude-9.0 earthquake and land drop that killed the cedars of coastal Washington’s ghost forest created a massive wave half a continent long that struck the Northwest coast and then Japan. First nation tribes of the area have also passed down accounts of this event. Seafloor core samples recording the past ten thousand years of geographic history depict a deposit from torrents of land rushing off the continental slope. This evidence offers glimpses into the frequency and extent of Cascadia Subduction Zone ruptures. 41 times over the past 10,000 years, land has collapsed into the seafloor from earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest, leaving deposits. That is a recurrence interval of 243 years. The most recent earthquake happened there in 1700 (320 years ago), so the Pacific Northwest is almost 80 years overdue for another devastating event. Chris Goldfinger is a scientist studying the Cascadia Subduction Zone’s volatility. He predicts a one in three chance of a big earthquake in the next 50 years, and a one in ten chance of a completely catastrophic one. What is the purpose of the first sentence of the passage?

• A.It invites readers to imaginatively enter the topic
• B.It warns residents to seriously consider the danger
• C.It gives audiences the central thesis to scrutinize
• D.It previews the scientific evidence to follow later

Public Transit Big cities offer unparalleled recreation options. There are restaurants, museums, parks, and other unique features. And, if you want to visit these places, you’ll notice something else big cities offer: traffic. Rather than sit in bumper-to-bumper traffic as your day and sanity slip away, consider using public transit. Not only will it save you the stress of driving, but some cities also offer innovative forms of transportation that are themselves pleasant and entertaining. Water Taxi, Seattle, Washington As part of its public transit array, Seattle offers a water taxi on two routes, both departing from Pier 50 on Alaskan Way. One goes to Vashon Island and the other to Seacrest Park in West Seattle. The vessels offer indoor seating and tables and plenty of windows so you can enjoy Pacific Northwest views while staying warm and dry, regardless of the weather. If you’d like to step outside, though, there are viewing decks available. The fare for an adult is $5.75 if you’re paying with cash or a ticket or $5.00 if you’re paying with a public transit card (an ORCA card). While this is a little pricier than the more mundane forms of public transit, the ride itself offers more than convenience; it is also part of the day’s fun. Which text feature is primarily used in this text?

• A.Headings and subheadings
• B.Footnotes and references
• C.Bold and italic terms
• D.Captions and diagrams

After the baby was born, Angela spent two months on maternity leave before returning to work. Leave n. 1. a period of time off from work, usually for holiday or illness 2. official permission to do something 3. to arrange for someone to receive an inheritance when one dies 4. to go away from a place Which of the following dictionary definitions best fits the word leave as used in context?

• A.Entry 2: formal clearance
• B.Entry 3: bequeath assets
• C.Entry 1: employment break
• D.Entry 4: exit somewhere

The Decapitating Sea Slug: While the placid shallow waters of the South Pacific Ocean might call to mind images of tropical love stories, beneath their tranquil surface dwells a creature whose regenerative ability is more akin to the grisly spectacle of a horror film. This monster is no toothy menace, but rather the leaf-like sea slug, Elysia marginata. Recently, scientists have discovered that these slugs are able to decapitate themselves and regrow brand new bodies in a matter of weeks. This shocking finding represents a novel scientific discovery with numerous potential applications for human medicine. A few years ago, researchers at Nara Women’s University in Japan were astounded to find the severed head of one of their laboratory’s Elysia marginata sea slugs crawling away from its discarded body, continuing to eat algae as if nothing had occurred. Meanwhile, the body continued to show signs of life, wriggling and writhing around, with its heart still beating. Within three weeks, the sea slug had regrown a brand new body from the base of its detached head. While this kind of self-amputation, called autotomy, is not altogether uncommon across the animal kingdom, the sea slug’s feat is notable for the complexity of the body parts that it is able to regenerate. Various species of reptiles and insects are known to detach limbs in order to escape predation, and simple-bodied organisms like flatworms and sea squirts are able to regenerate large portions of their bodies. In each of these cases, however, the regrown body parts are relatively straightforward structures. Elysia marginata, on the other hand, is the first animal known to detach its entire body and then regrow vital organs such as its heart and kidneys. The secret to an Elysia marginata’s regeneration appears to lie in the chloroplasts that it hijacks from algae. Chloroplasts are the green-tinted drivers of photosynthesis that algae and other plants use to draw energy directly from the sun’s rays. Incredibly, when these sea slugs eat algae, they incorporate these chloroplasts into their own cells, giving them the nickname “solar-powered sea slugs”, and allowing them to synthesize sugars directly from the sun and thus survive without their organs. The sea slug’s radical autotomy appears to be a way to rid itself of parasitic infection. All of the individuals in the lab who underwent self-decapitation were observed to be carrying harmful parasites. After regenerating their bodies, these parasites were nowhere to be found. While researchers are thrilled by these novel discoveries, much remains unknown about the biological processes that enable this amazing phenomenon. Scientists believe that deepening our understanding of these slugs could one day lead to advances in regenerative medicine and other scientific fields. Which of the following words would the author use to describe regenerative medicine?

• A.Faltering
• B.Unsettling
• C.Promising
• D.Misleading

Researchers have been studying the virus to trace the origin of the pandemic. Trace v. 1. an indication of the existence or passing of something 2. a quantity so small that cannot be measured 3. to find or discover something by investigation 4. to draw something with your finger or toe. Which of the following dictionary definitions best fits the word trace as used in context?

• A.Entry 1: telltale signal
• B.Entry 2: microscopic bit
• C.Entry 3: piece together
• D.Entry 4: sketch freehand

Procrastination: Procrastination is often thought of as a time-management problem. In such a view, the person is simply so overwhelmed by their tasks or so inept at managing them that they are unable to make time for everything. Conversely, some see it as a laziness problem. In this view, the person doesn’t do much of anything, whether that be the particular task they are procrastinating or anything else, from housework to exercising to other important activities. However, even highly motivated and organized people procrastinate. That’s because procrastination is often an emotional response. For some reason, the task evokes a negative emotional reaction in the person. This often happens when the task is performative in some way, when we’ll be judged on it. It might therefore not be the task itself that we’re avoiding so much as the potential negative reaction to our efforts at the task. This feared negative reaction could come from others or even ourselves. We are often our own harshest critics, and the fear that what we’re doing isn’t good enough may keep us from starting the task in the first place, lest we risk confirming our fears. That a person who is procrastinating isn’t incapable of time management and isn’t lazy is often clear in that people who are procrastinating often assuage their guilt by making great progress in other tasks. Then, they are able to accomplish something while avoiding the task that evokes negative emotions. What is the structure of the passage?

• A.Cause-effect
• B.Problem-solution
• C.Chronological
• D.Process analysis

I asked him to be more polite – he can’t just bark his orders at everyone. Bark v. 1. thin sheet of chocolate topped with nuts 2. the tough outer layer of a tree 3. to give commands in an aggressive manner 4. to make a sound like a dog Which of the following dictionary definitions best fits the word bark as used in context?

• A.Entry 1: nutty sweets
• B.Entry 2: trunk rind
• C.Entry 4: yap noisily
• D.Entry 3: yell demands

COVID Price-Gouging With the onslaught of COVID-19, people naturally wanted to do what they could to ensure their families’ safety and their own. For many, this meant increased attention to hand-washing and sanitizing. Accordingly, store shelves were soon barren of cleaning and sanitizing products. While the sudden increase in demand was certainly a cause of this, the shortage was exacerbated by opportunistic individuals who quickly made the rounds of every store in reach, buying up huge supplies of these products in order to sell them at an exorbitant cost to desperate people. Many people were willing to pay these prices, but that doesn’t mean they were happy about it. State attorney generals noted vast increases in complaints of price gouging, and, as most states have laws against price gouging, these complaints were legally actionable. Many retailers received citations and fines for price gouging. Additionally, online retailers like Amazon took action, including the removal of thousands of seller accounts. That products like sanitizer were viewed as necessities for the pandemic and not luxuries likely increased people’s indignation. Supplying a need and creating a reasonable profit is one thing, but artificially amplifying that need by hoarding products and then taking advantage of people’s desperation is another. What is the structure of the passage?

• A.Cause-effect
• B.Compare-contrast
• C.Process analysis
• D.Spatial order

The Necks of Flying Dinosaurs: During the late Cretaceous period, the skies were filled with giants. Around 70 million years ago, few creatures were safe from the pterosaurs who soared through the air and preyed on all kinds of living things below. The most formidable of them all, Quetzalcoatlus northropi, had a wingspan that stretched up to 33 feet and a neck as long as a giraffe’s. It is thought to be the largest living thing to ever fly. Until recently, scientists were at a loss to explain how this gargantuan creature could possibly carry heavy prey in its beak without breaking its long neck. This question has now been answered, thanks to a new study that found the flying reptile possess bones unlike any others found in nature. As a part of this breakthrough study, Ph.D. students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign utilized a CT scan to analyze a pterosaur vertebra found in the Kem Kem fossil beds of Morocco. They couldn’t believe what they found. Inside, the vertebra was composed of an intricate network of struts, connecting a central tube to the outer walls of the bone. Its cross-section looks much like a bicycle wheel, with spokes radiating out from a central point. A bone like this had never been seen in the animal kingdom. The spoke structure allowed pterosaurs’ necks to be both lightweight and extremely strong. The team behind the discovery calculated that the addition of just 50 spokes increased the weight the bone could carry by 90 percent. The research team plans to follow up this study by scanning the vertebrae of other pterosaur species, to see whether they also possess this unique structure. In order to lift their massive bodies into the air, pterosaurs had to be exceptionally light for their size, and their bones needed to be thin and nearly hollow like those of a bird. As a result, their bones were exceedingly fragile and have mainly disintegrated over time. Though largely absent from the fossil record, pterosaur bones have been well preserved at the Kem Kem fossil site, which was once a thriving river system. Based on the passage, what can be inferred about early scientists’ opinions of the Quetzalcoatlus northropi?

• A.Inexplicable
• B.Unremarkable
• C.Misnamed
• D.Harmless

Beloved English novelist Jane Austen died at age 41 of what most biographers believe to have been Addison’s disease, an endocrine disorder named after Thomas Addison, who first described it in 1855. The author uses italics __________.

• A.To signal a book title
• B.To identify a new term
• C.To mark a foreign word
• D.To stress a key point

Play Therapy: Some might associate vibrant colored blocks and crayons with frivolity. For children, playing is not an absent way to kill time. Playing is a primary way for children to interpret experiences and communicate. So, mental health professionals have utilized play in children’s therapy since the early 1900s. Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) resembles person-centered therapy, developed by Carl Rogers. It is the most prevalent play therapy approach in the U.S. The Association for Play Therapy (APT) was established in 1982. It has published many findings, developed training, and contributed to the rapid growth of play therapy over the past few decades. A well-trained therapist uses individualized play therapy in a variety of clinical applications. CCPT aims for children aged three to ten years. Ages two to ten (preoperational stage) have emerging abilities to represent surroundings in words and images. Four to seven is when reasoning and self-regulation skills develop. Cognition grows in complexity during the concrete operational stage from seven to eleven. Then comes abstract thought and deduction during the adolescent formal operational stage. Play therapy adapts to older children and adolescents, too. They begin to experience deeper emotional complexity and social relationships. Play therapy’s versatility and capacity to access nonverbal parts of the brain suits a host of challenges in addition to a range of age groups. It helps address aggression, ADHD, anxiety, depression, speech problems, and trauma. The principles behind CCPT mirror Carl Rogers’ standards. They emphasize empathy, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard for the client. The idea is to facilitate the child’s innate propensity for growth and self-directed healing. Therapists find imaginative ways to visualize difficult concepts, navigate relationships, and build confidence. CCPT appears in more than 90 cross-cultural studies spanning seven decades, including meta-analyses. The research shows encouraging outcomes for children across diverse circumstances and conditions. It works because play is a natural, enjoyable, and enriching state. It meets children where they are, to help them unlock their inner selves. What is the main purpose of the text?

• A.To document the child-centered play therapy origins
• B.To explain the child-centered play therapy practice
• C.To summarize the child-centered play therapy trials
• D.To refute the child-centered play therapy framework

Eyebrows can be tweezed, trimmed, penciled in, microbladed, tattooed, and, in a more recent trend, laminated. Eyebrow lamination gives eyebrows a thicker, fuller look, in contrast to the thinner, more heavily plucked look favored in the 90’s and early 2000’s. The process of eyebrow lamination starts with the application of a degreasing solution. Next comes a perming gel, and then the eyebrows are brushed. Finally, a neutralizing gel sets the brows. This process involves several chemicals, so it’s important that it be done by a trained esthetician. Which text feature is primarily used in this text?

• A.Numbered list(s)
• B.Bolded term(s)
• C.Chart caption(s)
• D.Footnote(s)

Tokyo Declaration In 2015, the Tokyo Declaration on Dental Care and Oral Health for Healthy Longevity was adopted at the end of the World Congress. With this declaration, policy-makers and health professionals are asked to actively contribute to the promotion of equal provision of oral health solutions. Among others, the main objectives of this declaration are to gather scientific evidence regarding the impact of oral health on longevity and to introduce new policies based on such evidence. This is part of the plan towards the implementation of WHO’s Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable diseases (2013-2030). Which of the following best describes this type of writing?

• A.Narrative writing
• B.Persuasive writing
• C.Expository writing
• D.Technical writing

Opportunity for Experience Hi everyone! I’m reaching out on behalf of a fellow educational writer who has just finished writing his first book, due to be published later this year. The content is great and the resource has great potential, but the manuscript requires some editing. Although this project is unpaid, it will offer you the unique opportunity to get your name out there if you are new to the game. What’s more, it would give you the chance to showcase your editorial skills on your CV. Drop me a line if you are available. Which of the following best describes this type of writing?

• A.Narrative writing
• B.Technical writing
• C.Persuasive writing
• D.Expository writing

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a teaching framework that seeks to increase accessibility and reduce barriers for students. It is organized around three principles: providing students with multiple means of engagement, multiple means of representation, and multiple means of action and expression. Within each principle are numerous teaching and classroom management strategies that teachers could implement. This might seem overwhelming, but it’s important to realize that not all strategies would work for all classes. Additionally, the strategies vary in the degree to which they rely on technology. Some do not at all rely on technology, while some are fairly high-tech, and some are in the middle. This means that there’s something available for all teachers to implement, no matter what their comfort level with technology may be. However, it should be noted that technological tools open up more options for increasing student access. For example, providing discussions online via your school’s learning management system (LMS) as well as in person provides an additional way for students to interact with their classmates and the teacher. Online discussions can increase engagement for students who might be too shy to easily engage in in-person discussions. Additionally, online discussions give students a chance to put more effort into developing and refining their contributions, which might be significantly harder in a real-time, in-person discussion. This helps students successfully convey their ideas and gain mastery of class concepts. Which of the following citations would be the best resource to support the author’s purpose?

• A.A citation from a vendor who has successfully embedded UDL principles in her tools
• B.A citation from a teacher who has successfully implemented UDL principles in her class
• C.A citation from a sophomore who has applauded UDL engagement strategies in her school
• D.A citation from a volunteer who has successfully promoted UDL principles in her school

Although staying hydrated is important, it’s also important to avoid extremes; excessive water consumption can result in death. The author uses italics ___________.

• A.To define a new term
• B.To cite a book title
• C.To mark a quotation
• D.To emphasize a point

The Longest Voyage : 1. When you think of long voyages, your mind might immediately think back to a tedious transatlantic flight or perhaps even a relaxing cruise journey across vast oceans. Botanists and environmentalists, on the other hand, would probably think about the famous migration pattern of the vanessa cardui, a native sub-Saharan butterfly that makes an exceptional, yearly expedition from West Africa to Scandinavia, totaling just over 8,600 miles each year! Past research has indicated that specific climatic conditions likely need to be present in order for these butterflies to make the long journey and breed around the world successfully. However, evidence has always been lacking — until now. Thanks to a recent study on migration patterns, more light has been shed on climatic conditions that influence the remarkable and the longest seasonal journey of these insects. 2. This well-traveled species goes by a few different names, ranging from its scientific term, vanessa cardui, to the colloquial nickname of the “painted lady”. Unlike similar species, the painted lady breeds constantly throughout the year. Thus, it is one of the most popular butterflies that can thrive in almost any climate and can be found in gardens on every continent, excluding South America and Antarctica. While most are probably not familiar with the scientific details surrounding this butterfly, it has definitely become a household name. According to a psychology study, an astounding number of people picture the painted lady’s classic orange and black wing detail when asked to describe the image of a butterfly. As of now, even more information is known regarding this popular species. 3. To begin the research process on migration patterns, a team from the University of Reading (UK) compared data regarding the presence of the butterfly in Europe. The study included decades worth of information regarding the climate and atmosphere of sub-Saharan Africa. After the initial analysis, scientists discovered that the number of specimens of the vanessa cardui in Europe alone can actually fluctuate up to 100 times from one year to the next. When delving deeper into the reasoning behind the large variation, the research team realized that there are two specific climate conditions that must be fulfilled for a successful intercontinental journey of the painted lady butterfly: wind patterns conducive to speedy flights and an increase in vegetation in North Africa. The number of painted lady butterflies in Europe matched up with the climate data from the past few decades, finally providing enough evidence to solidify past speculation. 4. Regarding vegetation, it has been found that the vanessa cardui caterpillars multiply at a rapid speed when the African savannah’s humidity rate is higher than average. This allows the species to become stronger before crossing the Sahara desert. When it comes to winds, simulations have shown that the stronger the tailwind, the easier it is for the species to reach the necessary altitude of two miles above sea level. This height allows them to attain a desirable flight speed of 6 miles per second. While this information is specific to the long yearly journey of the vanessa cardui, understanding the effect that climatic conditions can have on other insect migrations can lead to a more thorough understanding of the ebbs and flows of the exceptional migration patterns of insects. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3?

• A.Humidity in savanna grasslands and caterpillars can result in healthier migrants in the population of painted lady butterflies that survive deserts.
• B.Wind patterns in arid regions outweigh vegetation and can result in wild swings in the number of painted lady butterflies that successfully migrate.
• C.Fluctuations in wind patterns and vegetation can result in dramatic differences in the number of painted lady butterflies that successfully migrate.
• D.Wind patterns in cooler regions and vegetation loss can result in gradual drops in the number of painted lady butterflies that successfully migrate.

The aspiring author decided to write her book in imitation of the trends; her story, therefore, was banal. Which of the following is an antonym for the word “banal” as used in the sentence above?

• A.Derivative
• B.Pedestrian
• C.Original
• D.Prosaic

Which of the answer choices presents a valid inference based on the following information? As soon as I hear the overture start playing from the orchestra, I always feel as though I never should have become a musical theatre performer. If I told most people that I suffer from complex stage fright, they would be shocked, given my outgoing personality and long career in the theatre arts.

• A.The performer's stage fright is not easily curable.
• B.The performer's stage fright is not publicly known.
• C.The performer's sociable personality is not real.
• D.The performer's stage fright is not truly serious.

Chaos in Translation 1. Although it can seem quite technical, translating texts into different languages is a delicate art. Not only does it require a solid understanding of languages, but it also calls for an artistic voice that can truly make the words seem natural to native speakers. When it is done well, readers do not even realize that they are reading a text that has been translated from another language. When it is done badly, however, chaos ensues. One of the most emblematic examples of a translation mishap occurred at the dawn of the twentieth century, when an American diplomat received an incorrectly translated copy of a popular book about aliens. As you might imagine, the mistake ignited both fear and disbelief regarding a concept that was already so foreign to begin with. 2. It all started with Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli, an Italian astronomer and astrophysicist, in the late 1800s. In addition to studying astronomy at renowned universities, Schiaparelli was the lead director of a famous observatory in Milan, where he was able to observe stars and planets with a telescope. When he first viewed Mars this way in 1877, he quickly made a hand drawn picture of what he had seen on a piece of paper. Using this reference, he believed that the chromatic differences and the “grooves” that he had seen on the surface of Mars meant that continents and seas existed on the planet. Even more interesting was the fact that “channels”, bodies of water that join two larger areas of water, seemed to connect the various seas. Of course, Schiaparelli had written the original works and explanations in his native language of Italian. He immediately received national success for his findings, and his works were quickly translated into English. 3. Once the information made its way into the United States, it attracted the attention of a wealthy American named Percival Lowell, who had previously abandoned his career as a foreign diplomat to invest his time and interests in astronomy. He, too, had observed Mars with a telescope, but was shocked when he read Schiaparelli’s description of the planet. Although he was familiar with the grooves and ridges described in Schiaparelli’s work, he was shocked to read about the “canals” — artificial man-made structures — that connected large bodies of water on Mars. Not only did this prove that life exists on Mars, but it suggested that these life forms could construct immense structures in a short period of time! Understanding that Schiaparelli had been a distinguished astronomer and a credible source, Lowell decided that the shocking discovery must be made accessible to the public. 4. What he did not realize at the time, however, was that the translation was incorrect, and Schiaparelli had never intended to say that man-made structures existed on Mars. In any case, on August 27, 1911, the front page of the New York Times contained a startling headline: “Martians Build Two Immense Canals in Two Years”. This gave rise to incorrect assumptions about intelligent life on Mars. For some, fear of an unknown and stronger lifeform set in, while others remained skeptical. Luckily, the information was quickly corrected based on official astronomical photography. Despite this, conspiracy theories about “martians” and their strength persisted for decades to come. Later, scientists and other astronomers came to the conclusion that the channels were simply optical illusions, and future high-resolution snapshots from visiting spacecrafts would only confirm that the man-made “canals” were only a result of a language mishap. Which of the following is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from paragraph 2?

