Your FREE TEAS Flashcards 2026 – 350+ Cards

TEAS Flashcards

What is homeostasis?

The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment (temperature, pH, glucose) despite outside changes, largely via negative feedback.

What % of the TEAS 7 is the Science section?

About 29% — the heaviest-weighted section, carrying roughly 44 scored questions and the one most test-takers rate hardest.

Four sub-areas of TEAS 7 Science?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (~18 items), Biology (~9), Chemistry (~8), and Scientific Reasoning (~9).

Largest Science sub-area on TEAS 7?

Human Anatomy & Physiology — about 18 scored items (~36% of Science), so it earns the most study time.

Why use TEAS 7 (not TEAS 6) study guides?

TEAS 7 launched June 2022, roughly doubled Biology and Chemistry, and cut about 14 A&P items. Old TEAS 6 guides leave you underprepared on chemistry.

How to handle select-all-that-apply items?

There's no partial credit, so judge each option independently as true or false before submitting.

Best overall study strategy for TEAS Science?

Study broadly. The section samples shallowly (often 1–2 questions per topic), so breadth across all systems and sub-areas beats deep-diving one favorite.

What kind of thinking does TEAS 7 Science emphasize?

Application and analysis — how systems interact and how a change in one process affects another, not just memorizing names.

Trace blood flow: where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

It enters the right atrium from the body, then passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?

The tricuspid valve — it has three flaps (cusps).

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?

The mitral (bicuspid) valve — it has two flaps.

Full path of blood through the heart?

Body → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → lungs → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body.

Which side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood?

The right side (right atrium and right ventricle) carries deoxygenated blood; the left side carries oxygenated blood.

Arteries vs. veins: direction of blood flow?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart.

Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?

The pulmonary artery — the one exception that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Which vein carries oxygenated blood?

The pulmonary vein — the one exception, carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

What is the aorta?

The body's largest artery; it carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle out to the body.

What does the cardiovascular system do?

The heart and blood vessels circulate blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.

Which heart chamber pumps blood to the body?

The left ventricle — it pumps oxygenated blood out through the aorta, so it has the thickest, most muscular wall.

Where does gas exchange occur in the circuit?

In the lungs — deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery picks up oxygen and releases CO2, then returns oxygenated via pulmonary veins.

What does the endocrine system do?

It is a network of glands that secrete hormones into the blood to regulate body processes like metabolism, growth, and blood glucose.

Which hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH — it signals other glands (thyroid, adrenal, gonads), acting as a 'master' control gland.

What does ADH do, and where is it from?

Antidiuretic hormone, from the posterior pituitary, increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Which hormones control blood glucose?

Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises it. Both are made by the pancreas.

What hormone does the thyroid release and its effect?

Thyroxine (T3/T4), which raises the body's metabolic rate.

What hormones do the adrenal glands release?

Epinephrine and cortisol — they drive the stress (fight-or-flight) response.

What is negative feedback? Give an example.

A loop that reverses a change to restore balance. Example: high blood glucose triggers insulin, which lowers glucose back to normal.

What is positive feedback? Give examples.

A loop that amplifies a change. Examples: action potentials, blood clotting, and childbirth (uterine contractions).

Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nervous system?

Sympathetic = fight-or-flight (raises heart rate); parasympathetic = rest-and-digest (slows heart rate, aids digestion).

Path of a signal through a neuron?

Dendrite → cell body → axon → synapse. The neuron is the nerve cell that conducts the signal.

What is the nephron and what does it do?

The functional unit of the kidney. It processes blood in order: filtration → reabsorption → secretion → excretion.

What organs make up the central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord. The nerves branching out form the peripheral nervous system.

What does the mitochondria do?

It produces ATP (cellular energy) through cellular respiration — the cell's 'powerhouse.'

What do ribosomes do?

They build proteins by translating mRNA (protein synthesis).

What is held in the nucleus?

The cell's DNA (genetic material). The nucleus directs the cell's activities.

What do lysosomes contain and do?

They hold digestive enzymes that break down waste, debris, and worn-out cell parts.

Eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes?

Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus (and organelles); prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria) have no nucleus.

State the central dogma of biology.

Genetic information flows DNA → RNA → protein.

DNA base-pairing rules?

Adenine pairs with Thymine (A–T) and Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G–C).

In RNA, what does adenine pair with?

Adenine pairs with Uracil (A–U). RNA uses uracil instead of thymine.

What does mitosis produce?

Two genetically identical diploid cells; used for growth and tissue repair.

What does meiosis produce?

Four genetically unique haploid gametes (sex cells like sperm and egg).

Mitosis vs. meiosis: key difference?

Mitosis = 2 identical diploid cells for growth/repair; meiosis = 4 unique haploid gametes for reproduction.

Where does glycolysis occur in cellular respiration?

In the cytoplasm. It is the first step, breaking glucose into pyruvate.

Where do the Krebs cycle and ETC occur?

In the mitochondria. The electron transport chain produces most of the cell's ATP.

What is cellular respiration overall?

The process of converting glucose and oxygen into ATP (energy), plus CO2 and water as byproducts.

What is a Punnett square used for?

A grid to predict offspring genotype and phenotype ratios from a genetic cross.

Phenotype ratio of a monohybrid cross $Aa \times Aa$?