• A.Schiaparelli was confident in the existence of alien life, even before his drawings of “channels” drew readers.
• B.Schiaparelli was mostly self-taught in the art of astronomy, even before his notes of “channels” appeared abroad.
• C.Schiaparelli was openly criticized in the world of astronomy, even before his charts of “channels” spread abroad.
• D.Schiaparelli was widely known in the field of astronomy, even before his depictions of “channels” earned notice.

It was imprudent to attempt such a difficult stunt without the proper safety precautions. Which of the following is an antonym for the word “imprudent” as used in the sentence?

• A.Reckless
• B.Rational
• C.Unwise
• D.Foolish

After her diatribe against the manager, she was called in for a discussion on more productive methods of conflict resolution. A synonym for “diatribe” as it is used in this sentence is ___________.

• A.Grudge
• B.Tirade
• C.Appeal
• D.Strike

The Longest Voyage : 1. When you think of long voyages, your mind might immediately think back to a tedious transatlantic flight or perhaps even a relaxing cruise journey across vast oceans. Botanists and environmentalists, on the other hand, would probably think about the famous migration pattern of the vanessa cardui, a native sub-Saharan butterfly that makes an exceptional, yearly expedition from West Africa to Scandinavia, totaling just over 8,600 miles each year! Past research has indicated that specific climatic conditions likely need to be present in order for these butterflies to make the long journey and breed around the world successfully. However, evidence has always been lacking — until now. Thanks to a recent study on migration patterns, more light has been shed on climatic conditions that influence the remarkable and the longest seasonal journey of these insects. 2. This well-traveled species goes by a few different names, ranging from its scientific term, vanessa cardui, to the colloquial nickname of the “painted lady”. Unlike similar species, the painted lady breeds constantly throughout the year. Thus, it is one of the most popular butterflies that can thrive in almost any climate and can be found in gardens on every continent, excluding South America and Antarctica. While most are probably not familiar with the scientific details surrounding this butterfly, it has definitely become a household name. According to a psychology study, an astounding number of people picture the painted lady’s classic orange and black wing detail when asked to describe the image of a butterfly. As of now, even more information is known regarding this popular species. 3. To begin the research process on migration patterns, a team from the University of Reading (UK) compared data regarding the presence of the butterfly in Europe. The study included decades worth of information regarding the climate and atmosphere of sub-Saharan Africa. After the initial analysis, scientists discovered that the number of specimens of the vanessa cardui in Europe alone can actually fluctuate up to 100 times from one year to the next. When delving deeper into the reasoning behind the large variation, the research team realized that there are two specific climate conditions that must be fulfilled for a successful intercontinental journey of the painted lady butterfly: wind patterns conducive to speedy flights and an increase in vegetation in North Africa. The number of painted lady butterflies in Europe matched up with the climate data from the past few decades, finally providing enough evidence to solidify past speculation. 4. Regarding vegetation, it has been found that the vanessa cardui caterpillars multiply at a rapid speed when the African savannah’s humidity rate is higher than average. This allows the species to become stronger before crossing the Sahara desert. When it comes to winds, simulations have shown that the stronger the tailwind, the easier it is for the species to reach the necessary altitude of two miles above sea level. This height allows them to attain a desirable flight speed of 6 miles per second. While this information is specific to the long yearly journey of the vanessa cardui, understanding the effect that climatic conditions can have on other insect migrations can lead to a more thorough understanding of the ebbs and flows of the exceptional migration patterns of insects. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 2?

• A.The painted lady is rugged, needs specific climates, and rides strong tailwinds.
• B.The painted lady is famous, braves cold climates, and inhabits seven continents.
• C.The painted lady is beloved, suits varied climates, and lives nearly everywhere.
• D.The painted lady is obscure, unknown outside research labs, and seldom pictured.

4 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 4 1 Using the number string above, replace every 1 with the letter T, every 2 with the letter A, every 3 with the letter S, and every 4 with the letter G. For letters that appear only twice, delete the first instance of those letters. Delete the first two letters in the string, and replace the letter T with the letter R only the first time it appears.

• A.RASGTGT
• B.TSGTAGR
• C.RSGTAGT
• D.RSGTGT

Book or movie? : 1. You shouldn’t miss this movie. Don’t get me wrong, the book is great too, but the movie brings a different appeal. This often happens in the industry. You see, the book is entertaining, but it begins with long winded and detailed descriptions of the setting and characters, while the movie kicks off with explosive action scenes that will keep you on edge for some time. The overall storyline of the movie, however, is not affected by these dissimilarities. 2. The plot of both the novel and the movie adaptation is about a post-apocalyptic world, years from now, where people struggle to survive. Trying to escape their depressing daily routines, people spend time in a virtual world where they can reinvent themselves. During his time in the virtual world, one of the ‘players’ finds love and clues that lead him to inherit the wealth that the creator of this game has accumulated before his death. Which of the sentences from the passage best presents the topic of the passage?

• A.This often happens in the industry.
• B.Don’t get me wrong, the book is great too, but the movie brings a different appeal.
• C.The overall storyline of the movie, however, is not affected by these dissimilarities.
• D.The plot of both the novel and the movie adaptation is about a post-apocalyptic world, years from now, where people struggle to survive.

Book or movie? : 1. You shouldn’t miss this movie. Don’t get me wrong, the book is great too, but the movie brings a different appeal. This often happens in the industry. You see, the book is entertaining, but it begins with long winded and detailed descriptions of the setting and characters, while the movie kicks off with explosive action scenes that will keep you on edge for some time. The overall storyline of the movie, however, is not affected by these dissimilarities. 2. The plot of both the novel and the movie adaptation is about a post-apocalyptic world, years from now, where people struggle to survive. Trying to escape their depressing daily routines, people spend time in a virtual world where they can reinvent themselves. During his time in the virtual world, one of the ‘players’ finds love and clues that lead him to inherit the wealth that the creator of this game has accumulated before his death. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?

• A.Faithful adaptations preserve plots from their source books.
• B.Printed stories sometimes differ from their film retellings.
• C.Screened versions outshine novels from their initial scenes.
• D.Despondent citizens escape from their bleak routines online.

To: Seymour Lewis From: Amber Shield Subject: Additional Materials Requested Dear Mr. Lewis, Thank you for your interest in East Oliver County’s call for submissions in our sustainability campaign. Our team has reviewed your proposal on placing sustainable water fountains throughout the city, and we are quite intrigued. The ideas you put forth in your proposal are both innovative and relevant to East Oliver’s needs at this time. However, we need more information regarding the timeline of the project before we can move forward in our decision-making process. In your proposal, you mentioned that you typically work with a separate engineering and design team, which tends to speed up the process. Could you please submit a more detailed schedule, including estimated start and end times for the project? Once you have submitted your estimated schedule, we would then be interested in discussing the budget and expenses you have proposed as well. Please keep in mind that we are still reviewing other applications at this time, and your prompt attention to this matter is appreciated. In any case, we were very pleased with your ideas and believe that your ideals align quite well with our organization’s goals on making East Oliver a thriving county in southwestern Maryland! Your contact for the application process, Margaret Davis, will be in touch regarding the additional details that we have requested. Please reach out to her should you have any questions. Thank you in advance for your dedication to the project and your commitment to East Oliver County. Best, Amber Shield, Selection Committee Chair What is the main purpose of this email?

• A.To tabulate budget estimates on the recipient’s proposal
• B.To introduce county contacts on the recipient’s proposal
• C.To praise innovative choices on the recipient’s proposal
• D.To request further specifics on the recipient’s proposal

4 4 2 3 1 4 1 1 2 3 Using the number string above, replace every 1 with the letter E, every 2 with the letter A, every 3 with the letter U, and every 4 with the letter N. For letters that appear twice, delete the first instance of each. Switch the first and last letters in the string, and replace the consonants with the letter O.

• A.OAUEOEAU
• B.UAUOEEAO
• C.AOUEOEAU
• D.UAUEOEAO

To: Ruth Graze From: Gregory Thomas Subject: Recent Customer Service Experience Dear Ms. Graze, Thank you for reaching out to our Customer Service Team regarding your most recent experience at one of our physical locations. Here at Lightpost Shopping Services, we pride ourselves on our superior customer service experiences, which has been rated ten out of ten by our clients. Unfortunately, it seems as though we did not live up to this standard based on your recent feedback, and we would like to make up for this. First off, we would like to extend our sincerest apologies regarding the subpar service you received in our electronics department at the Lightpost Shopping Center on Perry Highway. After reading your email, we looked into the matter and would like to shed some light on the situation. Since we have been short staffed for quite some time, we have recently hired more seasonal workers. The manager at our Perry Highway store, for instance, has been training an influx of new employees for the past five months. As such, it seems as though you were given incorrect information regarding the cost and maintenance of your laptop battery from a new employee. To prevent this from happening in the future, we are currently revamping our training methods so that our employees’ knowledge of the product is accurate. Thank you for bringing this to our attention! Secondly, we would like to fully reimburse you for the cost of the laptop battery. You will find the refunded amount on your credit card within three to five business days. Please let us know if you have any questions or further comments regarding this matter. Once again, we appreciate your business and look forward to assisting you with all of your future electronics needs! Kind Regards, Gregory Thomas According to the writer, why did the recipient likely perceive subpar customer service?

• A.The trainee misunderstood the battery details.
• B.The manager overlooked the seasonal newcomers.
• C.The distributor shipped the defective battery.
• D.The salesclerk misplaced the battery warranty.

The McCluster Health Company is preparing information for its annual company retreat. Part of the Marketing Team’s presentation will explain the number of program enrollments attained with each of the marketing plans over the last two years. Each marketing plan had a different budget. The team will demonstrate how the number of program enrollments rose with an increase in the marketing budget, with the highest budget of $14,000 reaching over 2000 program enrollments. For this reason, they are asking for an increase in the next marketing campaign’s budget. Which of the following is a conclusion based on the graph?

• A.Program enrollments and marketing budgets advanced together.
• B.Program enrollments and marketing budgets trended inversely.
• C.Program enrollments and marketing budgets peaked separately.
• D.Program enrollments and marketing budgets decoupled halfway.

After all the unsuccessful interviews, I have finally landed a position in a promising company. When I decided to quit my last job at a tech start-up, I immediately got in touch with a headhunter who I had first worked with years ago. Even though I had a fairly updated resume, it was not until I updated my online portfolio that I finally got my first call for an interview. Then, the calls just kept on coming! What happened before the narrator’s first call for an interview?

• A.She applied changes to her online portfolio.
• B.She forwarded links to her online portfolio.
• C.She referred panels to her online portfolio.
• D.She sent inquiries to her newest headhunter.

The McCluster Health Company is preparing information for its annual company retreat. Part of the Marketing Team’s presentation will explain the number of program enrollments attained with each of the marketing plans over the last two years. Each marketing plan had a different budget. The team will demonstrate how the number of program enrollments rose with an increase in the marketing budget, with the highest budget of $14,000 reaching over 2000 program enrollments. For this reason, they are asking for an increase in the next marketing campaign’s budget. Using the information in the graph, which of the following courses of action would likely be the best if the company needs 2500 program enrollments?

• A.Boost the budget by 500–1,000 dollars.
• B.Raise the budget by 2,000–4,000 dollars.
• C.Grow the budget by 16,000–18,000 dollars.
• D.Hike the budget by 12,000–14,000 dollars.

Glasses or Contacts? We’re used to thinking of contacts as making people more attractive than glasses. In movies and makeovers, when someone makes an impressive transformation, part of that, inevitably, seems to be switching from glasses to contacts. These movies are often silly and trite, but nonetheless influential in shaping cultural perceptions. In pop culture, there’s also the association of glasses with people who are shy and bookish; these aren’t qualities our society often sees as positive. However, glasses are far easier and more convenient than contacts. Even if you decide to go for contacts, you’ll want a pair of glasses when your eyes are too tired or sensitive for contacts. Glasses do have to be cleaned, but overall, their maintenance is simpler than contacts. You don’t have to store them in saline each night or throw them out and get new ones each morning. You don’t have to worry about washing your hands before you put on your glasses; however, forgetting to wash your hands before you put on your contacts could lead to irritating particles on your contacts, which can hurt your eyes. Glasses also produce fewer annoying situations. You can fall asleep with your glasses on, but if you fall asleep with your contacts in, your eyes may become dry, and removing your contacts may become uncomfortable. Also, you never have to worry about your glasses getting stuck up your eyelid, but this can happen with contacts. Many contact wearers have experienced this. Ultimately, your contact cannot actually go behind your eye. This is because of how the eye is constructed. The inside of the eyelids has a lining called the conjunctiva. It transitions into the white part of the eyeball, which is the sclera. There’s a complete connection there; there are no holes or anything for the contact to slip through and migrate to the back of the eye. Still, having one lost under your eyelid can be stressful and irritating. This is something that can never happen with glasses. Ultimately, individual preference is key. However, you shouldn’t spare a second thought when it comes to movies and other media that connect glasses with unattractiveness. Wear what’s best for you, but do consider at least having a pair of glasses as a back-up for when you don’t want to deal with those little discs of discomfort. Which of the following statements from the passage expresses an opinion?

• A.Many contact wearers have experienced this.
• B.You don’t have to store them in saline each night or throw them out and get new ones each morning.
• C.However, glasses are far easier and more convenient than contacts.
• D.You can fall asleep with your glasses on, but if you fall asleep with your contacts in, your eyes may become dry, and removing your contacts may become uncomfortable.

I never thought that I would be saying this after all the difficulties that I faced, but at long last, I officially have my driver’s license after having passed the exam! Every time I get behind the wheel, I will remember the stress and anxiety that came with this process. I am so glad that I never gave up, even after failing the theory and practical exams twice! Which event came last in the sequence?

• A.The narrator cleared their driver’s license exam.
• B.The narrator failed their driver’s license tests.
• C.The narrator received their new driver’s license.
• D.The narrator quit their driver’s license pursuit.

After just a few years, my small knitting hobby has turned into a full-blown business with paying clients. I usually start out a new project with a trip to the craft store, accompanied by the notes made previously during my initial meeting with each client. These meetings are the second step in the process, which happen shortly after a new client expresses interest in my work. What happens before the narrator meets with clients?

• A.A prospective client admires the narrator’s handiwork.
• B.A notebook captures the narrator’s client discussions.
• C.A finished commission satisfies the narrator’s client.
• D.A further consultation includes the narrator’s client.

Chaos in Translation 1. Although it can seem quite technical, translating texts into different languages is a delicate art. Not only does it require a solid understanding of languages, but it also calls for an artistic voice that can truly make the words seem natural to native speakers. When it is done well, readers do not even realize that they are reading a text that has been translated from another language. When it is done badly, however, chaos ensues. One of the most emblematic examples of a translation mishap occurred at the dawn of the twentieth century, when an American diplomat received an incorrectly translated copy of a popular book about aliens. As you might imagine, the mistake ignited both fear and disbelief regarding a concept that was already so foreign to begin with. 2. It all started with Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli, an Italian astronomer and astrophysicist, in the late 1800s. In addition to studying astronomy at renowned universities, Schiaparelli was the lead director of a famous observatory in Milan, where he was able to observe stars and planets with a telescope. When he first viewed Mars this way in 1877, he quickly made a hand drawn picture of what he had seen on a piece of paper. Using this reference, he believed that the chromatic differences and the “grooves” that he had seen on the surface of Mars meant that continents and seas existed on the planet. Even more interesting was the fact that “channels”, bodies of water that join two larger areas of water, seemed to connect the various seas. Of course, Schiaparelli had written the original works and explanations in his native language of Italian. He immediately received national success for his findings, and his works were quickly translated into English. 3. Once the information made its way into the United States, it attracted the attention of a wealthy American named Percival Lowell, who had previously abandoned his career as a foreign diplomat to invest his time and interests in astronomy. He, too, had observed Mars with a telescope, but was shocked when he read Schiaparelli’s description of the planet. Although he was familiar with the grooves and ridges described in Schiaparelli’s work, he was shocked to read about the “canals” — artificial man-made structures — that connected large bodies of water on Mars. Not only did this prove that life exists on Mars, but it suggested that these life forms could construct immense structures in a short period of time! Understanding that Schiaparelli had been a distinguished astronomer and a credible source, Lowell decided that the shocking discovery must be made accessible to the public. 4. What he did not realize at the time, however, was that the translation was incorrect, and Schiaparelli had never intended to say that man-made structures existed on Mars. In any case, on August 27, 1911, the front page of the New York Times contained a startling headline: “Martians Build Two Immense Canals in Two Years”. This gave rise to incorrect assumptions about intelligent life on Mars. For some, fear of an unknown and stronger lifeform set in, while others remained skeptical. Luckily, the information was quickly corrected based on official astronomical photography. Despite this, conspiracy theories about “martians” and their strength persisted for decades to come. Later, scientists and other astronomers came to the conclusion that the channels were simply optical illusions, and future high-resolution snapshots from visiting spacecrafts would only confirm that the man-made “canals” were only a result of a language mishap. Which of the following is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from paragraph 4?

• A.Spacecraft cameras originally debunked the planet’s canals.
• B.The paper’s editors swiftly printed corrections themselves.
• C.Certain citizens doubted the respected newspaper’s reports.
• D.Fearful readers outnumbered the headline’s calmer skeptics.

Glasses or Contacts? We’re used to thinking of contacts as making people more attractive than glasses. In movies and makeovers, when someone makes an impressive transformation, part of that, inevitably, seems to be switching from glasses to contacts. These movies are often silly and trite, but nonetheless influential in shaping cultural perceptions. In pop culture, there’s also the association of glasses with people who are shy and bookish; these aren’t qualities our society often sees as positive. However, glasses are far easier and more convenient than contacts. Even if you decide to go for contacts, you’ll want a pair of glasses when your eyes are too tired or sensitive for contacts. Glasses do have to be cleaned, but overall, their maintenance is simpler than contacts. You don’t have to store them in saline each night or throw them out and get new ones each morning. You don’t have to worry about washing your hands before you put on your glasses; however, forgetting to wash your hands before you put on your contacts could lead to irritating particles on your contacts, which can hurt your eyes. Glasses also produce fewer annoying situations. You can fall asleep with your glasses on, but if you fall asleep with your contacts in, your eyes may become dry, and removing your contacts may become uncomfortable. Also, you never have to worry about your glasses getting stuck up your eyelid, but this can happen with contacts. Many contact wearers have experienced this. Ultimately, your contact cannot actually go behind your eye. This is because of how the eye is constructed. The inside of the eyelids has a lining called the conjunctiva. It transitions into the white part of the eyeball, which is the sclera. There’s a complete connection there; there are no holes or anything for the contact to slip through and migrate to the back of the eye. Still, having one lost under your eyelid can be stressful and irritating. This is something that can never happen with glasses. Ultimately, individual preference is key. However, you shouldn’t spare a second thought when it comes to movies and other media that connect glasses with unattractiveness. Wear what’s best for you, but do consider at least having a pair of glasses as a back-up for when you don’t want to deal with those little discs of discomfort. Which of the following statements from the passage expresses a fact?

• A.Ultimately, individual preference is key.
• B.Ultimately, your contact cannot actually go behind your eye.
• C.Glasses also produce fewer annoying situations.
• D.Even if you decide to go for contacts, you’ll want a pair of glasses when your eyes are too tired or sensitive for contacts.

The McCluster Health Company is preparing information for its annual company retreat. Part of the Marketing Team’s presentation will explain the number of program enrollments attained with each of the marketing plans over the last two years. Each marketing plan had a different budget. The team will demonstrate how the number of program enrollments rose with an increase in the marketing budget, with the highest budget of $14,000 reaching over 2000 program enrollments. For this reason, they are asking for an increase in the next marketing campaign’s budget. Which of the following best describes the results of the marketing budget analysis?

• A.Program enrollments slump sharply as the marketing budget peaks.
• B.Program enrollments barely budge as the marketing budget climbs.
• C.Program enrollments rise steadily as the marketing budget grows.
• D.Program enrollments seesaw wildly as the marketing budget moves.

To: Ruth Graze From: Gregory Thomas Subject: Recent Customer Service Experience Dear Ms. Graze, Thank you for reaching out to our Customer Service Team regarding your most recent experience at one of our physical locations. Here at Lightpost Shopping Services, we pride ourselves on our superior customer service experiences, which has been rated ten out of ten by our clients. Unfortunately, it seems as though we did not live up to this standard based on your recent feedback, and we would like to make up for this. First off, we would like to extend our sincerest apologies regarding the subpar service you received in our electronics department at the Lightpost Shopping Center on Perry Highway. After reading your email, we looked into the matter and would like to shed some light on the situation. Since we have been short staffed for quite some time, we have recently hired more seasonal workers. The manager at our Perry Highway store, for instance, has been training an influx of new employees for the past five months. As such, it seems as though you were given incorrect information regarding the cost and maintenance of your laptop battery from a new employee. To prevent this from happening in the future, we are currently revamping our training methods so that our employees’ knowledge of the product is accurate. Thank you for bringing this to our attention! Secondly, we would like to fully reimburse you for the cost of the laptop battery. You will find the refunded amount on your credit card within three to five business days. Please let us know if you have any questions or further comments regarding this matter. Once again, we appreciate your business and look forward to assisting you with all of your future electronics needs! Kind Regards, Gregory Thomas What is the main purpose of this email?

• A.To reimburse payment for the recipient’s laptop battery
• B.To express regrets for the recipient’s unpleasant visit
• C.To justify temporary recruits for the recipient’s store
• D.To publicize flawless ratings for the recipient’s store

Shark attack (source) A new analysis of a 3000-year-old skeleton unearthed 100 years ago reveals the earliest evidence of a shark attack ever recorded. Archaeologists believe that the skeleton, missing a hand and a leg, belongs to a Japanese fisherman or shellfish diver who was killed while at work. Presumably, his severed body was taken back to land by his comrades. Prior to this discovery, the oldest signs of a shark attack were found on a skeleton dated back to 1000 years ago from Puerto Rico. Which of the following best rephrases the main idea of the passage?

• A.Ancient fishermen routinely suffered gruesome shark attacks.
• B.Archaeologists newly unearthed ancient shark attack victims.
• C.Recent research overturned earlier shark attack conclusions.
• D.Caribbean skeletons previously yielded shark attack origins.

Differences (source) Many believe that what makes humans different from animals is the ability to solve difficult problems and to feel emotions like joy and sorrow. Many biologists affirm that understanding these differences is a complex process. By observing a Caledonian crow solve a problem that impedes it from reaching its drinking water, it appears evident that some animals are able to find solutions to practical issues as humans would. Similarly, watching a single raven slide down a snowy roof countless times on a piece of plastic for no practical reasons could be a sign that they are partaking in a bit of fun and perhaps feeling joy. It seems that we might need to rethink our beliefs on what makes us different from animals after all. Which of the following states the main idea of the passage?

• A.Humans remain decidedly more rational than clever animals.
• B.Animals experience basic emotions more deeply than humans.
• C.Thirsty crows access water more ingeniously than expected.
• D.Animals possibly mirror humans more closely than imagined.

Constellation Aries (source) Aries is the Latin term for ‘ram’, and it is a winter constellation, most visible in December in the northern hemisphere. Unlike other constellations, many cultures have always recognized Aries as the representation of a ram, and it gives its name to one of the star signs in western astrology. In the tale of Jason and the Argonauts, Jason is sent to find the Golden Fleece in order to claim his throne as king, which he finds with the help of his future wife, Medea. In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece is the symbol of power and authority, and it is supposed to be the fleece belonging to Aries, the flying ram, after it had been sacrificed to Zeus. This is one of the most famous ancient stories, which was current in Homer’s time. Although this medium-sized constellation is formed of 5 stars, only 4 are often visible, creating a line from the ram’s head all the way down its back. Which of the following best rephrases the topic of the passage?

• A.Cultural meanings behind star patterns
• B.Personality profiles behind star signs
• C.Linguistic heritage behind star labels
• D.Legendary quests behind golden fleeces

Saving giant pandas (source) With their distinctive black and white wooly coat and their usually docile temperament, giant pandas are the symbol of China. The decrease of the giant panda population prompted the country to put a lot of effort into protecting this species, which was removed from the ‘endangered’ list and labeled as ‘vulnerable’ in 2016. After poaching spiralled out of control in the 1980s and deforestation exhausted their bamboo food resources, giant pandas were officially deemed endangered in 1990. Since then, the Chinese government and conservation organizations worldwide have worked to reforest and protect the habitat in which the giant panda and other wildlife can thrive. There are now over sixty reserves dotted around the country, where pandas can breed in captivity and are cared for if injured. Furthermore, visitors are educated about conservation programs, while the locals learn the importance of panda-related tourism and how it can benefit their community. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Panda recovery reflects cooperative global rescue work.
• B.Panda recovery reflects homegrown national rescue work.
• C.Panda recovery reflects successfully ended rescue work.
• D.Panda recovery reflects unaided wild population growth.

Saving giant pandas (source) With their distinctive black and white wooly coat and their usually docile temperament, giant pandas are the symbol of China. The decrease of the giant panda population prompted the country to put a lot of effort into protecting this species, which was removed from the ‘endangered’ list and labeled as ‘vulnerable’ in 2016. After poaching spiralled out of control in the 1980s and deforestation exhausted their bamboo food resources, giant pandas were officially deemed endangered in 1990. Since then, the Chinese government and conservation organizations worldwide have worked to reforest and protect the habitat in which the giant panda and other wildlife can thrive. There are now over sixty reserves dotted around the country, where pandas can breed in captivity and are cared for if injured. Furthermore, visitors are educated about conservation programs, while the locals learn the importance of panda-related tourism and how it can benefit their community. Which of the following is a supporting detail for the idea that people have attempted to save giant pandas?

• A.Officials and international charities restored panda forests.
• B.Overseas zoos and sanctuaries reintroduced panda populations.
• C.Townspeople and community patrols apprehended panda poachers.
• D.Scientists and veterinarians repeatedly cloned panda embryos.

Saving giant pandas (source) With their distinctive black and white wooly coat and their usually docile temperament, giant pandas are the symbol of China. The decrease of the giant panda population prompted the country to put a lot of effort into protecting this species, which was removed from the ‘endangered’ list and labeled as ‘vulnerable’ in 2016. After poaching spiralled out of control in the 1980s and deforestation exhausted their bamboo food resources, giant pandas were officially deemed endangered in 1990. Since then, the Chinese government and conservation organizations worldwide have worked to reforest and protect the habitat in which the giant panda and other wildlife can thrive. There are now over sixty reserves dotted around the country, where pandas can breed in captivity and are cared for if injured. Furthermore, visitors are educated about conservation programs, while the locals learn the importance of panda-related tourism and how it can benefit their community. Which detail is irrelevant to the main idea?

• A.Reserves give injured pandas a quiet refuge.
• B.Monochrome fur makes pandas a national icon.
• C.Guests get a short panda conservation class.
• D.China made pandas a top protection priority.

The Longest Voyage : 1. When you think of long voyages, your mind might immediately think back to a tedious transatlantic flight or perhaps even a relaxing cruise journey across vast oceans. Botanists and environmentalists, on the other hand, would probably think about the famous migration pattern of the vanessa cardui, a native sub-Saharan butterfly that makes an exceptional, yearly expedition from West Africa to Scandinavia, totaling just over 8,600 miles each year! Past research has indicated that specific climatic conditions likely need to be present in order for these butterflies to make the long journey and breed around the world successfully. However, evidence has always been lacking — until now. Thanks to a recent study on migration patterns, more light has been shed on climatic conditions that influence the remarkable and the longest seasonal journey of these insects. 2. This well-traveled species goes by a few different names, ranging from its scientific term, vanessa cardui, to the colloquial nickname of the “painted lady”. Unlike similar species, the painted lady breeds constantly throughout the year. Thus, it is one of the most popular butterflies that can thrive in almost any climate and can be found in gardens on every continent, excluding South America and Antarctica. While most are probably not familiar with the scientific details surrounding this butterfly, it has definitely become a household name. According to a psychology study, an astounding number of people picture the painted lady’s classic orange and black wing detail when asked to describe the image of a butterfly. As of now, even more information is known regarding this popular species. 3. To begin the research process on migration patterns, a team from the University of Reading (UK) compared data regarding the presence of the butterfly in Europe. The study included decades worth of information regarding the climate and atmosphere of sub-Saharan Africa. After the initial analysis, scientists discovered that the number of specimens of the vanessa cardui in Europe alone can actually fluctuate up to 100 times from one year to the next. When delving deeper into the reasoning behind the large variation, the research team realized that there are two specific climate conditions that must be fulfilled for a successful intercontinental journey of the painted lady butterfly: wind patterns conducive to speedy flights and an increase in vegetation in North Africa. The number of painted lady butterflies in Europe matched up with the climate data from the past few decades, finally providing enough evidence to solidify past speculation. 4. Regarding vegetation, it has been found that the vanessa cardui caterpillars multiply at a rapid speed when the African savannah’s humidity rate is higher than average. This allows the species to become stronger before crossing the Sahara desert. When it comes to winds, simulations have shown that the stronger the tailwind, the easier it is for the species to reach the necessary altitude of two miles above sea level. This height allows them to attain a desirable flight speed of 6 miles per second. While this information is specific to the long yearly journey of the vanessa cardui, understanding the effect that climatic conditions can have on other insect migrations can lead to a more thorough understanding of the ebbs and flows of the exceptional migration patterns of insects. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 1?

• A.Experts remain unsure climate alters the butterfly’s migration.
• B.Strong tailwinds mainly power the butterfly’s yearly migration.
• C.The butterfly’s yearly expedition covers several climate zones.
• D.New proof establishes climate shapes the butterfly’s migration.

When giving feedback on someone’s performance, do not enumerate all of their shortcomings, which can be discouraging; instead, identify just one or two things to focus on. Which of the following defines “enumerate” in the sentence above?

• A.Mock
• B.Rate
• C.Mask
• D.List

From: Shannon Edler, President To: All Staff Date: September 1 Subject: New Marketing Materials Attachment: Zip File Hello everyone, As you should all be aware, McKensey Enterprises has forged a new partnership with Harris Public Relations. After a year of discussions and shifts in our company’s target markets, we have finally decided on our new brand. It is a fresh take on tradition while still adhering to our company’s values and core mission. Among other things, this change includes different color schemes and an updated company logo. Attached to this email, you will find the most updated changes in a zip File. Please look through the file with utmost attention, as you will find everything you need when updating client material, your personal business cards, and any other business material. A copy of the file will also be uploaded to the company’s employee portal within two business days. Please note that our Marketing team is still in the process of updating our website to reflect these new changes. It will be done within two business days, or in other words, before the weekend. If you have any other questions regarding the recent rebranding, keep an eye out for our in-company newsletter, which will be making its way to you soon. For any other issues, please refer to your direct manager for clarification. Best, Shannon Edler President, McKensey Enterprises When will employees be able to view the company’s new website?

• A.After the weekend
• B.Over the weekend
• C.Within the workweek
• D.With the newsletter

Which of the answer choices presents a valid inference based on the following information? After hearing a strange noise in the next room, Beth tiptoed slowly to the hallway and scanned the area for potential self-defense weapons. To her relief, she noticed a pile of large books that had fallen after her cat had pushed them off the tall bookshelf.

• A.Beth’s leisure time favors books.
• B.Beth’s pet reaches lofty shelves.
• C.Beth’s house lacks extra tenants.
• D.Beth’s shelf cracked apart today.

Which of the answer choices presents a valid inference based on the following information? After a few months of traveling through Italy, I was finally starting to grasp the basics of the beautiful romance language. I could order a gelato and check-in to a hotel with ease, which were things that I had never thought possible with only two years worth of Italian classes from college decades ago.

• A.The writer’s Italian teachers taught badly.
• B.The writer’s Italian skills neared fluency.
• C.The writer’s Italian course ended recently.
• D.The writer’s Italian acquisition took time.

The company’s fees were exorbitant, more than twice what their competitors charged. Which of the following defines “exorbitant” in the sentence above?

• A.Exclusive
• B.Mandatory
• C.Arbitrary
• D.Excessive

If the statements listed below are true, which of the answer choices is the logical conclusion? Driving in Europe is not all that it’s cracked up to be, and driving in the middle of the night is never ideal. But I am fresh out of options since the taxi service was unavailable and my transatlantic flight home is leaving in just three hours.

• A.The writer must adjust to the clutch.
• B.The writer must head to the mainland.
• C.The writer must drive to the airport.
• D.The writer must see to the emergency.

To: Seymour Lewis From: Amber Shield Subject: Additional Materials Requested Dear Mr. Lewis, Thank you for your interest in East Oliver County’s call for submissions in our sustainability campaign. Our team has reviewed your proposal on placing sustainable water fountains throughout the city, and we are quite intrigued. The ideas you put forth in your proposal are both innovative and relevant to East Oliver’s needs at this time. However, we need more information regarding the timeline of the project before we can move forward in our decision-making process. In your proposal, you mentioned that you typically work with a separate engineering and design team, which tends to speed up the process. Could you please submit a more detailed schedule, including estimated start and end times for the project? Once you have submitted your estimated schedule, we would then be interested in discussing the budget and expenses you have proposed as well. Please keep in mind that we are still reviewing other applications at this time, and your prompt attention to this matter is appreciated. In any case, we were very pleased with your ideas and believe that your ideals align quite well with our organization’s goals on making East Oliver a thriving county in southwestern Maryland! Your contact for the application process, Margaret Davis, will be in touch regarding the additional details that we have requested. Please reach out to her should you have any questions. Thank you in advance for your dedication to the project and your commitment to East Oliver County. Best, Amber Shield, Selection Committee Chair After the requested details are submitted, what will be the next step in the selection process?

• A.Announcing the successful proposal
• B.Addressing the financial estimates
• C.Building the sustainable fountains
• D.Interviewing the outside engineers

Recently, a group of 100 professionals aged 25-30 took part in a study that examined the correlation between hours of sleep and cognitive scores. Participants were asked to keep track of the number of hours they slept each night for a total of 7 nights. Each morning, an hour after participants woke up, they were asked to complete a brief cognitive function test online. Based on these results, researchers believe that one’s sleeping hours do have an impact on one’s cognitive scores. It is clear that the more hours one slept, the better the test performance was, but only up until the 9-hour mark. In fact, those who slept an average of 9 hours each night performed the best on the cognitive test, attaining just over 90 points. Interestingly, the trend began to decrease with participants who slept more than 9 hours each night, since they performed worse on the tests. With this trend, participants reported lower scores for each additional hour of sleep. In order to continue studying this correlation, researchers will create a similar experiment for older and younger age groups. Which of the following describes the cognitive score of someone who has slept for 5 hours?

• A.It beats a nine-hour sleeper's score.
• B.It tops a seven-hour sleeper's score.
• C.It lags a two-hour sleeper's results.
• D.It trails a ten-hour sleeper's score.

The unscrupulous manager tried to coerce the employees to skip their lunch breaks by threatening to reduce their hours. A synonym for “coerce” as it is used in the sentence above would be __________.

• A.Force
• B.Bribe
• C.Trick
• D.Tempt

4 4 1 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 Using the number string above, replace every 1 with the letter R, every 2 with the letter E, every 3 with the letter F and every 4 with the letter B. Delete the third instance of the letter that appears the most. Change the letter in the exact middle of the string to an X, and replace any vowels with the letter H.

• A.BBRFXFRRF
• B.BBRRFXFRF
• C.BBRRFHFRF
• D.BBRRXHFRF

About dogs : 1. Their behavior can tell us a lot about their personalities, but there are some myths that revolve around dogs’ nature. The misconception that large dogs are more aggressive than small ones still exists so does that of believing that it is normal for dogs to have bad breath. Unfortunately, persistent bad breath could be a sign of tooth decay or gum disease. It is also believed that dogs can only see in black and white. However, this is not true, as they are able to distinguish some colors. 2. Among many myths, a true fact is that dogs have played an important role in society throughout history. Dogs are able to track and catch prey during hunting trips without eating it and can help shepherds with their sheep and cows. Nowadays, dogs are often employed to trace illegal drugs and explosives in public places, and during rescue missions, we rely on dogs to find people in danger. Some are trained to become guide dogs to assist people with vision impairment. However, most dogs can be great companions to the elderly and families with young children. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?

• A.Dogs perceive multiple colors.
• B.Dogs greatly benefit humanity.
• C.Dogs detect hidden explosives.
• D.Dogs supplant human searchers.

A yarn shop sells exactly seven different types of colored yarn: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Choose five different types of yarn to buy using the following guidelines: If type 4 is chosen, then type 3 cannot be chosen. If type 1 is chosen, then type 4 must be chosen. If type 6 is chosen, then type 1 must be chosen. Which of the following combinations of yarn corresponds with the directions?

• A.4,2,5,1,6
• B.7,6,2,5,4
• C.2,1,5,7,3
• D.5,3,7,4,2

About dogs : 1. Their behavior can tell us a lot about their personalities, but there are some myths that revolve around dogs’ nature. The misconception that large dogs are more aggressive than small ones still exists so does that of believing that it is normal for dogs to have bad breath. Unfortunately, persistent bad breath could be a sign of tooth decay or gum disease. It is also believed that dogs can only see in black and white. However, this is not true, as they are able to distinguish some colors. 2. Among many myths, a true fact is that dogs have played an important role in society throughout history. Dogs are able to track and catch prey during hunting trips without eating it and can help shepherds with their sheep and cows. Nowadays, dogs are often employed to trace illegal drugs and explosives in public places, and during rescue missions, we rely on dogs to find people in danger. Some are trained to become guide dogs to assist people with vision impairment. However, most dogs can be great companions to the elderly and families with young children. Which of the sentences from the passage best presents the topic of the passage?

• A.Their behavior can tell us a lot about their personalities, but there are some myths that revolve around dogs’ nature.
• B.Nowadays, dogs are often employed to trace illegal drugs and explosives in public places, and during rescue missions, we rely on dogs to find people in danger.
• C.Among many myths, a true fact is that dogs have played an important role in society throughout history.
• D.Unfortunately, persistent bad breath could be a sign of tooth decay or gum disease.

The Longest Voyage : 1. When you think of long voyages, your mind might immediately think back to a tedious transatlantic flight or perhaps even a relaxing cruise journey across vast oceans. Botanists and environmentalists, on the other hand, would probably think about the famous migration pattern of the vanessa cardui, a native sub-Saharan butterfly that makes an exceptional, yearly expedition from West Africa to Scandinavia, totaling just over 8,600 miles each year! Past research has indicated that specific climatic conditions likely need to be present in order for these butterflies to make the long journey and breed around the world successfully. However, evidence has always been lacking — until now. Thanks to a recent study on migration patterns, more light has been shed on climatic conditions that influence the remarkable and the longest seasonal journey of these insects. 2. This well-traveled species goes by a few different names, ranging from its scientific term, vanessa cardui, to the colloquial nickname of the “painted lady”. Unlike similar species, the painted lady breeds constantly throughout the year. Thus, it is one of the most popular butterflies that can thrive in almost any climate and can be found in gardens on every continent, excluding South America and Antarctica. While most are probably not familiar with the scientific details surrounding this butterfly, it has definitely become a household name. According to a psychology study, an astounding number of people picture the painted lady’s classic orange and black wing detail when asked to describe the image of a butterfly. As of now, even more information is known regarding this popular species. 3. To begin the research process on migration patterns, a team from the University of Reading (UK) compared data regarding the presence of the butterfly in Europe. The study included decades worth of information regarding the climate and atmosphere of sub-Saharan Africa. After the initial analysis, scientists discovered that the number of specimens of the vanessa cardui in Europe alone can actually fluctuate up to 100 times from one year to the next. When delving deeper into the reasoning behind the large variation, the research team realized that there are two specific climate conditions that must be fulfilled for a successful intercontinental journey of the painted lady butterfly: wind patterns conducive to speedy flights and an increase in vegetation in North Africa. The number of painted lady butterflies in Europe matched up with the climate data from the past few decades, finally providing enough evidence to solidify past speculation. 4. Regarding vegetation, it has been found that the vanessa cardui caterpillars multiply at a rapid speed when the African savannah’s humidity rate is higher than average. This allows the species to become stronger before crossing the Sahara desert. When it comes to winds, simulations have shown that the stronger the tailwind, the easier it is for the species to reach the necessary altitude of two miles above sea level. This height allows them to attain a desirable flight speed of 6 miles per second. While this information is specific to the long yearly journey of the vanessa cardui, understanding the effect that climatic conditions can have on other insect migrations can lead to a more thorough understanding of the ebbs and flows of the exceptional migration patterns of insects. Which of the following sentences is most representative of a summary sentence for this passage?

• A.When delving deeper into the reasoning behind the large variation, the research team realized that there are two specific climate conditions that must be fulfilled for a successful intercontinental journey of the painted lady butterfly: wind patterns conducive to speedy flights and an increase in vegetation in North Africa.
• B.While this information is specific to the long yearly journey of the vanessa cardui, understanding the effect that climatic conditions can have on other insect migrations can lead to a more thorough understanding of the ebbs and flows of the exceptional migration patterns of insects.
• C.Botanists and environmentalists, on the other hand, would probably think about the famous migration pattern of the vanessa cardui, a native sub-Saharan butterfly that makes an exceptional, yearly expedition from West Africa to Scandinavia, totaling just over 8,600 miles each year!
• D.When it comes to winds, simulations have shown that the stronger the tailwind, the easier it is for the species to reach the necessary altitude of two miles above sea level.

From: Shannon Edler, President To: All Staff Date: September 1 Subject: New Marketing Materials Attachment: Zip File Hello everyone, As you should all be aware, McKensey Enterprises has forged a new partnership with Harris Public Relations. After a year of discussions and shifts in our company’s target markets, we have finally decided on our new brand. It is a fresh take on tradition while still adhering to our company’s values and core mission. Among other things, this change includes different color schemes and an updated company logo. Attached to this email, you will find the most updated changes in a zip File. Please look through the file with utmost attention, as you will find everything you need when updating client material, your personal business cards, and any other business material. A copy of the file will also be uploaded to the company’s employee portal within two business days. Please note that our Marketing team is still in the process of updating our website to reflect these new changes. It will be done within two business days, or in other words, before the weekend. If you have any other questions regarding the recent rebranding, keep an eye out for our in-company newsletter, which will be making its way to you soon. For any other issues, please refer to your direct manager for clarification. Best, Shannon Edler President, McKensey Enterprises What is the main point of the printed communication?