3:1 dominant-to-recessive. Genotypes are 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa, so 3 of 4 show the dominant trait.

In $Aa \times Aa$, what fraction shows the recessive trait?

1 in 4 (25%) — only the aa offspring express the recessive phenotype.

Dominant vs. recessive allele?

A dominant allele (uppercase) is expressed if even one copy is present; a recessive allele (lowercase) is expressed only with two copies.

Genotype vs. phenotype?

Genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., Aa); phenotype is the observable trait it produces (e.g., brown eyes).

Homozygous vs. heterozygous?

Homozygous = two identical alleles (AA or aa); heterozygous = two different alleles (Aa).

Diploid vs. haploid?

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (body cells); haploid cells have one set (gametes).

What three particles make up an atom?

Protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral) in the nucleus, and electrons (negative) orbiting in shells.

What does the atomic number equal?

The number of protons in the nucleus. It defines the element.

What is an ionic bond?

A bond formed by transferring electrons, typically between a metal and a nonmetal.

What is a covalent bond?

A bond formed by sharing electrons, typically between two nonmetals.

Physical change vs. chemical change?

A physical change keeps the same substance (melting ice stays H2O); a chemical change makes a new substance (rusting iron).

Give an example of a chemical change.

Rusting, burning, or digestion — a new substance with different properties forms.

What does the pH scale measure and its range?

It measures acidity from 0 to 14: below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic.

Why is the pH scale logarithmic?

Each whole-number step is a $10\times$ change in acidity, so pH 3 is 10 times more acidic than pH 4.

How much more acidic is pH 3 than pH 5?

100 times more acidic — two pH units equals a $10 \times 10 = 100$-fold change (logarithmic scale).

What does an acid do with ions?

An acid donates H+ ions (protons) in solution; it has a pH below 7.

What does a base do with ions?

A base forms OH- (hydroxide) ions in solution; it has a pH above 7.

What does a neutralization reaction produce?

An acid plus a base react to form salt plus water.

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

Matter is neither created nor destroyed, so atoms of each element must be equal on both sides of a chemical equation.

When balancing equations, what may you change?

Only coefficients (the big numbers in front) — never subscripts, which would change the substance's identity.

Balance: CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O. Place 2 before H2O (4 H) and 2 before O2 (4 O) to balance all atoms.

How deep does TEAS 7 chemistry go?

Foundational only — no organic chemistry, complex stoichiometry, or memorizing the periodic table. Focus on bonds, pH, states of matter, and balancing.

What is the independent variable?

The factor the researcher deliberately changes in an experiment.

What is the dependent variable?

The factor that is measured and responds to (depends on) the independent variable.

What is a controlled variable?

A factor kept constant so the experiment stays fair and only the independent variable affects the outcome.

Accuracy vs. precision?

Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value; precision is how repeatable/consistent measurements are with one another.

Why does correlation not prove causation?

Two variables changing together may share an outside cause or be coincidental. Only a controlled experiment can establish cause and effect.

What should you check before reading a graph?

The axis labels and scale — then match each answer choice only to what the figure actually shows.

How do you pick a valid conclusion from data?

Choose only the conclusion the evidence directly supports; reject options that go beyond what the data show.

Steps of the scientific method (order)?

Observe/question → form a hypothesis → experiment → collect/analyze data → draw a conclusion.

What does a fair experiment require?

A control group and controlled variables, so only the independent variable differs and results can be attributed to it.

What does the respiratory system do?

It exchanges gases — bringing in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide — at the alveoli in the lungs.

Main function of the skeletal system?

It provides structure and support, protects organs, enables movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells in bone marrow.

Difference between tendons and ligaments?

Tendons connect muscle to bone; ligaments connect bone to bone.

What does the digestive system do?

It breaks food into nutrients the body can absorb and eliminates waste, running mouth → stomach → small intestine → large intestine.

Where is most nutrient absorption in digestion?

In the small intestine, which has a large surface area (villi) for absorbing nutrients into the blood.

What does the immune system do?

It defends the body against pathogens using white blood cells and antibodies.

What does the integumentary system include and do?

The skin, hair, and nails — it protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensation.

What does the urinary system do?

It filters waste from the blood and produces urine, with the kidney's nephron as the functional unit.

Cell membrane function?

It is selectively permeable, controlling what enters and exits the cell to maintain internal balance.

What does the cell theory state?

All living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

What % of the TEAS 7 is the Reading section?

About 26% of the total exam - roughly 39 scored questions (45 total) answered in a 55-minute time limit.

How many total questions and minutes for TEAS 7 Reading?

45 total questions (39 scored) in 55 minutes - about 1.4 minutes per question across long, dense passages.

Name the three TEAS 7 Reading sub-areas.

Key Ideas & Details (~15), Integration of Knowledge & Ideas (~15), and Craft & Structure (~9).

Which two Reading sub-areas are the heaviest?

Key Ideas & Details and Integration of Knowledge & Ideas, each with about 15 scored items. Craft & Structure is lighter at about 9.

Which Reading sub-area is the lightest?

Craft & Structure, with about 9 scored items. It tests author purpose, point of view, tone, text structure, and word meaning.

What does Key Ideas & Details test?