• A.To notify staff about the new partner the firm has selected
• B.To inform staff about the new identity the firm has adopted
• C.To alert staff about the new website the firm has scheduled
• D.To brief staff about the target markets the firm has chosen

After a long day of test preparation, I called my friend Jonathan and asked if he wanted to see a movie and get a pizza later. Jonathan was up for it, but he asked if we could wait until his girlfriend gets home, since he lost his keys yesterday. So, when his girlfriend gets home, Jonathan will come over to my place. What happens after Jonathan’s girlfriend arrives at home?

• A.Jonathan will misplace the keys.
• B.Jonathan will propose the delay.
• C.Jonathan will meet the narrator.
• D.Jonathan will accept the invite.

Are Electronic Books or Hard Copy Books Better for College Students? College students generally have the option of choosing electronic books or their hardcopies. Which is the better choice? Electronic books are generally a bit less expensive than hard copy books, more so if the books are textbooks as opposed to trade paperbacks. You will need a device on which to read electronic books, however. If you already have a device that you use for other purposes, you may not consider this part of the expense. However, if you purchase a dedicated e-reader, you probably will. Convenience is also a factor, and both types of books are convenient in their own ways. Hundreds of ebooks can be stored on one device, which makes them very portable. E-readers also have lighted screens, so you don’t have to worry about sitting somewhere with good lighting. E-readers do have to be charged, though; you never have to worry about this with a hard copy. Hard copy books are also more aesthetically pleasing. They offer a wide variety of colorful, beautiful covers. Hard copy books also look nice on shelves. They can contribute significantly to your decor. The most significant factor for college students, though, is which type is better for learning. To some degree, this is a matter of personal preference. However, e-books comprise 15-20 percent of trade book sales. This indicates that people still feel that hard copy books offer a valuable reading experience. Research indicates that people feel a greater tactile connection to physical books, and that this might improve reading comprehension. In an e-reader, every book is the same physically; they are all on the same device. Hard copy books, though, have different thicknesses, different paper textures, and different feels. People often remember where something was in a book by how the book felt in their hands when they read the thing. Depending on how far into the book they were, there would be a certain amount of pages on the left side of the book and on the right. This could help recall the memory of where the information was located. Additionally, many people read e-books on devices that can also access the internet. You can do no such thing with a hard copy book. This means fewer distractions, and hence, better learning. Ultimately, therefore, hard copy books are better for college students. Which of the following statements from the passage expresses a fact?

• A.Convenience is also a factor, and both types of books are convenient in their own ways.
• B.This indicates that people still feel that hard copy books offer a valuable reading experience.
• C.The most significant factor for college students, though, is which type is better for learning.
• D.You will need a device on which to read electronic books, however.

Are Electronic Books or Hard Copy Books Better for College Students? College students generally have the option of choosing electronic books or their hardcopies. Which is the better choice? Electronic books are generally a bit less expensive than hard copy books, more so if the books are textbooks as opposed to trade paperbacks. You will need a device on which to read electronic books, however. If you already have a device that you use for other purposes, you may not consider this part of the expense. However, if you purchase a dedicated e-reader, you probably will. Convenience is also a factor, and both types of books are convenient in their own ways. Hundreds of ebooks can be stored on one device, which makes them very portable. E-readers also have lighted screens, so you don’t have to worry about sitting somewhere with good lighting. E-readers do have to be charged, though; you never have to worry about this with a hard copy. Hard copy books are also more aesthetically pleasing. They offer a wide variety of colorful, beautiful covers. Hard copy books also look nice on shelves. They can contribute significantly to your decor. The most significant factor for college students, though, is which type is better for learning. To some degree, this is a matter of personal preference. However, e-books comprise 15-20 percent of trade book sales. This indicates that people still feel that hard copy books offer a valuable reading experience. Research indicates that people feel a greater tactile connection to physical books, and that this might improve reading comprehension. In an e-reader, every book is the same physically; they are all on the same device. Hard copy books, though, have different thicknesses, different paper textures, and different feels. People often remember where something was in a book by how the book felt in their hands when they read the thing. Depending on how far into the book they were, there would be a certain amount of pages on the left side of the book and on the right. This could help recall the memory of where the information was located. Additionally, many people read e-books on devices that can also access the internet. You can do no such thing with a hard copy book. This means fewer distractions, and hence, better learning. Ultimately, therefore, hard copy books are better for college students. Which of the following statements from the passage expresses the author’s opinion?

• A.Hundreds of ebooks can be stored on one device, which makes them very portable.
• B.E-readers also have lighted screens, so you don’t have to worry about sitting somewhere with good lighting.
• C.Depending on how far into the book they were, there would be a certain amount of pages on the left side of the book and on the right.
• D.Ultimately, therefore, hard copy books are better for college students.

Recently, a group of 100 professionals aged 25-30 took part in a study that examined the correlation between hours of sleep and cognitive scores. Participants were asked to keep track of the number of hours they slept each night for a total of 7 nights. Each morning, an hour after participants woke up, they were asked to complete a brief cognitive function test online. Based on these results, researchers believe that one’s sleeping hours do have an impact on one’s cognitive scores. It is clear that the more hours one slept, the better the test performance was, but only up until the 9-hour mark. In fact, those who slept an average of 9 hours each night performed the best on the cognitive test, attaining just over 90 points. Interestingly, the trend began to decrease with participants who slept more than 9 hours each night, since they performed worse on the tests. With this trend, participants reported lower scores for each additional hour of sleep. In order to continue studying this correlation, researchers will create a similar experiment for older and younger age groups. Which of the following is a conclusion based on the graph and explanation?

• A.Remarkably, ten hours can yield a sleeper maximum cognitive scores.
• B.Likewise, nine hours can secure a retiree optimal cognitive scores.
• C.Past a threshold, extra slumber can really reduce cognitive scores.
• D.Beneath a peak, shortened sleep can sharply raise cognitive scores.

Even though my local post office is small, it has specific reservation requirements for people who need to get passport photos taken. As I was waiting in line early this afternoon, I witnessed countless walk-ins get rejected after not having booked appointments prior to coming in. Luckily, I had remembered to call in and book my spot first thing this morning! I finally have my photos and can send off my application on time. Which event came first in the sequence?

• A.The narrator hurried away to mail a passport photo package.
• B.The narrator saw customers fail to obtain a passport photo.
• C.The narrator queued calmly to await a passport photo shoot.
• D.The narrator phoned ahead to reserve a passport photo slot.

Applying for college can be a complicated process, and it is important to pay attention to deadlines that come up throughout the year. Students will typically have a meeting with their guidance counselors early in the academic year, but not before they pinpoint their future academic interests. Then, they should book college tours and interviews with the respective admission teams before applying to the programs of choice. What happens before the meeting with the guidance counselor?

• A.Students schedule the campus tours they hope to take.
• B.Students face the formal interviews they hope to ace.
• C.Students sign the application form they hope to mail.
• D.Students choose the subject areas they hope to study.

"A couple, on a budget, is shopping for fruits. At this specific store, they are looking to buy just one piece of fruit. They have a choice between three different types of fruit. The chart shows the prices of more than one piece of each fruit. Which single piece of fruit is the cheapest when bought on its own? Type of Fruit | Price: Banana 2 for $1.12, Apple 4 for $2.50, Nectarine 3 for $1.89"

• A.One apple
• B.One banana
• C.One nectarine
• D.Three-way tie

A perfume shop sells exactly seven different types of perfume: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Choose five different types of perfume to buy using the following guidelines: If type 7 is chosen, then type 1 cannot be chosen. If type 1 is chosen, then type 2 must be chosen. If type 4 is chosen, then type 3 cannot be chosen. Which of the following combinations of flavored sodas corresponds with the directions?

• A.2,1,7,5,6
• B.3,4,2,6,5
• C.7,2,3,5,6
• D.6,1,3,5,7

Passage 3 (4 Paragraphs) Losing The Past, Losing The Present 1. The word “biodiversity” is a combination of two words: “biological” and “diversity”. On a basic level, it represents the variety of plant and animal life on Earth. For decades, scientists have been studying biodiversity loss, ranging from insect extinction to the effects of overfishing. From a philosophical standpoint, some would argue that biodiversity is also representative of the vast knowledge humans have acquired through trial and error over millions of years. This information would include understanding how to survive in certain environmental conditions, or knowing how to treat common ailments. This comprehensive view of biodiversity triggered a recent study into the slow disappearance of indigenous languages and its effects on the future of society. Based on the findings, some linguists believe that loss of language can be just as devastating as climate change, if not more so. 2. Of about 7,400 languages spoken around the world, thirty percent are expected to become extinct by the end of the century, many of which are indigenous languages. Indigenous languages are distinct communication methods that are native to a specific region. Typically, they are only spoken by the indigenous people of that area, although some indigenous languages (such as Navajo and Sioux) have become somewhat mainstream and have been studied in-depth. In order to understand the consequences of indigenous language loss, a team of biologists from the University of Zurich analyzed three geographic areas known for their cultural diversity and distinct biological traits: North America, Northwest Amazonia, and New Guinea. Part of the study involved examining nearly 12,000 different medicinal plants that were associated with a specific purpose. An example of this would include using an aloe vera plant specifically for burns and cuts. 3. The study found that over seventy-five percent of the information specific to the medicinal plants is either known or transmitted using indigenous languages. Thus, losing access to these languages would seriously set back the centuries worth of information that has been gathered regarding holistic healing. This lack of information could also have disastrous consequences for the development of new pharmaceuticals and the treatment of diseases. While most medicinal molecules are synthesized in laboratories, the chemicals produced by plants help create new treatments and are necessary to support human health. According to the World Health Organization, the active principle of a quarter of synthetic pharmaceuticals currently on the market is derived from plants. 4. In short, the preservation of linguistic diversity, specifically that of indigenous cultures, is not just about cultural identity. It encompasses more than solely cultural aspects of society. Rather, it branches off into the future of medicine and how we can move forward as a human race. Many scholars hope that plans will be put into place to delay the extinction of languages. The United Nations, for instance, has already taken action against this risk by creating the International Decade of Indigenous Languages initiative, which is set to take place from 2022 to 2032. Perhaps through these efforts, information and experiences from the past will continue to help navigate the present and the future. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 1?

• A.Losing languages may damage society and rival lost biodiversity.
• B.Losing languages may erode society and tribal cultural identity.
• C.Losing languages may hurt cures and biodiversity drug discovery.
• D.Losing languages may hit society and biodiversity zones hardest.

Passage 3 (4 Paragraphs) Losing The Past, Losing The Present 1. The word “biodiversity” is a combination of two words: “biological” and “diversity”. On a basic level, it represents the variety of plant and animal life on Earth. For decades, scientists have been studying biodiversity loss, ranging from insect extinction to the effects of overfishing. From a philosophical standpoint, some would argue that biodiversity is also representative of the vast knowledge humans have acquired through trial and error over millions of years. This information would include understanding how to survive in certain environmental conditions, or knowing how to treat common ailments. This comprehensive view of biodiversity triggered a recent study into the slow disappearance of indigenous languages and its effects on the future of society. Based on the findings, some linguists believe that loss of language can be just as devastating as climate change, if not more so. 2. Of about 7,400 languages spoken around the world, thirty percent are expected to become extinct by the end of the century, many of which are indigenous languages. Indigenous languages are distinct communication methods that are native to a specific region. Typically, they are only spoken by the indigenous people of that area, although some indigenous languages (such as Navajo and Sioux) have become somewhat mainstream and have been studied in-depth. In order to understand the consequences of indigenous language loss, a team of biologists from the University of Zurich analyzed three geographic areas known for their cultural diversity and distinct biological traits: North America, Northwest Amazonia, and New Guinea. Part of the study involved examining nearly 12,000 different medicinal plants that were associated with a specific purpose. An example of this would include using an aloe vera plant specifically for burns and cuts. 3. The study found that over seventy-five percent of the information specific to the medicinal plants is either known or transmitted using indigenous languages. Thus, losing access to these languages would seriously set back the centuries worth of information that has been gathered regarding holistic healing. This lack of information could also have disastrous consequences for the development of new pharmaceuticals and the treatment of diseases. While most medicinal molecules are synthesized in laboratories, the chemicals produced by plants help create new treatments and are necessary to support human health. According to the World Health Organization, the active principle of a quarter of synthetic pharmaceuticals currently on the market is derived from plants. 4. In short, the preservation of linguistic diversity, specifically that of indigenous cultures, is not just about cultural identity. It encompasses more than solely cultural aspects of society. Rather, it branches off into the future of medicine and how we can move forward as a human race. Many scholars hope that plans will be put into place to delay the extinction of languages. The United Nations, for instance, has already taken action against this risk by creating the International Decade of Indigenous Languages initiative, which is set to take place from 2022 to 2032. Perhaps through these efforts, information and experiences from the past will continue to help navigate the present and the future. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3?

• A.Losing indigenous languages would rival both climate change and habitat loss.
• B.Losing indigenous languages would hurt both herbal remedies and modern drugs.
• C.Losing indigenous languages would spare both synthetic medicine and lab work.
• D.Losing indigenous languages would erode both tribal pride and human progress.

Passage 3 (4 Paragraphs) Losing The Past, Losing The Present 1. The word “biodiversity” is a combination of two words: “biological” and “diversity”. On a basic level, it represents the variety of plant and animal life on Earth. For decades, scientists have been studying biodiversity loss, ranging from insect extinction to the effects of overfishing. From a philosophical standpoint, some would argue that biodiversity is also representative of the vast knowledge humans have acquired through trial and error over millions of years. This information would include understanding how to survive in certain environmental conditions, or knowing how to treat common ailments. This comprehensive view of biodiversity triggered a recent study into the slow disappearance of indigenous languages and its effects on the future of society. Based on the findings, some linguists believe that loss of language can be just as devastating as climate change, if not more so. 2. Of about 7,400 languages spoken around the world, thirty percent are expected to become extinct by the end of the century, many of which are indigenous languages. Indigenous languages are distinct communication methods that are native to a specific region. Typically, they are only spoken by the indigenous people of that area, although some indigenous languages (such as Navajo and Sioux) have become somewhat mainstream and have been studied in-depth. In order to understand the consequences of indigenous language loss, a team of biologists from the University of Zurich analyzed three geographic areas known for their cultural diversity and distinct biological traits: North America, Northwest Amazonia, and New Guinea. Part of the study involved examining nearly 12,000 different medicinal plants that were associated with a specific purpose. An example of this would include using an aloe vera plant specifically for burns and cuts. 3. The study found that over seventy-five percent of the information specific to the medicinal plants is either known or transmitted using indigenous languages. Thus, losing access to these languages would seriously set back the centuries worth of information that has been gathered regarding holistic healing. This lack of information could also have disastrous consequences for the development of new pharmaceuticals and the treatment of diseases. While most medicinal molecules are synthesized in laboratories, the chemicals produced by plants help create new treatments and are necessary to support human health. According to the World Health Organization, the active principle of a quarter of synthetic pharmaceuticals currently on the market is derived from plants. 4. In short, the preservation of linguistic diversity, specifically that of indigenous cultures, is not just about cultural identity. It encompasses more than solely cultural aspects of society. Rather, it branches off into the future of medicine and how we can move forward as a human race. Many scholars hope that plans will be put into place to delay the extinction of languages. The United Nations, for instance, has already taken action against this risk by creating the International Decade of Indigenous Languages initiative, which is set to take place from 2022 to 2032. Perhaps through these efforts, information and experiences from the past will continue to help navigate the present and the future. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4?

• A.Climate change and rapid extinction of languages may prove similarly destructive.
• B.Joint campaigns and awareness of wider stakes may safeguard linguistic diversity.
• C.Herbal knowledge and design of future medicines may require linguistic diversity.
• D.Indigenous dialects and much of linguistic diversity may rapidly face extinction.

Passage 3 (4 Paragraphs) Losing The Past, Losing The Present 1. The word “biodiversity” is a combination of two words: “biological” and “diversity”. On a basic level, it represents the variety of plant and animal life on Earth. For decades, scientists have been studying biodiversity loss, ranging from insect extinction to the effects of overfishing. From a philosophical standpoint, some would argue that biodiversity is also representative of the vast knowledge humans have acquired through trial and error over millions of years. This information would include understanding how to survive in certain environmental conditions, or knowing how to treat common ailments. This comprehensive view of biodiversity triggered a recent study into the slow disappearance of indigenous languages and its effects on the future of society. Based on the findings, some linguists believe that loss of language can be just as devastating as climate change, if not more so. 2. Of about 7,400 languages spoken around the world, thirty percent are expected to become extinct by the end of the century, many of which are indigenous languages. Indigenous languages are distinct communication methods that are native to a specific region. Typically, they are only spoken by the indigenous people of that area, although some indigenous languages (such as Navajo and Sioux) have become somewhat mainstream and have been studied in-depth. In order to understand the consequences of indigenous language loss, a team of biologists from the University of Zurich analyzed three geographic areas known for their cultural diversity and distinct biological traits: North America, Northwest Amazonia, and New Guinea. Part of the study involved examining nearly 12,000 different medicinal plants that were associated with a specific purpose. An example of this would include using an aloe vera plant specifically for burns and cuts. 3. The study found that over seventy-five percent of the information specific to the medicinal plants is either known or transmitted using indigenous languages. Thus, losing access to these languages would seriously set back the centuries worth of information that has been gathered regarding holistic healing. This lack of information could also have disastrous consequences for the development of new pharmaceuticals and the treatment of diseases. While most medicinal molecules are synthesized in laboratories, the chemicals produced by plants help create new treatments and are necessary to support human health. According to the World Health Organization, the active principle of a quarter of synthetic pharmaceuticals currently on the market is derived from plants. 4. In short, the preservation of linguistic diversity, specifically that of indigenous cultures, is not just about cultural identity. It encompasses more than solely cultural aspects of society. Rather, it branches off into the future of medicine and how we can move forward as a human race. Many scholars hope that plans will be put into place to delay the extinction of languages. The United Nations, for instance, has already taken action against this risk by creating the International Decade of Indigenous Languages initiative, which is set to take place from 2022 to 2032. Perhaps through these efforts, information and experiences from the past will continue to help navigate the present and the future. Which of the following sentences is most representative of a summary sentence for this passage?

• A.In short, the preservation of linguistic diversity, specifically that of indigenous cultures, is not just about cultural identity.
• B.This comprehensive view of biodiversity triggered a recent study into the slow disappearance of indigenous languages and its effects on the future of society.
• C.Part of the study involved examining nearly 12,000 different medicinal plants that were associated with a specific purpose.
• D.According to the World Health Organization, the active principle of a quarter of synthetic pharmaceuticals currently on the market is derived from plants.

Passage 4 (4 Paragraphs) Brain Workouts 1. Medical experts have claimed that mental and physical health are equally important for a healthy, balanced life. While exercising can cut back on heart disease, for example, meditating has been proven to counteract stress in a positive way. Although no one is debating the effectiveness of these types of activities, experts are now wondering what we can do to “tone up” our brain in order to properly take care of our neurons. In fact, recent studies suggest that the human brain can continue to produce new nerve cells, even in old age. Neuroscientists believe that positive lifestyle choices can greatly contribute to brain health, slow cognitive decline, and improve our emotional state. However, these lifestyle choices are quite specific, and include other parts of the body that may not seem to be obviously linked to the brain. 2. First off, neuroscientists believe that what goes on in the human intestinal tract can highly impact both short-term and long-term brain function. Further, in recent years, nutritionists and food scientists have made some breakthroughs regarding the relationship between intestinal bacteria and mood disorders, including anxiety and depression. Although the exact link is not yet known, it has been proven that most of the mood-stabilizing hormone, serotonin, is produced in the intestine, whereas only ten percent of it is produced in the brain. Nutritionists believe that poor eating habits and dehydration are two major triggers to an unbalanced bacterial component. Thus, most would recommend a diet rich in plant-based foods that can nourish the body and provide a healthy environment for good bacteria to thrive. In addition to contributing to overall health, neuroscientists suspect that fewer imbalances in the gut could ward off neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. 3. The next link between health and the brain relies on both the quantity and quality of the food we ingest. When it comes to quantity, evolution has shown us that humans have survived periods in which food was periodically scarce and fasting was mandatory. In these cases, when little food was available, it was normal to switch from burning energy (glucose) to getting energy from the body’s fat storage. Now known as a specific diet called intermittent fasting, some neuroscientists are trying to understand if this process could actually slow cognitive decline. The quantity of the specific food groups that we ingest, on the other hand, has also come a long way over time. When analyzing the Western diet, for instance, it is clear that the intake of polyunsaturated fats has increased over time, which has led to a rise in inflammation. Thus, it is advisable to decrease these aforementioned fats and replace them with more omega-3 fats, which are known to improve brain function. 4. The last aspect regarding brain health is tied in closely with emotional well-being and involves physical activity. Quite simply, neuroscientists believe that introducing more movement into an increasingly sedentary society can perhaps reverse cognitive decline. In fact, it has been proven that thirteen percent of Alzheimer’s cases in the world have been linked to physical inactivity. The mechanism behind this connection lies within movement. Physical activity tends to reduce inflammation, which otherwise inhibits the growth of new brain cells. The end result is neurogenesis, or the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain. Although thirty minutes of physical activity each day would be ideal, experts suggest that small steps, such as making a conscious effort to get up and walk around every so often, could make positive changes in brain health. In short, approaching brain health in a similar way to physical workouts might be one way to work towards a healthier future. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 1?

• A.Everyday routines may protect brain health and slow cognitive decline.
• B.Intestinal bacteria may regulate brain health and calm anxious states.
• C.Healthier fats may strengthen brain health and slow cognitive decline.
• D.Daily exercise may strengthen brain health and slow cognitive decline.