Main idea, inference, summarizing, and following directions. It is the most-missed Reading sub-area, worth about 15 items.

What does Integration of Knowledge & Ideas test?

Source types, evaluating arguments, interpreting graphics, and synthesizing multiple texts. It grew in weight in TEAS 7 (~15 items).

What does Craft & Structure test?

Author purpose, point of view, tone, text structure, and word meaning (vocabulary in context). About 9 scored items.

Which Reading sub-area is most-missed per ATI?

Key Ideas & Details - specifically telling topic, main idea, and supporting detail apart. Master that to protect about 15 questions.

What is the #1 reported cause of failing TEAS Reading?

Running out of time (pacing), not lack of content knowledge. Test-takers either run out of time or fall for a planted distractor.

Is TEAS Reading a content game or a speed-and-trap game?

A speed-and-trap game. About 1.4 min/question means most failures come from poor pacing or falling for distractors, not weak knowledge.

Define: topic (in a passage)

The one or two words a passage is about. It is broader than the main idea - the subject, not the point being made about it.

Define: main idea

The single most important point an author makes about the topic. It covers the whole passage, not just one sentence.

Define: supporting detail

A specific fact or example that backs up the main idea. A detail can be true yet still be the wrong answer to a main-idea question.

Topic vs main idea - what's the difference?

The topic is the 1-2 word subject; the main idea is the most important point the author makes about that topic across the whole passage.

Classic TEAS main-idea trap?

A true supporting detail dressed up as the main idea. The detail is real but covers only one sentence; the correct main idea covers the whole passage.

How do you beat the 'detail posing as main idea' trap?

Pick the answer that covers the entire passage, not just one true sentence. A detail can be fully accurate and still be wrong.

Shortcut for finding the main idea fast?

Read the first and last sentence of each paragraph. Authors usually state the main idea in a topic sentence and restate it at the end.

Define: summary

A brief restatement of a passage's main idea and key supporting points. A good summary should match the correct main-idea answer.

For a sleep passage: what's the topic?

'Sleep' - just the 1-2 word subject. The main idea would be a full point like 'adults need 7-9 hours of sleep for health.'

For a sleep passage: detail vs main idea example?

Main idea: 'Adults need 7-9 hours of sleep for health.' Detail: 'Sleep loss raises heart-disease risk' - one fact, not the whole point.

Define: inference (on TEAS)

A conclusion the author strongly implies but does not state outright. It must stay close to the text and be provable from a line.

Why is inference the highest-impact Reading skill?

It is repeatedly named the single highest-impact skill. The rule: stay close to the text - a valid inference is what the author strongly implies, never your opinion.

Most common inference error on TEAS?

Over-inferring - adding new facts the passage never gave. TEAS inferences are tight, one short step beyond what is stated.

How do you reject an over-inference?

Reject any choice that adds facts not in the passage. If you cannot point to a supporting line, it is wrong.

Valid inference test on TEAS?

You must be able to point to a specific supporting line. If you can't prove it from the passage, don't pick it - even if it sounds reasonable.

'Ranger station locked for the season' implies what?

It is late in the year (late autumn/winter) - an inference one step from the text. It does NOT mean the hikers were lost; that over-infers.

Define: following directions

Reading and carrying out multi-step written instructions in exact order. It is a distinctive TEAS emphasis tested for precise sequencing.

Why are qualifier words key in following-directions items?

Words like 'all except,' 'left to right,' and 'choose all that apply' change the required action or order. Read them carefully and don't reorder steps.

How should you treat steps in a following-directions item?

As a fixed sequence you must not reorder. Order the steps exactly as the passage states them.

Name the five author purposes.

Describe, entertain, persuade, inform, and explain. Match the purpose to how the author actually writes, not to how the topic feels.

Most common author-purpose trap?

Reading an explanatory or informative passage as if it were persuasive. Judge the author's wording, not how urgent the topic feels.

Define: author purpose

Why the author wrote the text - to describe, entertain, persuade, inform, or explain. Determined by how the author writes.

Define: tone

The author's attitude toward the subject, conveyed through word choice (e.g., sarcastic, hopeful, neutral).

How do you tell objective report from opinion piece?

Look at loaded versus neutral wording. Loaded, emotional language signals opinion; neutral, balanced language signals an objective report.

Define: point of view

The perspective from which an author writes - for example, first person ('I') or objective third person.

Tone vs point of view?

Tone is the author's ATTITUDE shown through word choice; point of view is the PERSPECTIVE they write from (e.g., first person).

Define: text structure

How a passage is organized - such as cause-effect, compare-contrast, sequence, or problem-solution.

Signal words for cause and effect?

because, so, therefore, as a result. One event triggers another.

Signal words for compare and contrast?

however, unlike, similarly, whereas. Two things are measured against each other.

Signal words for sequence/chronological order?

first, next, then, finally. Steps or events presented in order.

Signal words for problem and solution?

problem, issue, solve, resolve. An issue is named, then fixed.

Text structure: 'first... then... finally' indicates?

Sequence (chronological) structure - steps or events presented in order.

Text structure: 'however' and 'unlike' indicate?

Compare and contrast - two things measured against each other.

Text structure: 'because' and 'as a result' indicate?

Cause and effect - one event triggers another.

Define: primary source

A firsthand or original record - such as a diary, interview, original research study, photo, or raw data.

Define: secondary source

A source that analyzes or interprets primary sources - such as a review article, biography, or critique.

Define: tertiary source

A source that compiles and summarizes others - such as an encyclopedia, almanac, index, or textbook.

Is a diary primary, secondary, or tertiary?

Primary - it is a firsthand, original record. Other primary examples: interviews, original research, and photos.

Is a biography primary, secondary, or tertiary?

Secondary - it analyzes or interprets primary sources. Review articles and critiques are also secondary.

Is an encyclopedia primary, secondary, or tertiary?

Tertiary - it compiles and summarizes others. Almanacs, indexes, and textbooks are also tertiary.

Order the source tiers from original to compiled.

Primary (original record) → secondary (analysis/interpretation) → tertiary (compilation/summary).

Define: fact

A statement that can be verified as true or false. It is objective and provable.

Define: opinion

A belief or judgment that cannot be verified. Often signaled by words like should, best, or beautiful.

Words that often signal an opinion?

'should,' 'best,' and 'beautiful' - subjective judgment words. Facts, by contrast, are verifiable.

Fact or opinion: 'Water boils at 100°C at sea level.'

Fact - it can be verified as true or false. An opinion would be a belief like 'Hot tea tastes best.'

Define: bias

A one-sided slant in a text, revealed by loaded or unbalanced language that favors one view.

Define: stereotype

An oversimplified, often unfair generalization about a group of people.

How does fact-vs-opinion feed bias questions?

Loaded, opinion-laden language reveals the author's slant. Spotting opinion words helps you detect bias and stereotypes.

Define: evaluating an argument

Judging whether a passage's claim is actually backed by relevant, sufficient evidence in the text.

What makes an argument strong vs weak on TEAS?

A strong argument supports its claim with relevant, sufficient facts; a weak one relies on opinion or leaves evidence gaps.

What is a Select-all-that-apply item?

A TEAS 7 item where multiple options may be correct and there is NO partial credit. Judge each option independently as true or false.

Do TEAS select-all and ordered-response items give partial credit?

No. Judge each option independently, and for ordered-response order the steps exactly as the passage states.

How to approach an ordered-response item?

Order the steps exactly as the passage states. No partial credit is given, so the full sequence must be correct.

Before reading a graphic data point, what do you read first?

The title, then the axis labels with their units/scale, then the legend or key - in that order, before any single data point.

Most common error when reading a TEAS graph axis?

Assuming an axis counts by 1s when it actually counts by 5s. Always check the scale/units on the axis labels first.

Order to read any TEAS graphic before answering?

1) Title, 2) axis labels and units/scale, 3) legend/key, 4) the specific data point asked about, 5) match answer only to what the figure shows.

What does a graphic's legend (key) tell you?

It decodes the colors, symbols, or lines used in the figure. Read it before interpreting any data point.

Define: nutrition label (as a TEAS text)

An everyday informational text TEAS uses to test reading of data, units, and serving sizes.

What reference tool gives word definitions?

A dictionary. It provides the meanings of words.

What reference tool gives synonyms?

A thesaurus - it lists words with similar meanings (synonyms).

What reference tool gives maps?

An atlas - a collection of maps.

What reference tool gives facts and statistics?

An almanac - a compilation of facts, data, and statistics.

Define: glossary

An alphabetical list of terms and their definitions specific to ONE particular book or text.

Dictionary vs glossary - what's the difference?

A dictionary defines words in general; a glossary defines terms used in one specific book or text.

Thesaurus vs dictionary?

A thesaurus gives synonyms (similar words); a dictionary gives definitions (meanings).

What is synthesis on TEAS Reading?

Combining a passage with a graphic - finding where the text and figure agree, disagree, or extend each other, anchored to specific elements.

When a passage is paired with a graphic, your job is?

Synthesis: find where text and figure agree, disagree, or extend each other. Anchor every answer to a specific line or figure element.

Best first step for any TEAS Reading question?

Read the question FIRST, then go to the relevant text. Match your reading to the task instead of reading the whole passage blindly.

How much text does a vocab-in-context question need?

Only the nearby sentence. A main-idea question, by contrast, requires reading the whole passage.

How much text does a main-idea question need?

The whole passage. Vocab-in-context items, by contrast, need only the nearby sentence.

Which TEAS Reading question types are quick wins?

Following directions, author purpose, and define-a-word items - they often need little or no full-passage reading, so bank them first.

Why do quick-win items first?

They cost little time, so you bank those points before long synthesis passages eat your clock - protecting your pacing.

What is the flag-and-skip strategy?

Mark a hard question and move on - one hard item isn't worth three easy ones. Return to flagged items after securing the easy points.

How do you dodge buried-detail and first-true-sounding traps?

Prove every final answer from the passage. Anchor the answer to a specific line so noise and the first plausible choice don't fool you.

Trap: 'buried extra info' - how to beat it?

Anchor your answer to exactly what the question asks. The passage adds noise, so ignore details outside the question's scope.

Trap: 'explanatory read as persuasive' - defense?

Judge the author's actual wording, not how urgent the topic feels. Explanatory/informative writing isn't persuasive just because the subject seems pressing.

What clock target should you keep for TEAS Reading?

Pace to the full 55-minute limit. Reading every word wastes time, so flag-and-skip and watch the clock to avoid running out.