Passage 4 (4 Paragraphs) Brain Workouts 1. Medical experts have claimed that mental and physical health are equally important for a healthy, balanced life. While exercising can cut back on heart disease, for example, meditating has been proven to counteract stress in a positive way. Although no one is debating the effectiveness of these types of activities, experts are now wondering what we can do to “tone up” our brain in order to properly take care of our neurons. In fact, recent studies suggest that the human brain can continue to produce new nerve cells, even in old age. Neuroscientists believe that positive lifestyle choices can greatly contribute to brain health, slow cognitive decline, and improve our emotional state. However, these lifestyle choices are quite specific, and include other parts of the body that may not seem to be obviously linked to the brain. 2. First off, neuroscientists believe that what goes on in the human intestinal tract can highly impact both short-term and long-term brain function. Further, in recent years, nutritionists and food scientists have made some breakthroughs regarding the relationship between intestinal bacteria and mood disorders, including anxiety and depression. Although the exact link is not yet known, it has been proven that most of the mood-stabilizing hormone, serotonin, is produced in the intestine, whereas only ten percent of it is produced in the brain. Nutritionists believe that poor eating habits and dehydration are two major triggers to an unbalanced bacterial component. Thus, most would recommend a diet rich in plant-based foods that can nourish the body and provide a healthy environment for good bacteria to thrive. In addition to contributing to overall health, neuroscientists suspect that fewer imbalances in the gut could ward off neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. 3. The next link between health and the brain relies on both the quantity and quality of the food we ingest. When it comes to quantity, evolution has shown us that humans have survived periods in which food was periodically scarce and fasting was mandatory. In these cases, when little food was available, it was normal to switch from burning energy (glucose) to getting energy from the body’s fat storage. Now known as a specific diet called intermittent fasting, some neuroscientists are trying to understand if this process could actually slow cognitive decline. The quantity of the specific food groups that we ingest, on the other hand, has also come a long way over time. When analyzing the Western diet, for instance, it is clear that the intake of polyunsaturated fats has increased over time, which has led to a rise in inflammation. Thus, it is advisable to decrease these aforementioned fats and replace them with more omega-3 fats, which are known to improve brain function. 4. The last aspect regarding brain health is tied in closely with emotional well-being and involves physical activity. Quite simply, neuroscientists believe that introducing more movement into an increasingly sedentary society can perhaps reverse cognitive decline. In fact, it has been proven that thirteen percent of Alzheimer’s cases in the world have been linked to physical inactivity. The mechanism behind this connection lies within movement. Physical activity tends to reduce inflammation, which otherwise inhibits the growth of new brain cells. The end result is neurogenesis, or the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain. Although thirty minutes of physical activity each day would be ideal, experts suggest that small steps, such as making a conscious effort to get up and walk around every so often, could make positive changes in brain health. In short, approaching brain health in a similar way to physical workouts might be one way to work towards a healthier future. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3?

• A.Microbes have hormonal linkages and may affect brain health.
• B.Sedentary habits have increased and may affect brain health.
• C.Meals have evolved considerably and may affect brain health.
• D.Fasts have documented benefits and may restore brain health.

Mosquitoes in Winter : Mosquitoes tend to be ubiquitous in the summer months, especially in humid areas with damp climates. With the advent of cooler autumn months though, they seem to disappear for the entire year. Where do they go? In short, they go into hiding since they cannot survive temperatures below 73 degrees Fahrenheit. This process is known as a diapause and it gives adult mosquitoes the opportunity to go into a “standby” of sorts during the colder months. The first step involves finding a place to settle in for the winter, including natural areas (such as caves or tree trunks) or in some cases, man-made structures like garages and cellars. They then enter a highly lethargic state in which they do not move, eat, or grow until they can sense a change in the weather. In other words, time seems to stand still until the arrival of spring and a warmer climate. Which of the answer choices presents a valid inference based on the given information?

• A.Mosquitoes can end their diapause once conditions improve.
• B.Mosquitoes can forage normally once their diapause begins.
• C.Mosquitoes can relocate south once their diapause arrives.
• D.Mosquitoes can enter their diapause once humidity lessens.

Since the claim is based on spurious sources, we cannot accept it as legitimate. Which of the following defines “spurious” in the sentence above?

• A.Dated
• B.Vague
• C.Bogus
• D.Scant

Passage 1 (4 Paragraphs) Expanding a Viking Family Tree with DNA : 1. When a genomicist team from the University of Copenhagen set out to research ancient DNA, they expected to discover more information about the origins of Scandinavian populations. What they did not expect to find, however, was a familial tie between two warriors from the Viking Age, buried around 500 miles away from each other. This unexpected element not only provided a fascinating look into the ancient Viking population, but it also debunked some common ideas related to the general time period of the Viking Age, spanning from around 750 to 1100 CE. These findings are changing what we know about this time period and even offering up more information regarding genetic diversity. 2. In the research project’s early stages, Ashot Margaryan, the lead genomicist on the project, and his team set off to sample and sequence DNA from just over 400 human skeletons located in ancient archaeological sites in Europe and Greenland. The next step involved comparing the genomes and matching them up against other readily available genomes from modern populations, which led to a surprising discovery. The team realized that the effects of Scandinavian maritime expansion during the Viking Age was twofold. First, mixed ancestries were present along coastal areas, likely due to the raiding and settlements of Viking tribes. Moreover, it proves that genetic DNA from Scandinavia moved along the most common trade and raiding routes of the time. 3. Using the newfound knowledge of Viking travels and additional genetic DNA, the team was able to trace back the origins of two different sets of skeletal remains found in Denmark and England, respectively. Not only did the remains belong to two Viking warriors, but research proved that they were actually second-degree relatives. The first set of remains found in Denmark likely belonged to a fifty-year-old man who had sustained multiple injuries from raids throughout his long life. The second set, found in England, belonged to a younger man in his early twenties, who archaeologists believe met his death in a violent manner. Although the exact familial ties between the pair is impossible to know with certainty, the DNA proves that they could have been half-siblings, grandfather and grandson, or uncle and nephew. 4. While the link between these two warriors’ remains added an unexpected twist in the research phase, it serves as a testament to how useful ancient DNA can be as a tool to reconstruct the past. Whether it can shed light on mass migrations or provide a more personal look into select individuals, genetic evidence will remain a source of interest and study for researchers. Coupled with archaeology, geneticists hope to use ancient DNA when studying the history of complex civilizations that have left behind little evidence. If it has made us rethink some common ideas surrounding one of the most studied civilizations in the world, there is no telling what it will do next. Which of the following sentences is most representative of a summary sentence for this passage?

• A.What they did not expect to find, however, was a familial tie between two warriors from the Viking Age, buried around 500 miles away from each other.
• B.While the link between these two warriors’ remains added an unexpected twist in the research phase, it serves as a testament to how useful ancient DNA can be as a tool to reconstruct the past.
• C.If it has made us rethink some common ideas surrounding one of the most studied civilizations in the world, there is no telling what it will do next.
• D.In the research project’s early stages, Ashot Margaryan, the lead genomicist on the project, and his team set off to sample and sequence DNA from just over 400 human skeletons located in ancient archaeological sites in Europe and Greenland.

Considering that the road was already quite narrow, the sign stating that the road would continue to narrow gave her a strong feeling of trepidation. Which of the following defines “trepidation” in the sentence above?

• A.Exasperation
• B.Apprehension
• C.Exhilaration
• D.Indifference

When you get home, you read a note from your roommate. It says, “I forgot to tell you that I’m working the nightshift this week! I’ll be gone by the time you get home from class. Before I come home for breakfast at 8:00 AM, I’m going to the gym to work out.” When should you expect your roommate to come home?

• A.Once she concludes her night shift.
• B.Once she eats her hearty breakfast.
• C.Once she ends her exercise routine.
• D.Once she starts her overnight work.

Which of the following statements is accurate based on the map?

• A.Most of the campsites are placed together north of the water.
• B.The highway extends largely to the northwest of the river.
• C.The restrooms sit nearer to the lake than to the campgrounds.
• D.The visitor lot occupies the southernmost part of the map.

Business culture (source) When traveling abroad for business, learning the local business etiquette is more important than learning the language, as most international deals are conducted in English. In Japan, for example, receiving someone’s business card with both hands, taking some time to admire it before carefully placing it in your cardholder shows your respect for your business counterpart. In many countries, meetings are often carried out during a meal. In these occasions, the host usually pays and, as a guest, offering to pay would cause great offence. However, in Mexico, your host may interpret your suggestion to discuss business at a restaurant as a romantic proposal. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Adapted business manners spare overseas travelers awkward blunders.
• B.International business negotiations mostly use one shared language.
• C.Business meal invites occasionally imply romantic proposals abroad.
• D.Courteous business guests routinely settle pricey restaurant bills.

After going back and forth on our choice for months, my fiance and I finally decided on a destination for our honeymoon. Even though we had initially chosen Bali, I kept thinking about the awful sun poisoning I had gotten years ago! Beach destinations just were not as appealing to me anymore, so I suggested an Alaskan cruise instead. We simply cannot wait for some colder temperatures! Which event came first in the sequence?

• A.The narrator proposed Alaska.
• B.The narrator questioned Bali.
• C.The sweethearts dropped Bali.
• D.The honeymooners picked Bali.

Medical jargon (source) The unexpected outbreak of a new viral illness in 2020 meant that guidance on prevention and treatment had to rely on developing scientific evidence. In the U.S., keeping up with the latest updates was challenging for many, especially for people who speak little or no English, and those with limited education or cognitive abilities. Generally speaking, in fact, most people would find the language of the healthcare industry difficult to understand. The consequences of misunderstanding medical advice and guidelines can be severe, causing confusion over the message conveyed and leading to misinformation. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Medical advice tracked new scientific studies.
• B.Medical jargon stumps mainly nonnative adults.
• C.Medical jargon confusion breeds unsafe rumors.
• D.Medical jargon confuses average adult readers.

From: Human Resources Team Date: October 7th Subject: Company Walk-A-Thon As you all know, our company-wide Walk-A-Thon is just two weeks away. This event is an annual fundraiser that raises money and awareness for pediatric cancer. All of the proceeds from the event go directly to the Pediatric Cancer Ward of our local hospital, and they greatly appreciate our yearly support. While most of the preparation work for the event is well underway, we have noticed that not all employees have signed up for the event. In order to make this event a success, we are hoping that each and every employee will participate in the Walk-A-Thon. If you cannot participate, we do hope you will consider donating a small amount or sponsoring another employee. If this is not possible, please consider finding or contacting a potential business sponsor who would be interested in creating prizes for the guests of the Walk-A-Thon. We strongly believe that fellowship events are just as important as work-related events, and we hope that you will make an effort to participate this time around. Please let us know if you have already signed up for the event, in which case you should not have received this memo. We appreciate your patience as we are still sorting through the sign-ups from all employees and their families. If we haven’t gotten to your submitted registration form yet, then please disregard this memo. What does the Walk-A-Thon raise money for?

• A.A nearby hospital's child oncology unit
• B.A nearby hospital's general upkeep fund
• C.A nearby hospital's cancer research lab
• D.A local sponsor's walkathon prize purse

To: All Employees From: Public Relations Team Date: January 8th Subject: Healthy Habits Campaign Do the winter months put you in a slump? Do you find that you engage in more unhealthy habits after the holiday season? Well, you are not alone. Studies show that unhealthy habits are expanded upon in the winter, ranging from unhealthy eating habits to lack of exercise. So, in an effort to combat these unhealthy habits during the winter months, the Public Relations Team is excited to announce a new health initiative for our company. Joining us in this adventure is one of the healthiest decisions you can make this season! Along with local medical professionals, we have developed an employee health program that is sure to kickstart your journey to healthy habits. Each department will have access to a pedometer and one free one-on-one consultation with a dietician at the start of the program. Of course, the initiative is in no way obligatory, but it would be a great way to start the new year! How will it work? For the next three months, we will be inputting the number of steps walked each day, along with our minutes of screen time. The department with both the highest amount of steps and lowest number of screen time minutes will win a prize. Taking part in this initiative will surely help you feel happier and healthier! Please keep in mind that all details will always be kept anonymous, and your personal details will never be shared with a third party or anyone else in the company. Only you will have access to the information in this initiative. Please refer to one of the Public Relations Team members for any additional questions. Which of the following is not part of the health program mentioned in the memo?

• A.Upfront dietician consultation
• B.Everyday nutritionist consults
• C.Anonymized participant records
• D.Departmental pedometer devices

A flavored soda shop sells exactly seven different types of flavored soda: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Choose five different types of flavored sodas to buy using the following guidelines: If type 2 is chosen, then type 7 cannot be chosen. If type 1 is chosen, then type 3 cannot be chosen. If type 6 is chosen, then type 2 must be chosen. Which of the following combinations of flavored sodas corresponds with the directions?

• A.6,2,3,5,4
• B.2,7,4,5,3
• C.7,3,1,5,4
• D.4,6,1,5,7

Recently, a group of 100 professionals aged 25-30 took part in a study that examined the correlation between hours of sleep and cognitive scores. Participants were asked to keep track of the number of hours they slept each night for a total of 7 nights. Each morning, an hour after participants woke up, they were asked to complete a brief cognitive function test online. Based on these results, researchers believe that one’s sleeping hours do have an impact on one’s cognitive scores. It is clear that the more hours one slept, the better the test performance was, but only up until the 9-hour mark. In fact, those who slept an average of 9 hours each night performed the best on the cognitive test, attaining just over 90 points. Interestingly, the trend began to decrease with participants who slept more than 9 hours each night, since they performed worse on the tests. With this trend, participants reported lower scores for each additional hour of sleep. In order to continue studying this correlation, researchers will create a similar experiment for older and younger age groups. Which of the following best describes the results of the study?

• A.Scores plateaued until 8 hours of sleep, then climbed.
• B.Scores improved until 9 hours of sleep, then declined.
• C.Scores progressed until 9 hours of sleep, then surged.
• D.Scores climbed until 6 hours of sleep, then plummeted.

To: All Sales Associates From: Robert Raymond Date: June 19, 2021 Re: New Sales Initiatives Based on yesterday’s staff meeting, you should all be familiar with the low sales figures from this last quarter. While we were expecting a higher turnout based on last year’s figures and our own projections, the decrease in sales is not all that surprising, given the current economic climate. Fortunately, consumer satisfaction remains unchanged. In any case, it is our goal to combat this problem quickly and effectively. We hope to see an increased consumer demand for our products by the beginning of the next quarter. As such, our marketing team has drafted a new set of sales initiatives and guidelines for your review. We are also in the process of preparing a detailed webinar that will clearly detail the proposed action. We request that you kindly review the attached documents within the next 48 hours in order to be fully prepared for the sales call on Wednesday morning. We strongly believe that your individual skills and determination, coupled with the marketing team’s creative efforts, will result in a more impressive quarter this time around. All the information is located in your employee portal, but please reach out to me if you have any trouble accessing the information. Which of the answer choices presents a valid inference based on the given information?

• A.Shoppers likely dislike the style of a new product.
• B.Managers likely expect the repeat of a bad quarter.
• C.Staff likely caused the failure of a sales quarter.
• D.Customers likely feel the strain of a weak economy.

After a long and difficult journey filled with traffic and car troubles, we finally reached our final destination of New Mexico. What started out as a fun road trip between friends quickly escalated into a tiring misadventure filled with unexpected difficulties that put everyone on edge. Next time, I am sure that we will think twice about traveling by car and book a flight! Which event came last in the sequence?

• A.The group started the adventure to New Mexico.
• B.The group suffered the gridlock to New Mexico.
• C.The group completed the odyssey to New Mexico.
• D.The group researched the flight to New Mexico.

Themed Cookbooks: Less High-Tech than Electronic Recipe Libraries, but Still Amazing In many ways, technology makes our lives easier, and we tend to gravitate to the shiny new things that promise increased convenience. Recipe collections are no exception. In past decades, people, usually women, wrote down each step and each ingredient of each recipe and then collected the recipes together in a box or a notebook, and now here we are with electronic recipe collections. With an electronic recipe collection, you can start an account on a site like the New York Times and have access to hundreds of recipes, all without writing down a thing. You can save the ones that appeal to you in a virtual “recipe box”. You can categorize them and search for them, which is useful once your collection grows. You can add notes on the recipes and read notes left by others, if they’ve been made public. On some sites, you can also add recipes from other sites. In an hour of browsing, you can add more recipes than our grandmothers could have written down in a week. Despite this convenience, there’s a middle path between laboriously hand-written recipes and electronic recipe libraries that should not be overlooked, and that is the cookbook, specifically, themed cookbooks. Cookbooks may be themed to match certain dietary preferences, needs, or cooking techniques and devices — you can find cookbooks for vegetarians, for diabetics, and for air fryers, for example. However, cookbooks are often also themed towards interests that aren’t directly tied to cooking. These might correspond to television shows, books, video games, and other creative works. These are more than recipe books; they are beautiful tributes to cherished fictional worlds. They allow an immersive, imaginative experience for fans and the chance to try unique recipes designed to evoke these fictional worlds. These books are about more than recipes. They feature beautiful art, photography, and often stories linking the recipes to the creative work to which they’re themed. If you are part of a fictional world’s fandom, do yourself a favor and see if there is a corresponding cookbook. If you know anyone who loves a fictional world, a themed cookbook is one of the best gifts you could get them. Which of the following statements from the passages expresses a fact?

• A.Despite this convenience, there’s a middle path between laboriously hand-written recipes and electronic recipe libraries that should not be overlooked, and that is the cookbook, specifically, themed cookbooks.
• B.These are more than recipe books; they are beautiful tributes to cherished fictional worlds.
• C.Cookbooks may be themed to match certain dietary preferences, needs, or cooking techniques and devices — you can find cookbooks for vegetarians, for diabetics, and for air fryers, for example.
• D.They feature beautiful art, photography, and often stories linking the recipes to the creative work to which they’re themed.

To: All Employees From: Public Relations Team Date: January 8th Subject: Healthy Habits Campaign Do the winter months put you in a slump? Do you find that you engage in more unhealthy habits after the holiday season? Well, you are not alone. Studies show that unhealthy habits are expanded upon in the winter, ranging from unhealthy eating habits to lack of exercise. So, in an effort to combat these unhealthy habits during the winter months, the Public Relations Team is excited to announce a new health initiative for our company. Joining us in this adventure is one of the healthiest decisions you can make this season! Along with local medical professionals, we have developed an employee health program that is sure to kickstart your journey to healthy habits. Each department will have access to a pedometer and one free one-on-one consultation with a dietician at the start of the program. Of course, the initiative is in no way obligatory, but it would be a great way to start the new year! How will it work? For the next three months, we will be inputting the number of steps walked each day, along with our minutes of screen time. The department with both the highest amount of steps and lowest number of screen time minutes will win a prize. Taking part in this initiative will surely help you feel happier and healthier! Please keep in mind that all details will always be kept anonymous, and your personal details will never be shared with a third party or anyone else in the company. Only you will have access to the information in this initiative. Please refer to one of the Public Relations Team members for any additional questions. What is the main purpose of the memo?

• A.To urge workers to join the voluntary wellness plan.
• B.To order workers to track the mandatory daily steps.
• C.To alert workers to the new department step contest.
• D.To introduce workers to the new local medical staff.

Passage 1 (4 Paragraphs) Expanding a Viking Family Tree with DNA : 1. When a genomicist team from the University of Copenhagen set out to research ancient DNA, they expected to discover more information about the origins of Scandinavian populations. What they did not expect to find, however, was a familial tie between two warriors from the Viking Age, buried around 500 miles away from each other. This unexpected element not only provided a fascinating look into the ancient Viking population, but it also debunked some common ideas related to the general time period of the Viking Age, spanning from around 750 to 1100 CE. These findings are changing what we know about this time period and even offering up more information regarding genetic diversity. 2. In the research project’s early stages, Ashot Margaryan, the lead genomicist on the project, and his team set off to sample and sequence DNA from just over 400 human skeletons located in ancient archaeological sites in Europe and Greenland. The next step involved comparing the genomes and matching them up against other readily available genomes from modern populations, which led to a surprising discovery. The team realized that the effects of Scandinavian maritime expansion during the Viking Age was twofold. First, mixed ancestries were present along coastal areas, likely due to the raiding and settlements of Viking tribes. Moreover, it proves that genetic DNA from Scandinavia moved along the most common trade and raiding routes of the time. 3. Using the newfound knowledge of Viking travels and additional genetic DNA, the team was able to trace back the origins of two different sets of skeletal remains found in Denmark and England, respectively. Not only did the remains belong to two Viking warriors, but research proved that they were actually second-degree relatives. The first set of remains found in Denmark likely belonged to a fifty-year-old man who had sustained multiple injuries from raids throughout his long life. The second set, found in England, belonged to a younger man in his early twenties, who archaeologists believe met his death in a violent manner. Although the exact familial ties between the pair is impossible to know with certainty, the DNA proves that they could have been half-siblings, grandfather and grandson, or uncle and nephew. 4. While the link between these two warriors’ remains added an unexpected twist in the research phase, it serves as a testament to how useful ancient DNA can be as a tool to reconstruct the past. Whether it can shed light on mass migrations or provide a more personal look into select individuals, genetic evidence will remain a source of interest and study for researchers. Coupled with archaeology, geneticists hope to use ancient DNA when studying the history of complex civilizations that have left behind little evidence. If it has made us rethink some common ideas surrounding one of the most studied civilizations in the world, there is no telling what it will do next. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4?