When did ATI TEAS Version 7 launch?

June 2022. It is ATI's admissions exam for nursing and allied-health programs (Test of Essential Academic Skills).

What weight shift did TEAS 7 make in Reading?

It shifted weight toward Integration of Knowledge & Ideas - drawing conclusions, evaluating arguments, and synthesizing multiple passages plus graphics.

What % of the TEAS 7 is the Math section?

About 22% of the exam: roughly 34 scored questions (38 administered) in 57 minutes, about 90 seconds each.

What are the two Math sub-areas on TEAS 7?

Numbers and Algebra (~18 scored items) and Measurement and Data (~16 scored items).

Which Math sub-area is larger on the TEAS 7?

Numbers and Algebra, with about 18 scored items (~53% of the math score).

What does Measurement and Data cover?

Unit conversions, geometry formulas, statistics, and reading/interpreting graphs and tables. It is ~16 scored items.

How much time per Math question on the TEAS 7?

About 90 seconds per question (57 minutes for ~38 administered items).

What calculator is allowed on the TEAS 7 Math?

Only a basic on-screen four-function calculator. It cannot do fractions, exponents, or order of operations for you.

Is a formula sheet provided on the TEAS 7?

No. Every formula (percent, percent change, slope, geometry, conversions) must be memorized.

Most-tested and most-missed TEAS 7 math skill?

Converting among fractions, decimals, and percents, followed by ratio/proportion problems and unit conversions.

How do you convert a fraction to a decimal?

Divide the numerator by the denominator (top by bottom). Example: $\frac{3}{4} = 3 \div 4 = 0.75$.

How do you convert a decimal to a percent?

Multiply by 100 (move the decimal point two places to the right). Example: 0.25 = 25%.

How do you convert a percent to a fraction?

Write the percent over 100, then reduce. Example: 25% = 25/100 = 1/4.

How do you convert a percent to a decimal?

Divide by 100 (move the decimal point two places left). Example: 35% = 0.35.

Convert 1/8 to a decimal and percent.

1/8 = 0.125 = 12.5%.

Convert 1/4 to a decimal and percent.

1/4 = 0.25 = 25%.

Convert 1/3 to a decimal and percent.

1/3 = 0.333... = 33.3% (a repeating decimal).

Convert 3/8 to a decimal and percent.

3/8 = 0.375 = 37.5%.

Convert 1/2 to a decimal and percent.

1/2 = 0.5 = 50%.

Convert 5/8 to a decimal and percent.

5/8 = 0.625 = 62.5%.

Convert 3/4 to a decimal and percent.

3/4 = 0.75 = 75%.

Convert 7/8 to a decimal and percent.

7/8 = 0.875 = 87.5%.

If answer choices are fractions, what's the pro tip?

Keep working in fractions and convert only at the very end, to avoid the early-rounding trap ATI builds its distractors around.

What is the butterfly (cross) method used for?

Adding or subtracting fractions with unlike denominators by cross-multiplying to a common denominator.

What is 3/4 of a 250 mL bag, in mL?

$250 \times \frac{3}{4} = \frac{750}{4} = 187.5$ mL.

Core formula: part = ?

$\text{part} = \left(\text{percent} \div 100\right) \times \text{whole}$.

How do you find the percent given part and whole?

$\text{percent} = (\text{part} \div \text{whole}) \times 100$.

How do you find the whole given part and percent?

$\text{whole} = \text{part} \div (\text{percent} \div 100)$.

What is the percent change formula?

$\text{percent change} = (\text{new} - \text{old}) \div \text{old} \times 100$. A positive result is an increase; negative is a decrease.

$80 marked up to $92 — percent increase?

$(92 - 80) \div 80 \times 100 = 12 \div 80 \times 100 = 15\%$ increase.

In percent change, which value is the denominator?

The old (original) value. Always identify the original/whole first.

What is 20% of 150?

$\text{part} = (20 \div 100) \times 150 = 0.20 \times 150 = 30$.

15 is what percent of 60?

$\text{percent} = (15 \div 60) \times 100 = 0.25 \times 100 = 25\%$.

30 is 25% of what number?

$\text{whole} = 30 \div (25 \div 100) = 30 \div 0.25 = 120$.

What is a ratio?

A comparison of two quantities, written as a:b or a/b. Example: 3 boys to 4 girls is 3:4.

What is a proportion?

An equation stating that two ratios are equal, such as a/b = c/d.

How do you solve a proportion?

Cross-multiply: for $\frac{a}{b} = \frac{c}{d}$, set $a \times d = b \times c$, then solve for the unknown.

5 mg per 10 kg — dose for a 70 kg patient?

5/10 = x/70. Cross-multiply: 10x = 350, so x = 35 mg.

Key rule when setting up a dosage proportion?

Keep matching units in matching positions on both sides (e.g., mg/kg = mg/kg) so cross-multiplication is valid.

What is a rate of change?

How much one quantity changes per unit change in another. For a line, it equals the slope.

What is the slope formula?

$m = (y_2 - y_1) \div (x_2 - x_1)$ = rise over run, from $y = mx + b$.

In y = mx + b, what do m and b represent?

m is the slope (rate of change); b is the y-intercept (where the line crosses the y-axis).

Find the slope through (1, 2) and (3, 8).

$m = (8 - 2) \div (3 - 1) = 6 \div 2 = 3$.

What does PEMDAS stand for?

Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication/Division (left to right), Addition/Subtraction (left to right).

Evaluate $2 + 3 \times (4 - 1)^{2}$.

Parentheses: $(4-1)=3$. Exponent: $3^{2}=9$. Multiply: $3\times9=27$. Add: $2+27=29$.

How do you solve a one-variable equation?

Undo operations in reverse using inverse operations, doing the same step to both sides to stay balanced, isolating the variable last.

Solve for x: 3x + 7 = 22.

Subtract 7: 3x = 15. Divide by 3: x = 5.

Solve for x: 3x + 7 = 22 (method)?

Subtract 7 from both sides, then divide both sides by 3 to isolate x; x = 5.

In word problems, 'of' usually means what operation?

Multiply. Example: $\frac{1}{2} \times 40 = 20$.

In word problems, 'is' usually means what?

Equals (=). It links the two sides of an equation.

In word problems, 'per' or 'for each' signals what?

A rate or division (e.g., miles per hour = $\text{miles} \div \text{hours}$).

'More than' or 'increased by' signals what operation?

Addition.

Independent vs dependent variable?

The independent variable (often x) is the input you choose/change; the dependent variable (often y) responds to it.

What is the metric-ladder mnemonic?

King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk: Kilo, Hecto, Deca, Base, Deci, Centi, Milli. Each step is a factor of 10.

How many mL in 1 liter?

1 L = 1000 mL.

How many grams in 1 kilogram?

1 kg = 1000 g.

How many centimeters in 1 meter?

1 m = 100 cm.

How many centimeters equal 1 inch?

1 in = 2.54 cm.

About how many kg in 1 pound?

1 lb is about 0.45 kg.

How many inches in 1 foot?

1 ft = 12 in.

How many feet in 1 yard?

1 yd = 3 ft.

Convert 2.5 L to mL.

$2.5 \times 1000$ mL = 2500 mL.

Convert 2500 g to kg.

$2500 \div 1000 = 2.5$ kg.

Rectangle area formula?

$A = L \times W$.

Rectangle perimeter formula?

P = 2L + 2W (twice the length plus twice the width).

Triangle area formula?

$A = \frac{1}{2} \times \text{base} \times \text{height}$.

Area of a triangle: base 8 cm, height 5 cm?

$A = \frac{1}{2} \times 8 \times 5 = \frac{1}{2} \times 40 = 20$ square cm.

Circle area formula?

$A = \pi r^{2}$ (pi times the radius squared).

Circle circumference formula?

$C = 2\pi r$ (pi times the diameter).

What is the Pythagorean theorem?

For a right triangle, $a^{2} + b^{2} = c^{2}$, where $c$ is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle).

Right triangle legs 3 and 4 — hypotenuse?

$c^{2} = 3^{2} + 4^{2} = 9 + 16 = 25$, so $c = 5$.

What is the radius vs the diameter of a circle?

The radius is the distance from center to edge; the diameter is twice the radius (across through the center).

What is the mean?

The arithmetic average: the sum of all values divided by the number of values.

What is the median?

The middle value of an ordered data set; for an even count, the average of the two middle values.

What is the mode?

The value that appears most frequently in a data set. A set can have more than one mode or none.

What is the range (statistics)?

The spread: the maximum value minus the minimum value.

Mean of 4, 8, 6, 4, 10?

$(4+8+6+4+10) \div 5 = 32 \div 5 = 6.4$.

Median of 4, 8, 6, 4, 10?

Order: 4, 4, 6, 8, 10. The middle of five values is 6.

Mode of 4, 8, 6, 4, 10?

4, because it appears most frequently (twice).

Range of 4, 8, 6, 4, 10?

Maximum − minimum = 10 − 4 = 6.

How do you find the median of an even-numbered list?

Order the values, then average the two middle values.

How do outliers affect mean vs median?

Outliers pull the mean toward them but do not affect the median; this is a common TEAS comparison.

What does a scatterplot show?

Paired data points showing the relationship (correlation) between two variables: positive, negative, or none.

What is correlation, and what does it NOT prove?

The direction/strength of a relationship between two variables. Correlation does not prove causation.

Positive vs negative correlation on a scatterplot?

Positive: as one variable rises, the other rises (upward trend). Negative: as one rises, the other falls (downward trend).

First step when reading any graph or table?

Check the axis labels and the scale before reading the trend or pulling a value.

Did data-interpretation weight change in TEAS 7?

Yes, it increased in TEAS 7, so practice pulling answers from charts and tables.

Best time-saving strategy on the TEAS 7 Math?

Scan the answer choices and estimate before touching the calculator; over-relying on it makes students run out of time.

What is the TEAS 7 and who makes it?

Version 7 of the Test of Essential Academic Skills, ATI's admissions exam for nursing/allied-health programs (launched June 2022).

What is a unit conversion?

Changing a measurement from one unit to another using known equivalents, often via a proportion or the metric ladder.

What percent of TEAS 7 is English & Language Usage?

About 22% of the exam - roughly 33 scored questions answered in 37 minutes, the tightest pace on the test at about one minute per item.

Name the three English sub-areas on the TEAS 7.