• A.Ancient DNA findings can overturn long accepted textbook theories.
• B.Ancient DNA can help fieldwork illuminate certain historic epochs.
• C.Ancient DNA can document maritime expansion along coastal regions.
• D.Ancient DNA can prove unexpected warrior kinship despite distance.

Where are the majority of the campgrounds located?

• A.To the north of the lake
• B.To the east of the lake
• C.To the south of the lake
• D.To the west of the lake

After listening to the instructor’s convoluted answer, she was even more confused. Which of the following is the closest meaning to “convoluted” in the sentence above?

• A.Unnecessarily complex
• B.Noticeably incomplete
• C.Admirably transparent
• D.Overtly disrespectful

Yoga: More Accessible Than You Might Think One common misconception about yoga is that you need to be flexible to even try it. This misconception stems from a limited view of something unfamiliar. If you don’t practice yoga, your ideas of it may come from images carefully constructed for public view on social media. These images, often shared by companies or “influencers,” show lithe, seasoned yogis in acrobatic poses. Their faces are serene, their hair and makeup flawless, their outfits expensive and perfectly coordinated. If you visit a yoga studio, though, you’ll see practitioners of all ages, shapes, sizes, and ability levels. There will be plenty of sweat, frizzy hair, mismatched outfits, and people falling out of poses (a natural part of learning!). Yoga studios also offer a variety of props to help students access poses safely while they build the necessary flexibility to practice without the prop. Common props include blocks and straps. Yoga blocks are rectangular and generally made of some form of foam or wood. Many practitioners feel that wood blocks provide a greater sense of stability. However, they can be less comfortable when placed under the back in reclining poses. Yoga straps are long, sturdy, and generally made of cotton. They often have a form of buckle at the end which practitioners can use to create a loop. Straps can help you with many things, such as reaching your toes in a seated forward fold. With a couple blocks and a strap, yoga students can safely access poses they might have thought impossible. Instead of stressing or straining (and hence risking injury), people can safely work into a pose, gradually developing more flexibility. Aside from using props in the yoga studio, everyone should have some for their home practice as well. Which of the following statements from the passage expresses a fact?

• A.This misconception stems from a limited view of something unfamiliar.
• B.Their faces are serene, their hair and makeup flawless, their outfits expensive and perfectly coordinated.
• C.There will be plenty of sweat, frizzy hair, mismatched outfits, and people falling out of poses (a natural part of learning!).
• D.Straps can help you with many things, such as reaching your toes in a seated forward fold.

Follow the instructions below to transform the starting word into a different word. Start with the word MAGICALLY. Remove one of the double consonants. Change the M to an N. Remove the last letter. Switch the first and last letters. Change the I to an E. Change the C to an R. Switch the fifth and seventh letters. What is the new word?

• A.LAGERAN
• B.LAGENAR
• C.LAGINAR
• D.NAGELAR

A cupcake shop sells exactly seven different types of cupcakes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Choose five different types of cupcakes to buy using the following guidelines: If type 1 is chosen, then type 5 cannot be chosen. If type 3 is chosen, then type 7 must be chosen. If type 6 is chosen, then type 1 must be chosen. Which of the following combinations of cupcakes corresponds with the directions?

• A.6,1,4,7,2
• B.2,1,5,4,7
• C.4,3,1,2,6
• D.7,5,6,2,4

Themed Cookbooks: Less High-Tech than Electronic Recipe Libraries, but Still Amazing In many ways, technology makes our lives easier, and we tend to gravitate to the shiny new things that promise increased convenience. Recipe collections are no exception. In past decades, people, usually women, wrote down each step and each ingredient of each recipe and then collected the recipes together in a box or a notebook, and now here we are with electronic recipe collections. With an electronic recipe collection, you can start an account on a site like the New York Times and have access to hundreds of recipes, all without writing down a thing. You can save the ones that appeal to you in a virtual “recipe box”. You can categorize them and search for them, which is useful once your collection grows. You can add notes on the recipes and read notes left by others, if they’ve been made public. On some sites, you can also add recipes from other sites. In an hour of browsing, you can add more recipes than our grandmothers could have written down in a week. Despite this convenience, there’s a middle path between laboriously hand-written recipes and electronic recipe libraries that should not be overlooked, and that is the cookbook, specifically, themed cookbooks. Cookbooks may be themed to match certain dietary preferences, needs, or cooking techniques and devices — you can find cookbooks for vegetarians, for diabetics, and for air fryers, for example. However, cookbooks are often also themed towards interests that aren’t directly tied to cooking. These might correspond to television shows, books, video games, and other creative works. These are more than recipe books; they are beautiful tributes to cherished fictional worlds. They allow an immersive, imaginative experience for fans and the chance to try unique recipes designed to evoke these fictional worlds. These books are about more than recipes. They feature beautiful art, photography, and often stories linking the recipes to the creative work to which they’re themed. If you are part of a fictional world’s fandom, do yourself a favor and see if there is a corresponding cookbook. If you know anyone who loves a fictional world, a themed cookbook is one of the best gifts you could get them. Which of the following statements from the passage expresses the author’s opinion?

• A.In past decades, people, usually women, wrote down each step and each ingredient of each recipe and then collected the recipes together in a box or a notebook, and now here we are with electronic recipe collections.
• B.You can save the ones that appeal to you in a virtual “recipe box”.
• C.These might correspond to television shows, books, video games, and other creative works.
• D.If you know anyone who loves a fictional world, a themed cookbook is one of the best gifts you could get them.

Iago: In Shakespeare’s Othello, Iago devotes himself to obtaining revenge on Othello for wounding his sense of pride. Iago has two complaints: one involves a rumor that Othello has had an affair with Iago’s wife Emilia; the other is a promotion that Iago believes he should have received. Iago admits that he doesn’t know if the rumor is even true; however, that his ambition was thwarted is true. Cassio was promoted to lieutenant while Iago was made to settle with the position of ensign. Although he is bitterly angry at Othello for promoting Cassio ahead of him, a key part of his plan for vengeance involves keeping his emotions from reaching the surface, at least in front of others. Accordingly, he plays the conscientious soldier, always ready when needed, always trustworthy, and always honorable. His deception is effective. Nearly everyone in the play believes him to be what he seems, right up until it is too late to stop the horrible events he has set into motion. What is the meaning of the word “conscientious” as used in the paragraph?

• A.Dutiful
• B.Wakeful
• C.Valiant
• D.Devious

Othello’s Tragic Fall : Othello, by William Shakespeare, is a tragedy. A tragedy is meant to affect a cathartic release of emotions. A catharsis is a sort of purging, an opportunity to experience an extreme emotion without a real-life cause. In a tragedy, the main character falls from a lofty height. It is this great fall that is meant to inspire sadness and pity. It also serves as a cautionary tale that no one is immune from destruction brought on by bad decisions or harmful personality traits allowed to run unchecked. In the case of Othello, the titular character is the general of the Venetian army, a position of great power. It is clear that the Venetians count on him to handle their military exploits and protect their interests. Othello is a successful soldier and also wins the love of Desdemona, the daughter of a Senator and a woman who is sought after and praised by all. However, his fall is caused by jealousy. Although Iago is the instrument of his fall, Othello would not have been susceptible to Iago’s machinations had his own jealousy and insecurity not made him weak. By the end of the play, Othello has betrayed all those most dear to him and lost everything, even his life. In a short span of time, he has fallen from a dramatic height. As everything unfolds at the end, the onlookers are stunned (those still alive, at any rate). Like the audience, they cannot help an emotional reaction to this devastating and bloody tragedy. What is the meaning of the word “susceptible” as used in the paragraph?

• A.Alert to
• B.Loath to
• C.Equal to
• D.Prone to

Gish Gallop : Have you ever been in a debate or argument with someone who blasted off a series of points which may have been loosely related, false, half-truths, or weakly developed? Even if you knew these points were weak, you may have felt overwhelmed by the realization of how much time and emotional energy it would take to refute each one individually. If you’ve experienced this, you’ve been the victim of a Gish gallop, an argumentative technique that attempts to substitute a veneer of substance for actual substance by overwhelming an opponent with a series of dubious arguments. The goal is to make it seem like the Gish galloper’s position is supported by overwhelming evidence, and this might be convincing to people who do not have enough familiarity with the issue to recognize poorly developed or fallacious arguments. However, the Gish gallop is an intellectually dishonest tactic. It takes time to research and debate any argument in depth. The Gish gallop is the opposite of depth. It is pure superficiality and it attempts to evade meaningful debate. What is the meaning of the word “dubious” as used in the paragraph?

• A.Disconnected
• B.Questionable
• C.Inflammatory
• D.Interminable

Griffith Observatory : The Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles is one of the best places for spectacular views, both celestial and terrestrial. From the grounds outside the observatory, you can easily see the Hollywood sign overlooking Los Angeles, and Los Angeles itself, with all its skyscrapers and thickly intersecting streets. The smog may somewhat obfuscate your view on a bad day, but the prominent position of the observatory should still make for an excellent look over the city. If you’re looking upwards, the observatory offers the public use of powerful telescopes from which you’ll be able to see far above even the thickest smog. Observers can note such features of our solar system as comets, our moon, and the planets. The observatory offers educational features to help you locate and understand the wonders beyond our planet. Whatever the level of your interest in astronomy, Griffith Observatory should be high on your to-do list when you’re in Los Angeles. What is the meaning of the word “obfuscate” as used in the paragraph?

• A.To obscure
• B.To pollute
• C.To magnify
• D.To clarify

Denotation : A word’s denotation is its dictionary definition. It is the objective definition of what a word means. However, words can have multiple denotations and even different parts of speech. The word “spring”, for example, despite being a word most people would consider simple, has over forty denotations and exists as both a noun and a verb. That being the case, if you are working with an unfamiliar word, how can you know if you have the right denotation? It’s important to keep in mind that the context for which you need the word should filter out illogical denotations. Therefore, when you look up a new word, read not only the definitions, but the sample sentences. You’ll see the word in action, as it were; you’ll be able to see an example of the word in context. For a word with multiple denotations, this will help you choose the write denotation to use in your own writing. Choosing the wrong denotation and using the word improperly will create confusion for your readers. However, sometimes a writer may want multiple denotations. In this case, a word would be chosen because more than one denotation is appropriate, essentially allowing the writer to pack more meaning into fewer words. We can see this in the poem “Cross” by Langston Hughes. The speaker regrets his anger against his deceased parents, a wealthy white man and a poor black woman. He wonders where he himself will die, “Being neither white nor black?” (12). Instead of considering himself both black and white, he considers himself neither. The poem reveals his struggles to establish his identity in a society in which he feels unrecognized and unmoored. Considering this, the poem’s title “Cross” can be seen to have at least three relevant denotations: “cross” as in angry, “cross” as in a mix or mixture, and “cross” as in a burden (an allusion to Jesus’s cross in the Bible). The title and the poem itself are brief, but effective use of denotation allows Hughes to fold significant meaning into one word; this meaning then infuses the poem itself with greater significance and emotion. Which of the following is the best definition of “allusion” as used in the passage?

• A.Direct restatement
• B.Scriptural parable
• C.Indirect reference
• D.Deceptive illusion

Defining Poetry : We often define poetry by rhyme and meter, but poetry is more than that. In fact, poetry does not even have to have rhyme or meter. Of course, many poems do have these features, but there are variations that do not. One of them is blank verse, which has meter but does not have rhyme. Another is free verse, which, as the name suggests, is not bound by any formulaic constraints of rhyme, meter, or any other type of pattern. This more open form of poetry is more likely to be found in modern poetry that often eschews the well-established forms more common in previous decades and centuries. If not by rhyme and meter, how are we to define poetry? While there may not be a universally agreed-upon answer, poetry can be defined by its compact, emotionally evocative use of language and by its freedom from the conventions that govern prose. Poets aim to use language in a way that condenses more meaning and emotional experience into words than we typically see with prose. This might mean making use of words that embody multiple relevant denotations, carefully choosing words for their connotations, and employing rich, original figurative language. None of this is unique to poetry, but poetry tends to make greater use of these features than prose. Poetry may also experiment in ways not found in prose, which is where we get the idea of “poetic license,” or the idea that writing conventions typically obeyed in prose are not restrictive upon poetry. Which of the following is the best definition of “eschew” as used in the passage?

• A.Adapt
• B.Scorn
• C.Honor
• D.Avoid

Because she paid attention, took notes, and looked up unfamiliar words, she was able to discern the speaker’s meaning. Which of the following words has the same meaning as discern, as it is used in this sentence?

• A.Translate
• B.Highlight
• C.Determine
• D.Disregard

Hopefully we’ll get some rain soon; we need a respite from this hot and dry weather. Which of the following is the closest meaning to “respite” in the sentence above?

• A.Shower
• B.Reward
• C.Uptick
• D.Relief

An Environmental Vacation : The state of Maine is home to famous state parks and sought-after beaches, making it a popular vacation destination. Recently, however, this northeastern state has made headlines for a mysterious black element, similar to soot, found on some of its beaches. Visitors alerted authorities after realizing that their feet had been covered with the ash-like substance, which was almost impossible to remove. What was initially believed to have been oil deposits mixed with sand was proven to be something else entirely and even more concerning. Thanks to a collaboration between a team of oceanographers and the Department of Environmental Protection, the black ash was confirmed to be tiny carcasses of millions of insects identified as Coelopa frigida, a fly that is rich in pigment and tends to feed on algae. While it is not clear how the insects ended up on the beaches or why the disastrous phenomenon occurred, experts believe that it is likely an isolated incident. Which of the answer choices presents a valid inference based on the given information?

• A.Coelopa frigida arrived alongside leaked petroleum.
• B.Coelopa frigida residue blisters barefoot visitors.
• C.Coelopa frigida remains resist easy identification.
• D.Coelopa frigida swarms annually blanket coastlines.

Give Me…Four? : The spectacled salamander, also known as the salamandrina terdigitata, is a European species of salamanders found in both central and southern regions of Italy. Unlike all of the other European salamander species, it has four fingers instead of five on its hind legs. Another interesting feature of the species is that it does not secrete substances that are as toxic as those of other salamanders, even though its dark coloring would suggest otherwise. Typically, the presence of these salamanders denotes a healthy environmental status in the surrounding area. As such, they are most often found in lush forests with a high humidity rate and clear streams. The climate and other elements help the species stay cool without having to enter the water. In fact, only females enter water in order to lay their eggs in the early summer months. After a few months, these eggs hatch, which triggers the metamorphosis stage that leads to adulthood. Once the metamorphosis stage has completed, male spectacled salamanders spend their time on land and avoid the water. Which of the answer choices presents a valid inference based on the given information?

• A.Spectacled salamanders ooze toxins fatal to predators.
• B.Female salamanders keep to water throughout adulthood.
• C.Unhatched salamanders begin to morph inside eggshells.
• D.Darker salamanders tend to discharge stronger poisons.

Passage 1 (4 Paragraphs) Expanding a Viking Family Tree with DNA : 1. When a genomicist team from the University of Copenhagen set out to research ancient DNA, they expected to discover more information about the origins of Scandinavian populations. What they did not expect to find, however, was a familial tie between two warriors from the Viking Age, buried around 500 miles away from each other. This unexpected element not only provided a fascinating look into the ancient Viking population, but it also debunked some common ideas related to the general time period of the Viking Age, spanning from around 750 to 1100 CE. These findings are changing what we know about this time period and even offering up more information regarding genetic diversity. 2. In the research project’s early stages, Ashot Margaryan, the lead genomicist on the project, and his team set off to sample and sequence DNA from just over 400 human skeletons located in ancient archaeological sites in Europe and Greenland. The next step involved comparing the genomes and matching them up against other readily available genomes from modern populations, which led to a surprising discovery. The team realized that the effects of Scandinavian maritime expansion during the Viking Age was twofold. First, mixed ancestries were present along coastal areas, likely due to the raiding and settlements of Viking tribes. Moreover, it proves that genetic DNA from Scandinavia moved along the most common trade and raiding routes of the time. 3. Using the newfound knowledge of Viking travels and additional genetic DNA, the team was able to trace back the origins of two different sets of skeletal remains found in Denmark and England, respectively. Not only did the remains belong to two Viking warriors, but research proved that they were actually second-degree relatives. The first set of remains found in Denmark likely belonged to a fifty-year-old man who had sustained multiple injuries from raids throughout his long life. The second set, found in England, belonged to a younger man in his early twenties, who archaeologists believe met his death in a violent manner. Although the exact familial ties between the pair is impossible to know with certainty, the DNA proves that they could have been half-siblings, grandfather and grandson, or uncle and nephew. 4. While the link between these two warriors’ remains added an unexpected twist in the research phase, it serves as a testament to how useful ancient DNA can be as a tool to reconstruct the past. Whether it can shed light on mass migrations or provide a more personal look into select individuals, genetic evidence will remain a source of interest and study for researchers. Coupled with archaeology, geneticists hope to use ancient DNA when studying the history of complex civilizations that have left behind little evidence. If it has made us rethink some common ideas surrounding one of the most studied civilizations in the world, there is no telling what it will do next. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3?

• A.DNA and burial artifacts proved two warriors were full siblings.
• B.DNA and blade wounds showed two warriors were combat casualties.
• C.DNA and grave contents showed two warriors were buried together.
• D.DNA and voyage histories showed two warriors were close kinsmen.

The dog park is located to which side of the river?

• A.The south side
• B.The north side
• C.The east side
• D.The west side

As I glanced at my oven, I noticed that my loaf of bread was rising exponentially. It had only been twenty minutes since I had placed it in the oven, and the bread had already risen over the pan and the dough was everywhere! I thought back to why this was happening, and then I realized that I had mistakenly doubled the quantity of yeast in the initial stages of following the recipe! Now, I will never make that mistake again. Which event came first in the sequence?

• A.The narrator moved the yeast dough to the oven.
• B.The narrator added double the yeast to the mix.
• C.The narrator soon traced the mess to the yeast.
• D.The narrator watched the loaf swell to the rim.

A friend calls and tells you, “I’ve been stuck in traffic on the highway for the past hour. There must have been an accident, so I need to take a detour. So, I haven’t been able to go home and grab a shower. I know I’m late, but I’ll be over as soon as I’ve done that!” When should you expect your friend to arrive?

• A.Directly after he takes a shower.
• B.Soon after he escapes a gridlock.
• C.Long after he finishes a cleanup.
• D.Shortly after he exits a highway.

At the meeting, the committee plans to laud the supervisor for his exemplary leadership. Which of the following is the closest meaning to “laud” in the sentence above?

• A.Praise
• B.Rebuke
• C.Assess
• D.Summon

Spinal Movement Four types of movement occur in the spine. Flexion is the forward folding of the spine. In opposition to this, extension is backbending. Axial rotation is a twisting motion and, finally, lateral flexion is side stretching. Unfortunately, with our modern sedentary lifestyle, we often don’t get enough of any type of movement. We sit for hours at keyboards and in cars, our shoulders hunching over and our spines becoming stiff. When we’re done with work for the day, we’re exhausted, and we plop down on the couch for even more sedentary time. This can contribute to back pain and a loss of mobility, especially as we age over time. A sedentary lifestyle is relaxing. However, it’s important to have balance, and it may be necessary to make a deliberate effort to create this balance so as to keep our spines mobile and healthy. During your work day, make time for breaks for brief walks and stretching sessions. If you work from home, this will be easier because it feels awkward at work if your colleagues watch you take laps around the office. Additionally, at home it’s easier to stretch your spine. A bolster (a long, narrow, and firm pillow) is great for this. You can lie down with the bolster placed vertically in line with your spine. With your head and back supported, you’ll experience gentle, supported extension (the backward bending motion of the spine). This posture is relaxing and bolsters are quite comfortable. Regular time in this or in a similar position will help counteract the flexion we experience while sitting, thus bringing more balance to the spine. Which of the following statements from the passage expresses an opinion?

• A.In opposition to this, extension is backbending.
• B.You can lie down with the bolster placed vertically in line with your spine.
• C.If you work from home, this will be easier because it feels awkward at work if your colleagues watch you take laps around the office.
• D.Axial rotation is a twisting motion and, finally, lateral flexion is side stretching.

Passage 1 (4 Paragraphs) Expanding a Viking Family Tree with DNA : 1. When a genomicist team from the University of Copenhagen set out to research ancient DNA, they expected to discover more information about the origins of Scandinavian populations. What they did not expect to find, however, was a familial tie between two warriors from the Viking Age, buried around 500 miles away from each other. This unexpected element not only provided a fascinating look into the ancient Viking population, but it also debunked some common ideas related to the general time period of the Viking Age, spanning from around 750 to 1100 CE. These findings are changing what we know about this time period and even offering up more information regarding genetic diversity. 2. In the research project’s early stages, Ashot Margaryan, the lead genomicist on the project, and his team set off to sample and sequence DNA from just over 400 human skeletons located in ancient archaeological sites in Europe and Greenland. The next step involved comparing the genomes and matching them up against other readily available genomes from modern populations, which led to a surprising discovery. The team realized that the effects of Scandinavian maritime expansion during the Viking Age was twofold. First, mixed ancestries were present along coastal areas, likely due to the raiding and settlements of Viking tribes. Moreover, it proves that genetic DNA from Scandinavia moved along the most common trade and raiding routes of the time. 3. Using the newfound knowledge of Viking travels and additional genetic DNA, the team was able to trace back the origins of two different sets of skeletal remains found in Denmark and England, respectively. Not only did the remains belong to two Viking warriors, but research proved that they were actually second-degree relatives. The first set of remains found in Denmark likely belonged to a fifty-year-old man who had sustained multiple injuries from raids throughout his long life. The second set, found in England, belonged to a younger man in his early twenties, who archaeologists believe met his death in a violent manner. Although the exact familial ties between the pair is impossible to know with certainty, the DNA proves that they could have been half-siblings, grandfather and grandson, or uncle and nephew. 4. While the link between these two warriors’ remains added an unexpected twist in the research phase, it serves as a testament to how useful ancient DNA can be as a tool to reconstruct the past. Whether it can shed light on mass migrations or provide a more personal look into select individuals, genetic evidence will remain a source of interest and study for researchers. Coupled with archaeology, geneticists hope to use ancient DNA when studying the history of complex civilizations that have left behind little evidence. If it has made us rethink some common ideas surrounding one of the most studied civilizations in the world, there is no telling what it will do next. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 2?