Conventions of Standard English (~12 items), Knowledge of Language (~11 items), and Using Language and Vocabulary (~10 items).

Which English sub-area is the largest block?

Conventions of Standard English, with about 12 scored items - grammar, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling.

Which English sub-area is most often missed?

Knowledge of Language - especially judging formal vs informal register and inferring tone from word choice. Do not treat it as an afterthought.

What does 'Conventions of Standard English' cover?

Grammar, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling - the largest English sub-area (~12 items).

What does the 'Using Language and Vocabulary' sub-area test?

Building vocabulary through word parts (prefix, root, suffix) and context clues to express ideas in writing (~10 items).

What two parts must every complete sentence have?

A subject and a predicate, and it must express a complete thought. Missing any of these makes it a fragment.

What is a predicate?

The part of a sentence containing the verb that tells what the subject does or is.

What is a sentence fragment?

An incomplete sentence that is missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought.

What is a run-on sentence?

Two or more independent clauses joined without proper punctuation or a conjunction.

What is a comma splice?

An error joining two independent clauses with only a comma. Fix it with a period, a semicolon, or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction.

Name three ways to fix a comma splice.

Use a period to make two sentences, use a semicolon, or add a comma plus a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS).

What is a simple sentence?

A sentence with exactly one independent clause and no dependent clauses.

What is a compound sentence?

Two independent clauses joined by a comma plus a coordinating conjunction, or by a semicolon.

What is a complex sentence?

One independent clause plus at least one dependent (subordinate) clause, often linked by words like because, although, or when.

What is a compound-complex sentence?

A sentence with two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

What are the FANBOYS coordinating conjunctions?

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So - the seven words that join two equal grammatical elements, such as two independent clauses.

What is an independent clause?

A group of words with a subject and verb that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

What is a dependent (subordinate) clause?

A clause with a subject and verb that does NOT express a complete thought and cannot stand alone, often starting with because, although, or when.

Fix: 'The patient was stable, the nurse updated the chart.'

This is a comma splice. Fix it with a period ('...stable. The nurse...'), a semicolon ('...stable; the nurse...'), or a conjunction ('...stable, so the nurse...').

What is subject-verb agreement?

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number - a singular subject takes a singular verb, a plural subject takes a plural verb.

In 'The box of tools is heavy,' what is the subject?

'Box' is the subject (singular), so the verb is 'is.' Ignore the words between the subject and verb - 'tools' is not the subject.

How do you find the subject when words separate it from the verb?

Ignore prepositional phrases and modifiers between them. In 'The list of items is long,' the subject is 'list' (singular), so use 'is.'

What is pronoun-antecedent agreement?

The rule that a pronoun must match the noun it refers to (its antecedent) in number and gender.

What verb/pronoun do singular indefinite pronouns take?

Singular. Words like everyone, each, someone, anybody, and neither are singular and take singular verbs and pronouns.

When is an apostrophe used?

To show possession (the nurse's badge) and to form contractions (it's = it is). It is never used to make a word simply plural.

Difference between 'its' and 'it's'?

'Its' is the possessive (the dog wagged its tail). 'It's' is the contraction for 'it is' or 'it has.' The possessive 'its' takes no apostrophe.

What does a semicolon do?

It joins two closely related independent clauses, or it separates complex items in a list. Example: 'The lab was busy; staff worked late.'

What does a colon do?

It introduces a list, an explanation, or a quotation after a complete independent clause. Example: 'Bring three items: a pen, paper, and ID.'

When do you capitalize a word?

Capitalize proper nouns, the first word of a sentence, the pronoun 'I,' titles, and the first word in a direct quotation.

List four comma uses tested on the TEAS.

To separate items in a series, after an introductory phrase, around nonessential (nonrestrictive) clauses, and before a conjunction joining two independent clauses.

Difference between 'their,' 'there,' and 'they're'?

'Their' shows possession, 'there' refers to a place, and 'they're' is the contraction for 'they are.'

Difference between 'your' and 'you're'?

'Your' is possessive (your book). 'You're' is the contraction for 'you are.'

What is register in language?

The level of formality a text uses based on its audience and purpose - formal vs informal language.

What defines formal language?

It avoids slang and contractions, uses precise academic vocabulary, and keeps an objective tone - suited to reports, essays, and clinical notes.

What defines informal language?

It is casual and conversational, may use slang and contractions, and has a personal tone - suited to texts and social posts.

Are contractions used in formal writing?

No. Formal writing avoids contractions (writing 'do not' instead of 'don't'); informal writing uses them freely.

What is parallel structure?

Using the same grammatical form for items in a series. Correct: 'run, swim, and bike.' Faulty: 'run, swimming, and to bike.'

Fix the parallelism: 'She likes to read, writing, and to jog.'

Make all items match: 'She likes to read, write, and jog' (or 'reading, writing, and jogging'). Mixed forms break parallel structure.

What is a dangling or misplaced modifier?

A descriptive phrase that attaches to the wrong noun (or has no clear noun to modify), creating an illogical sentence.

Why is 'Running late, the bus was missed' wrong?

It is a dangling modifier - it wrongly says the bus was running late. Fix it: 'Running late, I missed the bus.'

What is concision in writing?