• A.Genome data showed coastal Europeans possess mostly Viking lineage.
• B.Careful genome comparisons revealed new Viking Age voyage patterns.
• C.Genome samples showed Viking Age warriors seldom ventured overseas.
• D.Viking Age raiders left mixed ancestries along European coastlines.

Global warming (source) The Earth is kept warm by greenhouse gases, but their imbalance can lead to our planet becoming warmer. The average temperature of our planet has fluctuated over time; but in the last century, temperatures have increased dramatically. There can be many reasons for this, and many researchers believe that it is the result of natural causes, such as variations in the sun’s activity, and volcanic eruptions. Others, however, support the idea that an excessive amount of greenhouse gases is the cause for the rise in temperature. Scientists argue that carbon dioxide emissions from cars and factories have contributed to the global warming effects of greenhouse gases. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Natural solar variability drives the bulk of global warming.
• B.Modern temperatures show the fastest pace of global warming.
• C.Human carbon emissions underlie the whole of global warming.
• D.Climate experts dispute the actual driver of global warming.

Spinal Movement Four types of movement occur in the spine. Flexion is the forward folding of the spine. In opposition to this, extension is backbending. Axial rotation is a twisting motion and, finally, lateral flexion is side stretching. Unfortunately, with our modern sedentary lifestyle, we often don’t get enough of any type of movement. We sit for hours at keyboards and in cars, our shoulders hunching over and our spines becoming stiff. When we’re done with work for the day, we’re exhausted, and we plop down on the couch for even more sedentary time. This can contribute to back pain and a loss of mobility, especially as we age over time. A sedentary lifestyle is relaxing. However, it’s important to have balance, and it may be necessary to make a deliberate effort to create this balance so as to keep our spines mobile and healthy. During your work day, make time for breaks for brief walks and stretching sessions. If you work from home, this will be easier because it feels awkward at work if your colleagues watch you take laps around the office. Additionally, at home it’s easier to stretch your spine. A bolster (a long, narrow, and firm pillow) is great for this. You can lie down with the bolster placed vertically in line with your spine. With your head and back supported, you’ll experience gentle, supported extension (the backward bending motion of the spine). This posture is relaxing and bolsters are quite comfortable. Regular time in this or in a similar position will help counteract the flexion we experience while sitting, thus bringing more balance to the spine. Which of the following statements from the passage expresses a fact?

• A.A sedentary lifestyle is relaxing.
• B.Flexion is the forward folding of the spine.
• C.A bolster (a long, narrow, and firm pillow) is great for this.
• D.However, it’s important to have balance, and it may be necessary to make a deliberate effort to create this balance so as to keep our spines mobile and healthy.

Olympic runners (source): Depending on the type of track running, Olympic runners have different dietary requirements. Sprinters, for example, run for short lengths and need short, sharp bursts of energy. In contrast, long-distance or marathon runners need slow-releasing nutrients that provide energy for a longer period of time. For this reason, they require a similar amount of calories as swimmers. During training sessions close to their race, marathon runners follow a high-carb diet. They eat a very high percentage of carbohydrates three days before the race, but an average portion the night before. On the other hand, carb-loading the day before the event could compromise their performance, leaving the runners feeling bloated and lethargic. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Runners in sprints demand concentrated energy bursts.
• B.Runners in varied disciplines use energy differently.
• C.Runners in marathons dine like professional swimmers.
• D.Runners in sprints require gradually released energy.

Yoga: More Accessible Than You Might Think One common misconception about yoga is that you need to be flexible to even try it. This misconception stems from a limited view of something unfamiliar. If you don’t practice yoga, your ideas of it may come from images carefully constructed for public view on social media. These images, often shared by companies or “influencers,” show lithe, seasoned yogis in acrobatic poses. Their faces are serene, their hair and makeup flawless, their outfits expensive and perfectly coordinated. If you visit a yoga studio, though, you’ll see practitioners of all ages, shapes, sizes, and ability levels. There will be plenty of sweat, frizzy hair, mismatched outfits, and people falling out of poses (a natural part of learning!). Yoga studios also offer a variety of props to help students access poses safely while they build the necessary flexibility to practice without the prop. Common props include blocks and straps. Yoga blocks are rectangular and generally made of some form of foam or wood. Many practitioners feel that wood blocks provide a greater sense of stability. However, they can be less comfortable when placed under the back in reclining poses. Yoga straps are long, sturdy, and generally made of cotton. They often have a form of buckle at the end which practitioners can use to create a loop. Straps can help you with many things, such as reaching your toes in a seated forward fold. With a couple blocks and a strap, yoga students can safely access poses they might have thought impossible. Instead of stressing or straining (and hence risking injury), people can safely work into a pose, gradually developing more flexibility. Aside from using props in the yoga studio, everyone should have some for their home practice as well. Which of the following statements from the passage expresses an opinion?

• A.Yoga straps are long, sturdy, and generally made of cotton.
• B.If you visit a yoga studio, though, you’ll see practitioners of all ages, shapes, sizes, and ability levels.
• C.Many practitioners feel that wood blocks provide a greater sense of stability.
• D.They often have a form of buckle at the end which practitioners can use to create a loop.

Follow the instructions below to transform the starting word into a different word. Start with the word CONSCIOUS. Remove the first S that appears in the word. Change the first C to an X. Change the second C to an O. Add an N to the beginning of the word. Remove the letter in the exact middle of the word. Switch the second and third letters. Remove the third consonant. What is the new word?

• A.ANXIOUS
• B.VICIOUS
• C.NOXIOUS
• D.OBVIOUS

Follow the instructions below to transform the starting word into a different word. Start with the word HOLIDAY. Change the A to an E. Move the Y to the beginning of the word. Change the H to the letter that precedes it in the alphabet. Add an N to the beginning of the word. Remove the second letter of the word. Remove the third to last letter of the word. Move the first letter to the end of the word. What is the new word?

• A.GOLDEN
• B.GOALIE
• C.YODELS
• D.OLDIES

Follow the instructions below to transform the starting word into a different word. Start with the word PERMEABLE. Remove the first E from the beginning of the word. Remove the A. Add a U after the E in the middle of the word. Move the U after the first letter. Switch the first and fourth letters. Remove the P. Change the third letter to an M. What is the new word?

• A.RAMBLE
• B.RUMBLE
• C.MUMBLE
• D.BUMBLE

To: All Staff in the West Offices From: Building Manager Date: September 9th Subject: Elevator Maintenance After frequent reports of elevator malfunctions in the West Offices, they have been closed for maintenance. Upon an initial check, the engineering team has found concerning problems in the electrical wires of all elevators located in these offices. Thus, we are requesting that all employees who work in this office use the stairs for all movement in and out of their offices. However, if you are an employee with personal mobility issues when it comes to stairs, we would encourage you to follow the company’s remote work procedures for the next two weeks in order to avoid injury or discomfort. This construction will also affect parking for our employees. Since the underground parking lots were directly connected to the elevators in the West Offices, they will be closed. The company will reimburse all employees who need to park elsewhere in the city. For reference, the nearest parking lot to the West Offices is located on Smith Avenue and 36th Street. In order to receive your daily stipend for parking, please submit your parking receipts to your direct manager. Although this construction has caused some mild inconveniences, we are confident that the West Office elevators will be back up and running in just a few weeks. We will keep you updated on the progress and if the predicted timeline shifts. Please reach out to your direct managers for any questions and concerns during this time. According to the memo, which employees can work from home for the next two weeks?

• A.Employees who climb the stairs throughout workdays
• B.Employees who haul the heaviest equipment upstairs
• C.Employees who find the stairs physically difficult
• D.Employees who consider the stairs overly dangerous

To: All Staff in the West Offices From: Building Manager Date: September 9th Subject: Elevator Maintenance After frequent reports of elevator malfunctions in the West Offices, they have been closed for maintenance. Upon an initial check, the engineering team has found concerning problems in the electrical wires of all elevators located in these offices. Thus, we are requesting that all employees who work in this office use the stairs for all movement in and out of their offices. However, if you are an employee with personal mobility issues when it comes to stairs, we would encourage you to follow the company’s remote work procedures for the next two weeks in order to avoid injury or discomfort. This construction will also affect parking for our employees. Since the underground parking lots were directly connected to the elevators in the West Offices, they will be closed. The company will reimburse all employees who need to park elsewhere in the city. For reference, the nearest parking lot to the West Offices is located on Smith Avenue and 36th Street. In order to receive your daily stipend for parking, please submit your parking receipts to your direct manager. Although this construction has caused some mild inconveniences, we are confident that the West Office elevators will be back up and running in just a few weeks. We will keep you updated on the progress and if the predicted timeline shifts. Please reach out to your direct managers for any questions and concerns during this time.What is the main purpose of the memo?

• A.To caution West Office workers about elevator injuries.
• B.To advise West Office workers about lot reimbursements.
• C.To reassure West Office workers about elevator outages.
• D.To notify West Office workers about elevator shutdowns.

From: Human Resources Team Date: October 7th Subject: Company Walk-A-Thon As you all know, our company-wide Walk-A-Thon is just two weeks away. This event is an annual fundraiser that raises money and awareness for pediatric cancer. All of the proceeds from the event go directly to the Pediatric Cancer Ward of our local hospital, and they greatly appreciate our yearly support. While most of the preparation work for the event is well underway, we have noticed that not all employees have signed up for the event. In order to make this event a success, we are hoping that each and every employee will participate in the Walk-A-Thon. If you cannot participate, we do hope you will consider donating a small amount or sponsoring another employee. If this is not possible, please consider finding or contacting a potential business sponsor who would be interested in creating prizes for the guests of the Walk-A-Thon. We strongly believe that fellowship events are just as important as work-related events, and we hope that you will make an effort to participate this time around. Please let us know if you have already signed up for the event, in which case you should not have received this memo. We appreciate your patience as we are still sorting through the sign-ups from all employees and their families. If we haven’t gotten to your submitted registration form yet, then please disregard this memo. Which of the following individuals are most likely the recipients of this memo?

• A.Hitherto unenrolled employees
• B.Interested community watchers
• C.Companywide current employees
• D.Previously enrolled employees

Planning a wedding is time-consuming and exhausting. Although it originally felt like the wrong decision, we ultimately decided to postpone our wedding until next year so that all of our relatives could be there. When we first found out that our extended family members wouldn’t be able to join us from overseas, we immediately started evaluating our options and then thinking of backup plans. Which event came last in the sequence?

• A.The couple postponed the celebrations till the new year.
• B.The couple weighed the various options the news created.
• C.The couple formulated the backup plans the event needed.
• D.The couple heard the remote relatives declined the trip.

Which of the following is the northernmost feature on the map?

• A.Highway 35
• B.Highway 3
• C.Camping areas
• D.Parking areas

Chaos in Translation 1. Although it can seem quite technical, translating texts into different languages is a delicate art. Not only does it require a solid understanding of languages, but it also calls for an artistic voice that can truly make the words seem natural to native speakers. When it is done well, readers do not even realize that they are reading a text that has been translated from another language. When it is done badly, however, chaos ensues. One of the most emblematic examples of a translation mishap occurred at the dawn of the twentieth century, when an American diplomat received an incorrectly translated copy of a popular book about aliens. As you might imagine, the mistake ignited both fear and disbelief regarding a concept that was already so foreign to begin with. 2. It all started with Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli, an Italian astronomer and astrophysicist, in the late 1800s. In addition to studying astronomy at renowned universities, Schiaparelli was the lead director of a famous observatory in Milan, where he was able to observe stars and planets with a telescope. When he first viewed Mars this way in 1877, he quickly made a hand drawn picture of what he had seen on a piece of paper. Using this reference, he believed that the chromatic differences and the “grooves” that he had seen on the surface of Mars meant that continents and seas existed on the planet. Even more interesting was the fact that “channels”, bodies of water that join two larger areas of water, seemed to connect the various seas. Of course, Schiaparelli had written the original works and explanations in his native language of Italian. He immediately received national success for his findings, and his works were quickly translated into English. 3. Once the information made its way into the United States, it attracted the attention of a wealthy American named Percival Lowell, who had previously abandoned his career as a foreign diplomat to invest his time and interests in astronomy. He, too, had observed Mars with a telescope, but was shocked when he read Schiaparelli’s description of the planet. Although he was familiar with the grooves and ridges described in Schiaparelli’s work, he was shocked to read about the “canals” — artificial man-made structures — that connected large bodies of water on Mars. Not only did this prove that life exists on Mars, but it suggested that these life forms could construct immense structures in a short period of time! Understanding that Schiaparelli had been a distinguished astronomer and a credible source, Lowell decided that the shocking discovery must be made accessible to the public. 4. What he did not realize at the time, however, was that the translation was incorrect, and Schiaparelli had never intended to say that man-made structures existed on Mars. In any case, on August 27, 1911, the front page of the New York Times contained a startling headline: “Martians Build Two Immense Canals in Two Years”. This gave rise to incorrect assumptions about intelligent life on Mars. For some, fear of an unknown and stronger lifeform set in, while others remained skeptical. Luckily, the information was quickly corrected based on official astronomical photography. Despite this, conspiracy theories about “martians” and their strength persisted for decades to come. Later, scientists and other astronomers came to the conclusion that the channels were simply optical illusions, and future high-resolution snapshots from visiting spacecrafts would only confirm that the man-made “canals” were only a result of a language mishap. Based on the passage, what can be inferred about the author’s opinion on the astronomical photographs used to correct the New York Times headline?

• A.The author thinks the photographs barely convinced public observers.
• B.The author thinks the photographs crucially relieved public anxiety.
• C.The author thinks the photographs reached public scrutiny belatedly.
• D.The author thinks the photographs finally exposed optical illusions.

Chaos in Translation 1. Although it can seem quite technical, translating texts into different languages is a delicate art. Not only does it require a solid understanding of languages, but it also calls for an artistic voice that can truly make the words seem natural to native speakers. When it is done well, readers do not even realize that they are reading a text that has been translated from another language. When it is done badly, however, chaos ensues. One of the most emblematic examples of a translation mishap occurred at the dawn of the twentieth century, when an American diplomat received an incorrectly translated copy of a popular book about aliens. As you might imagine, the mistake ignited both fear and disbelief regarding a concept that was already so foreign to begin with. 2. It all started with Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli, an Italian astronomer and astrophysicist, in the late 1800s. In addition to studying astronomy at renowned universities, Schiaparelli was the lead director of a famous observatory in Milan, where he was able to observe stars and planets with a telescope. When he first viewed Mars this way in 1877, he quickly made a hand drawn picture of what he had seen on a piece of paper. Using this reference, he believed that the chromatic differences and the “grooves” that he had seen on the surface of Mars meant that continents and seas existed on the planet. Even more interesting was the fact that “channels”, bodies of water that join two larger areas of water, seemed to connect the various seas. Of course, Schiaparelli had written the original works and explanations in his native language of Italian. He immediately received national success for his findings, and his works were quickly translated into English. 3. Once the information made its way into the United States, it attracted the attention of a wealthy American named Percival Lowell, who had previously abandoned his career as a foreign diplomat to invest his time and interests in astronomy. He, too, had observed Mars with a telescope, but was shocked when he read Schiaparelli’s description of the planet. Although he was familiar with the grooves and ridges described in Schiaparelli’s work, he was shocked to read about the “canals” — artificial man-made structures — that connected large bodies of water on Mars. Not only did this prove that life exists on Mars, but it suggested that these life forms could construct immense structures in a short period of time! Understanding that Schiaparelli had been a distinguished astronomer and a credible source, Lowell decided that the shocking discovery must be made accessible to the public. 4. What he did not realize at the time, however, was that the translation was incorrect, and Schiaparelli had never intended to say that man-made structures existed on Mars. In any case, on August 27, 1911, the front page of the New York Times contained a startling headline: “Martians Build Two Immense Canals in Two Years”. This gave rise to incorrect assumptions about intelligent life on Mars. For some, fear of an unknown and stronger lifeform set in, while others remained skeptical. Luckily, the information was quickly corrected based on official astronomical photography. Despite this, conspiracy theories about “martians” and their strength persisted for decades to come. Later, scientists and other astronomers came to the conclusion that the channels were simply optical illusions, and future high-resolution snapshots from visiting spacecrafts would only confirm that the man-made “canals” were only a result of a language mishap. Which of the following is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from the passage as a whole?

• A.Cumbersome secondhand scholarly exchanges generated confusion.
• B.Schiaparelli knowingly exaggerated planetary surface findings.
• C.Lowell personally mistranslated foreign astronomical writings.
• D.Martian conspiracy theories disappeared essentially overnight.

The Future of Tattoos 1. Tattoos are one of the oldest art forms still in existence known to man. Archaeological records suggest that tattoos have existed as early as the Neolithic period, and they still remain a popular choice today when it comes to body art. Of course, tattoos have made great strides since their earliest moments, and are currently available in countless forms, ranging from temporary choices to designs in invisible ink. Could they get any more modern? Experts believe so, and new advancements in technology suggest that the future of tattoos could make life easier and more efficient for us when combined with smart, wearable devices. 2. Wearable devices have become increasingly popular within the past decade, and can be incorporated into pieces of clothing or kept directly on the skin. Currently, perhaps the most popular example of a wearable device is the ubiquitous smart watch, which is known for automatically tracking one’s steps or calories, among other things. Now, technology experts from University College London (UCL) are working on wearable devices in the form of “smart”, temporary tattoos that could be placed directly on the skin. Although the idea is still in the testing phase, it would empoy technology from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) on temporary tattoo paper that would later be transferred onto human skin. Even though it uses OLED technology, the transfer process is extremely similar to simple, temporary tattoos and is projected to be barely detectable at just 2.3 micrometers. 3. Now, you might be wondering why someone would opt for a temporary tattoo over a simple wearable device. The answer is twofold: efficiency and comfort. Not only would the temporary tattoo replace potentially bulky watches or devices, but it would also be able to do more than just act as a pedometer and calorie counter. For example, imagine that you are walking along the fruits and vegetables aisle in a grocery store, and are interested in understanding how ripe the products were before making a purchase. In theory, the tattoo would be able to detect information regarding the fruit’s freshness and inform you of the necessary information before your purchase. The tattoo’s technological ink could help spot dehydration levels in professional athletes, or quickly warn doctors of a drastic change in a patient’s statistics. It even has the potential to contribute to more intense treatments, such as chemotherapy. Skeptics should keep these advantages in mind before immediately writing off this idea as too “strange” or “invasive”. 4. Although researchers are still in the early stages of understanding tattoos as electronics, the technology team at UCL has already developed a few prototypes and has begun testing electrodes on people’s skin. Some notable advantages of using OLEDs include its ability to adhere to flexible surfaces while in movement besides being quite cost-effective in the long-run. However, the design team still needs to work out solutions to the potential degradation of the OLED tattoo when it comes into contact with wind and pollution. Based on past testing, researchers have found that because of the nature of the ink, foreign substances can contribute to its erosion quicker than expected. The combination of tattoos and wearable technology is a prime example of how this age-old art can adapt to the ebbs and flows of society while staying relevant in our lives. Which of the following is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from paragraph 2?

• A.Wearable popularity appears sustainable decades ahead.
• B.Intricate circuitry fuels deceptively plain wearables.
• C.Smartwatch market dominance appears firmly entrenched.
• D.Smart tattoos require elaborate application processes.

The Future of Tattoos 1. Tattoos are one of the oldest art forms still in existence known to man. Archaeological records suggest that tattoos have existed as early as the Neolithic period, and they still remain a popular choice today when it comes to body art. Of course, tattoos have made great strides since their earliest moments, and are currently available in countless forms, ranging from temporary choices to designs in invisible ink. Could they get any more modern? Experts believe so, and new advancements in technology suggest that the future of tattoos could make life easier and more efficient for us when combined with smart, wearable devices. 2. Wearable devices have become increasingly popular within the past decade, and can be incorporated into pieces of clothing or kept directly on the skin. Currently, perhaps the most popular example of a wearable device is the ubiquitous smart watch, which is known for automatically tracking one’s steps or calories, among other things. Now, technology experts from University College London (UCL) are working on wearable devices in the form of “smart”, temporary tattoos that could be placed directly on the skin. Although the idea is still in the testing phase, it would empoy technology from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) on temporary tattoo paper that would later be transferred onto human skin. Even though it uses OLED technology, the transfer process is extremely similar to simple, temporary tattoos and is projected to be barely detectable at just 2.3 micrometers. 3. Now, you might be wondering why someone would opt for a temporary tattoo over a simple wearable device. The answer is twofold: efficiency and comfort. Not only would the temporary tattoo replace potentially bulky watches or devices, but it would also be able to do more than just act as a pedometer and calorie counter. For example, imagine that you are walking along the fruits and vegetables aisle in a grocery store, and are interested in understanding how ripe the products were before making a purchase. In theory, the tattoo would be able to detect information regarding the fruit’s freshness and inform you of the necessary information before your purchase. The tattoo’s technological ink could help spot dehydration levels in professional athletes, or quickly warn doctors of a drastic change in a patient’s statistics. It even has the potential to contribute to more intense treatments, such as chemotherapy. Skeptics should keep these advantages in mind before immediately writing off this idea as too “strange” or “invasive”. 4. Although researchers are still in the early stages of understanding tattoos as electronics, the technology team at UCL has already developed a few prototypes and has begun testing electrodes on people’s skin. Some notable advantages of using OLEDs include its ability to adhere to flexible surfaces while in movement besides being quite cost-effective in the long-run. However, the design team still needs to work out solutions to the potential degradation of the OLED tattoo when it comes into contact with wind and pollution. Based on past testing, researchers have found that because of the nature of the ink, foreign substances can contribute to its erosion quicker than expected. The combination of tattoos and wearable technology is a prime example of how this age-old art can adapt to the ebbs and flows of society while staying relevant in our lives. Which of the following is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from paragraph 4?

• A.OLED ink tattoos presumably exclude windswept climates.
• B.OLED ink durability demands extra prelaunch refinement.
• C.UCL researchers expect imminent global consumer launch.
• D.OLED ink tattoos ultimately undercut smartwatch prices.

The Future of Tattoos 1. Tattoos are one of the oldest art forms still in existence known to man. Archaeological records suggest that tattoos have existed as early as the Neolithic period, and they still remain a popular choice today when it comes to body art. Of course, tattoos have made great strides since their earliest moments, and are currently available in countless forms, ranging from temporary choices to designs in invisible ink. Could they get any more modern? Experts believe so, and new advancements in technology suggest that the future of tattoos could make life easier and more efficient for us when combined with smart, wearable devices. 2. Wearable devices have become increasingly popular within the past decade, and can be incorporated into pieces of clothing or kept directly on the skin. Currently, perhaps the most popular example of a wearable device is the ubiquitous smart watch, which is known for automatically tracking one’s steps or calories, among other things. Now, technology experts from University College London (UCL) are working on wearable devices in the form of “smart”, temporary tattoos that could be placed directly on the skin. Although the idea is still in the testing phase, it would empoy technology from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) on temporary tattoo paper that would later be transferred onto human skin. Even though it uses OLED technology, the transfer process is extremely similar to simple, temporary tattoos and is projected to be barely detectable at just 2.3 micrometers. 3. Now, you might be wondering why someone would opt for a temporary tattoo over a simple wearable device. The answer is twofold: efficiency and comfort. Not only would the temporary tattoo replace potentially bulky watches or devices, but it would also be able to do more than just act as a pedometer and calorie counter. For example, imagine that you are walking along the fruits and vegetables aisle in a grocery store, and are interested in understanding how ripe the products were before making a purchase. In theory, the tattoo would be able to detect information regarding the fruit’s freshness and inform you of the necessary information before your purchase. The tattoo’s technological ink could help spot dehydration levels in professional athletes, or quickly warn doctors of a drastic change in a patient’s statistics. It even has the potential to contribute to more intense treatments, such as chemotherapy. Skeptics should keep these advantages in mind before immediately writing off this idea as too “strange” or “invasive”. 4. Although researchers are still in the early stages of understanding tattoos as electronics, the technology team at UCL has already developed a few prototypes and has begun testing electrodes on people’s skin. Some notable advantages of using OLEDs include its ability to adhere to flexible surfaces while in movement besides being quite cost-effective in the long-run. However, the design team still needs to work out solutions to the potential degradation of the OLED tattoo when it comes into contact with wind and pollution. Based on past testing, researchers have found that because of the nature of the ink, foreign substances can contribute to its erosion quicker than expected. The combination of tattoos and wearable technology is a prime example of how this age-old art can adapt to the ebbs and flows of society while staying relevant in our lives. Based on the passage, what can be inferred about the author’s opinion regarding tattoos connected to wearable devices?

• A.The author dismisses the idea as excessively invasive.
• B.The author presents the idea as impartial information.
• C.The author judges the idea as financially unrealistic.
• D.The author welcomes the idea as possibly advantageous.

The Future of Tattoos 1. Tattoos are one of the oldest art forms still in existence known to man. Archaeological records suggest that tattoos have existed as early as the Neolithic period, and they still remain a popular choice today when it comes to body art. Of course, tattoos have made great strides since their earliest moments, and are currently available in countless forms, ranging from temporary choices to designs in invisible ink. Could they get any more modern? Experts believe so, and new advancements in technology suggest that the future of tattoos could make life easier and more efficient for us when combined with smart, wearable devices. 2. Wearable devices have become increasingly popular within the past decade, and can be incorporated into pieces of clothing or kept directly on the skin. Currently, perhaps the most popular example of a wearable device is the ubiquitous smart watch, which is known for automatically tracking one’s steps or calories, among other things. Now, technology experts from University College London (UCL) are working on wearable devices in the form of “smart”, temporary tattoos that could be placed directly on the skin. Although the idea is still in the testing phase, it would empoy technology from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) on temporary tattoo paper that would later be transferred onto human skin. Even though it uses OLED technology, the transfer process is extremely similar to simple, temporary tattoos and is projected to be barely detectable at just 2.3 micrometers. 3. Now, you might be wondering why someone would opt for a temporary tattoo over a simple wearable device. The answer is twofold: efficiency and comfort. Not only would the temporary tattoo replace potentially bulky watches or devices, but it would also be able to do more than just act as a pedometer and calorie counter. For example, imagine that you are walking along the fruits and vegetables aisle in a grocery store, and are interested in understanding how ripe the products were before making a purchase. In theory, the tattoo would be able to detect information regarding the fruit’s freshness and inform you of the necessary information before your purchase. The tattoo’s technological ink could help spot dehydration levels in professional athletes, or quickly warn doctors of a drastic change in a patient’s statistics. It even has the potential to contribute to more intense treatments, such as chemotherapy. Skeptics should keep these advantages in mind before immediately writing off this idea as too “strange” or “invasive”. 4. Although researchers are still in the early stages of understanding tattoos as electronics, the technology team at UCL has already developed a few prototypes and has begun testing electrodes on people’s skin. Some notable advantages of using OLEDs include its ability to adhere to flexible surfaces while in movement besides being quite cost-effective in the long-run. However, the design team still needs to work out solutions to the potential degradation of the OLED tattoo when it comes into contact with wind and pollution. Based on past testing, researchers have found that because of the nature of the ink, foreign substances can contribute to its erosion quicker than expected. The combination of tattoos and wearable technology is a prime example of how this age-old art can adapt to the ebbs and flows of society while staying relevant in our lives. Which of the following is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from the passage as a whole?

• A.Societal progress reshapes seemingly basic implements.
• B.Smart tattoos ultimately supplant customary wearables.
• C.Wearable technology gradually loses consumer interest.
• D.Traditional tattoos gradually lose cultural relevance.

A veterinary student is researching the use of the drug Adequan in treating arthritis in cats.

• A.A brochure of veterinary sales literature on cats treated with Adequan
• B.A digest of mainstream newspaper articles on cats treated with Adequan
• C.A set of observational veterinary reports on cats treated with Adequan
• D.A summary of veterinary handbook chapters on cats treated with Adequan

A college student is writing a paper on “Rappaccini’s Daughter,” by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Which of the following is a primary source that the student could use for this topic?

• A.A published edition of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story
• B.A critical analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story
• C.A detailed biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s life
• D.A brief explanation of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story

A college professor wants to research trends in syllabus writing. Which of the following is a primary source that the professor could use to find information on this topic?

• A.A review of syllabus design studies compiled by education professors
• B.A handbook of syllabus format advice authored by seasoned professors
• C.A website of syllabus advice entries published by retired professors
• D.A collection of past syllabus documents drafted by fellow professors

An art history student wants to research 20th-century surrealist art. Which of the following is a primary source that the student could use for this topic?

• A.Scholarly evaluations of 20th-century surrealist art
• B.Textbook descriptions of 20th-century surrealist art
• C.Digital reproductions of 20th-century surrealist art
• D.Documentary overviews of 20th-century surrealist art

Looking at a map, 1 inch is equal to 35 miles. If two state parks are 4.5 inches apart on the map, how many miles apart are the state parks in reality?

• A.140.5 miles
• B.157.5 miles
• C.1,575 miles
• D.0.129 miles

37 mm is equal to _______ cm

• A.37
• B.0.37
• C.3700
• D.3.7

7 gallons is equal to how many liters?

• A.21.8
• B.26.6
• C.10.8
• D.1.84

112 ounces is equal to how many pounds?

• A.9.33 pounds
• B.11.2 pounds
• C.7 pounds
• D.4 pounds

4 gallons is equal to how many liters?

• A.1.05
• B.7.8
• C.12.8
• D.15.2

48 ounces is equal to ______ cups.

• A.4
• B.12
• C.6
• D.40

80 ounces is equal to how many pounds?

• A.5 pounds
• B.8 pounds
• C.10 pounds
• D.64 pounds

104 ounces is equal to ______ cups.

• A.13
• B.6.5
• C.96
• D.832

7 km is equal to how many miles? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

• A.5.39
• B.11.27
• C.15.40
• D.4.35

Convert $12^{\circ}\text{C}$ into $^{\circ}\text{F}$.

• A.21.6 °F
• B.53.6 °F
• C.44 °F
• D.79.2 °F

Looking at a map, 1 inch is equal to 50 miles. If two cities are 3.8 inches apart on the map, how many miles apart are the cities in reality?

• A.13.2 miles
• B.53.8 miles
• C.154 miles
• D.190 miles

Convert $41^{\circ}\text{C}$ into $^{\circ}\text{F}$.

• A.54.78 °F
• B.73 °F
• C.105.8 °F
• D.131.4 °F

75 mm is equal to _______ cm

• A.0.75
• B.2.95
• C.7.5
• D.750

A balloon has the shape of a sphere when it is fully blown up. The radius of the balloon is 1.2 feet when it is fully blown up. How much air is blown into the balloon when it is full? $V = \frac{4}{3} \times \pi \times r^{3}$ Use 3.14 for $\pi$ and 1.33 for $\frac{4}{3}$.

• A.6.013728 square feet
• B.24.054912 square feet
• C.7.2164736 cubic feet
• D.57.7317888 cubic feet

11 km is equal to how many miles? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

• A.9.39
• B.6.84
• C.12.61
• D.17.70

198 inches is equal to ___ feet.

• A.5.5
• B.16.5
• C.19.8
• D.186

12 kg is equal to how many pounds?

• A.26.4
• B.5.45
• C.9.8
• D.14.2

What is the surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 6 cm and a height of 14 cm? Use 3.14 for $\pi$.

• A.376.8 cm^2
• B.527.52 cm^2
• C.753.6 cm^2
• D.640.56 cm^2

156 inches is equal to ___ feet.

• A.9.75
• B.15.6
• C.13
• D.144

What is the surface area of a cylinder with a radius of 9 in and a height of 12 in? Use 3.14 for $\pi$.

• A.1865.16 in^2
• B.1186.92 in^2
• C.2712.96 in^2
• D.3391.2 in^2

A basketball has a radius of 4.8 inches. How much air can be pumped into the basketball when it is full? $V = \frac{4}{3} \times \pi \times r^{3}$ Use 3.14 for $\pi$ and 1.33 for $\frac{4}{3}$.

• A.384.878592 square inches
• B.461.8543104 cubic inches
• C.96.219648 square inches
• D.347.25888 cubic inches

9 kg is equal to how many pounds?

• A.19.8
• B.6.8
• C.11.2
• D.14.4

Favorite dessert | Frequency: Apple Pie 21, Banana Split 18, Fried Twinkie 20, Gooey Butter Cake 14, Chess Pie 11, Hummingbird Cake 25.What is the total number of people asked?

• A.119
• B.127
• C.134
• D.109

"The sport that the respondent prefers | Frequency: American Football 8, Baseball 5, Ice Hockey 2, Basketball 4, Golf 6, Socker 6, Tennis 3. What is the total number of people surveyed?"

• A.29
• B.37
• C.42
• D.34

Find the median of the following numbers: 98.6, 11.8, 78.1, 25.3, and 65.4.

• A.55.8
• B.65.4
• C.78.1
• D.86.8

What is the median of the following numbers? 905.8, 125.6, 366.4, 489.7, 527.1

• A.366.4
• B.489.7
• C.482.9
• D.780.2

The cost of concert tickets across 5 theatres in the US is given below. What is the average cost of a concert ticket in the US? $197, $250, $320, $218, $305

• A.250 dollars
• B.268 dollars
• C.278 dollars
• D.258 dollars

The temperature in Miami was recorded for a week and is given below. What was the average temperature in Miami that week? $34.6^{\circ}\text{C}$, $28.9^{\circ}\text{C}$, $29.2^{\circ}\text{C}$, $31.8^{\circ}\text{C}$, $35.0^{\circ}\text{C}$, $32.7^{\circ}\text{C}$, $33.1^{\circ}\text{C}$

• A.31.72 °C
• B.31.95 °C
• C.32.19 °C
• D.32.03 °C

Pete went on a trip and recorded how the air temperature rose as the car moved south. Determine the independent and dependent variables.

• A.Air temperature – independent, distance – dependent
• B.Velocity – independent, air temperature – dependent
• C.Air temperature – independent, velocity – dependent
• D.Distance – independent, air temperature – dependent

An engineer checks how strong cement becomes by adding different amounts of filler. Determine the independent and dependent variables.

• A.Cement strength – independent, amount of filler – dependent
• B.Cement type – independent, amount of filler – dependent
• C.Amount of filler – independent, cement strength – dependent
• D.Amount of water – independent, cement strength – dependent

Which of the following combinations has the largest area on the pie chart? The most popular car colors: Blue 26%, Black 24%, Grey 23%, Red 12%, White 10%, Green 5%.

• A.Grey, Red & Green
• B.Green, Grey & White
• C.Black, White & Green
• D.Blue, Green & White

Mrs. Dufree wanted to know how much her students had studied for the science test. She also wanted to know if the girls or the boys studied more.

• A.Double line graph
• B.Single bar graph
• C.Double bar graph
• D.Single line graph

Find the median of the following numbers: 25, 78, 93, 51, and 46.

• A.51
• B.58.6
• C.64.5
• D.93

Max’s scores are given here for the last 6 exams. What is his average score? 56, 96, 85, 72, 63, 91

• A.66.14
• B.76
• C.78.50
• D.77.17

Coach Espinoza wants to know how many wins and losses his 5 rival teams have had.

• A.Double line graph
• B.Double bar graph
• C.Single bar graph
• D.Single line graph

What is the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 11 cm? (Use 3.14 for $\pi$)

• A.14.14 cm
• B.17.27 cm
• C.34.54 cm
• D.94.99 cm

What is the mean of the following numbers: 85, 64, 73, 29, 51, 11?

• A.52.17
• B.57.50
• C.60.40
• D.62.60

Betty conducted a survey in her class about how much time students spent preparing for the exam and the score they got. Determine the independent and dependent variables.

• A.Time – independent, score – dependent
• B.Score – independent, time – dependent
• C.Exam length – independent, score – dependent
• D.Time – independent, exam version – dependent

Eye color | Frequency: Blue 9, Gray 8, Green 5, Gray-blue 4, Gray-green 3, Brown - black 31. What is the total number of people surveyed?

• A.42
• B.60
• C.53
• D.67

Find the mean of the following numbers: 123, 678, 291, 347.

• A.287.80
• B.359.75
• C.400.50
• D.479.67

What is the perimeter and the area of a rectangle with a length of 25 inches and a width of 18 inches?

• A.Perimeter = 86 in, area = 450 in^2
• B.Perimeter = 43 in, area = 450 in^2
• C.Perimeter = 86 in, area = 900 in^2
• D.Perimeter = 43 in, area = 900 in^2

What is the mean price of orange juice based on the following prices of orange juice across 8 stores? $1.20, $2.50, $2.40, $1.00, $2.99, $1.99, $1.50, $2.00

• A.1.95 dollars
• B.2.00 dollars
• C.2.07 dollars
• D.2.23 dollars

The day of the week the respondent was born | Frequency: Monday 10, Tuesday 6, Wednesday 7, Thursday 12, Friday 9, Saturday 10, Sunday 8. What is the total number of people asked?

• A.62
• B.44
• C.54
• D.72

What is the median of the following numbers? 118, 251, 369, 98, 52

• A.251
• B.118
• C.317
• D.369

What is the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 27 in? (Use 3.14 for $\pi$)

• A.30.14 in
• B.84.78 in
• C.169.56 in
• D.572.27 in

Hana is on a diet and writes down her weight every day. Determine the independent and dependent variables.

• A.Weight – independent, calendar days – dependent
• B.Diet timeframe – controlled, weight – dependent
• C.Diet duration – independent, weight – dependent
• D.Weight – controlled, diet period – independent

Which of the following combinations has the largest area on the pie chart? Most popular Fruits : Bananas 43%, Citrus 19%, Apples 17%, Berries 11%, Grapes 10%

• A.Citrus, Apples & Berries
• B.Apples, Berries & Grapes
• C.Grapes & Bananas
• D.Berries & Grapes

What is the perimeter and the area of a rectangle with a length of 12 centimeters and a width of 7 centimeters?

• A.P = 84 cm, A = 38 cm^2
• B.P = 38 cm, A = 42 cm^2
• C.P = 26 cm, A = 84 cm^2
• D.P = 38 cm, A = 84 cm^2

Veronica spends $2,987 each month. She wants to use a graph to see how her money is spent on rent, utilities, food, entertainment, etc.

• A.Line Graph
• B.Histogram
• C.Pictograph
• D.Pie Chart

Justus has 48 hours to spend studying for all of his classes over the weekend. He wants to use a graph to see how his time is spent studying Trigonometry, Spanish, European History, etc. Which type of graph should Justus use?

• A.Line Graph
• B.Pie Chart
• C.Dot Plot
• D.Pictograph

What is the mean of the following numbers: 25, 39, 43, 56, 68?

• A.38.5
• B.46.2
• C.51.5
• D.57.8

Find the mean of the following numbers: 251, 387, 405, 569.

• A.396
• B.403
• C.398
• D.410

Delhi, India experienced one of the hottest summers in 2021. The temperature over a week in the month of July is recorded in the table below: Day | Temperature ($^{\circ}\text{C}$) Monday 41.52, Tuesday 42.35, Wednesday 43.78, Thursday 40.57, Friday 38.56, Saturday 39.23, Sunday 40.71 What is the mean temperature of this week?

• A.40.57 ℃
• B.40.71 ℃
• C.40.96 ℃
• D.41.17 ℃

Given below is a table of recorded temperatures for a week. Date | Temperature ($^{\circ}\text{F}$) 15/05/2019 - 59.5, 16/05/2019 - 66.2, 17/05/2019 - 63.7, 18/05/2019 - 62.5, 19/05/2019 - 64.9, 20/052019 - 65.1, 21/05/2019 - 63.6 Calculate the mean temperature for this week.

• A.62.50 ℉
• B.62.85 ℉
• C.63.64 ℉
• D.63.21 ℉

Solve $1\frac{2}{15} + \frac{5}{9}$

• A.1 11/45
• B.1 27/45
• C.1 31/45
• D.2 31/45

What is $\frac{16}{48}$ in its simplest form?

• A.1/3
• B.1/4
• C.2/3
• D.3/1

Hailey bought $2\frac{3}{4}$ pounds of fruit. Of these, $1\frac{2}{3}$ pounds are apples, and the rest are bananas. How many pounds of bananas did she buy?

• A.1 1/12
• B.1 3/12
• C.1 7/12
• D.2 1/12

Write 99% as a decimal.

• A.0.01
• B.0.99
• C.9.9
• D.99.0

What is the fractional equivalent to 12.6%?

• A.13/100
• B.63/250
• C.500/63
• D.63/500

165 is 110% of what number?

• A.148.5
• B.155
• C.181.5
• D.150

Write 0.8 as a fraction.

• A.4/5
• B.1/8
• C.3/4
• D.8/1

Order from least to greatest: 2.85, $\frac{7}{4}$, 263%, $\frac{24}{10}$

• A.2.85, 263%, 24/10, 7/4
• B.7/4, 24/10, 263%, 2.85
• C.263%, 7/4, 24/10, 2.85
• D.24/10, 263%, 2.85, 7/4

42 is what percent of 124?

• A.3.39%
• B.25.3%
• C.66.1%
• D.33.9%

Samatha has $78 more than Adam has. Together they have $183. Adam has about how much money?

• A.100
• B.110
• C.180
• D.260

$3\frac{3}{5} \div \frac{9}{15} =$

• A.3
• B.6
• C.4
• D.5

Round the following number the nearest hundredth. 32.1647

• A.32.1
• B.32.17
• C.32.16
• D.32.2

Solve for x: 4(3x + 2) + 3(x + 1) = 41

• A.2.2
• B.2.4
• C.2
• D.3

12 – 12x + 5x + 3x

• A.-7x + 12
• B.-10x + 12
• C.-20x + 12
• D.-4x + 12