Choosing the most precise, least wordy version of a sentence. Knowledge-of-Language items often ask you to pick the clearest, briefest option.

What are word parts?

The prefix, root, and suffix that combine to form a word. Decoding them reveals meaning without rote memorization.

What is a prefix?

A word part added to the FRONT of a root that changes its meaning, such as hyper- meaning over or above.

What is a root?

The core part of a word that carries its base meaning, such as 'cardi' meaning heart or 'derm' meaning skin.

What is a suffix?

A word part added to the END of a root, often signaling part of speech or a condition, such as -itis meaning inflammation.

What does the prefix 'hyper-' mean?

Over or above. Example: hypertension means high (over-normal) blood pressure.

What does the prefix 'hypo-' mean?

Under or below. Example: hypothermia means below-normal body temperature.

What do the prefixes 'a-' and 'an-' mean?

Without or not. Example: anemia means without (a lack of) blood/red cells; atypical means not typical.

What does the root 'cardi' mean?

Heart. Example: cardiac relates to the heart; cardiology is the study of the heart.

What does the root 'derm' (dermat) mean?

Skin. Example: dermatitis is inflammation of the skin; dermatology is the study of skin.

What does the root 'bio' mean?

Life. Example: biology is the study of life; biography is the written story of a life.

What does the suffix '-itis' mean?

Inflammation. Example: arthritis is inflammation of the joints; dermatitis is inflammation of the skin.

What does the suffix '-ology' mean?

The study of. Example: neurology is the study of the nervous system; biology is the study of life.

Use word parts to define 'dermatitis.'

'Dermat' (root) = skin and '-itis' (suffix) = inflammation, so dermatitis means inflammation of the skin.

What are context clues?

Hints in the surrounding text - definitions, synonyms, antonyms, or examples - that reveal the meaning of an unfamiliar word.

Name four types of context clues.

Definition clues, synonym (restatement) clues, antonym (contrast) clues, and example clues found in the sentence around the word.

Order of steps to decode a vocabulary word on the TEAS.

Break the word into prefix, root, and suffix first. If that is not enough, use context clues in the surrounding sentence to infer meaning.

What are homophones?

Words that sound alike but differ in spelling and meaning, such as their/there/they're, your/you're, and to/too/two.

What are homographs?

Words spelled the same but differing in meaning or pronunciation, such as 'lead' the metal vs 'lead' the team.

Is 'affect' usually a verb or noun, and what does it mean?

'Affect' is usually a verb meaning to influence (an Action). Example: The weather can affect your mood.

Is 'effect' usually a verb or noun, and what does it mean?

'Effect' is usually a noun meaning a result (the rEsult). Example: The medicine had a strong effect.

Memory trick for affect vs effect?

Affect = Action (verb, A); Effect = rEsult (noun, E). The first letters cue the part of speech and meaning.

Difference between 'than' and 'then'?

'Than' is used for comparison (taller than). 'Then' refers to time or sequence (first this, then that).

Difference between 'to,' 'too,' and 'two'?

'To' is a preposition or part of an infinitive, 'too' means also or excessively, and 'two' is the number 2.

Difference between 'fewer' and 'less'?

'Fewer' is for countable items (fewer pills). 'Less' is for uncountable amounts (less water).

Difference between 'who' and 'whom'?

'Who' is the subject of a clause (Who called?). 'Whom' is the object (To whom did you speak?).

Difference between 'accept' and 'except'?

'Accept' is a verb meaning to receive or agree to. 'Except' is usually a preposition meaning excluding or leaving out.

Difference between 'principal' and 'principle'?

'Principal' is a chief person or main amount of money. 'Principle' is a rule, belief, or fundamental truth.

Difference between 'lie' and 'lay'?

'Lie' means to recline and takes no object (I lie down). 'Lay' means to place something and takes an object (I lay the book down).

What part of speech is a noun?

A word naming a person, place, thing, or idea. Common nouns are general; proper nouns name specific things and are capitalized.

What part of speech is a verb?

A word expressing an action (run, write) or a state of being (is, seem). Every complete sentence needs at least one verb.

What part of speech is an adjective?

A word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun, telling which, what kind, or how many (the blue chart, two patients).

What part of speech is an adverb?

A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, often ending in -ly and telling how, when, where, or to what degree (ran quickly).

What is a preposition?

A word showing the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word, often of place or time, such as in, on, under, before, or during.

What is a pronoun?

A word that takes the place of a noun, such as he, she, it, they, who, or this, to avoid repetition.

What is a conjunction?

A word that joins words, phrases, or clauses - coordinating (FANBOYS), subordinating (because, although), or correlative (either/or).

What is an interjection?

A word or phrase expressing emotion, often set off by a comma or exclamation point, such as 'Oh!' or 'Wow.'

What is a subordinating conjunction? Give examples.

A word that begins a dependent clause and links it to an independent clause, such as because, although, since, when, if, and while.

What is the antecedent of a pronoun?

The noun that the pronoun refers back to. In 'The nurse washed her hands,' 'nurse' is the antecedent of 'her.'

Why is subject-verb agreement so important on the TEAS?

It appears on nearly every form. Always find the true subject, ignore words between it and the verb, then match the verb in number.

What is the first step in the one-minute English approach?

Read the whole sentence, not just the underlined part, so you understand the full context before choosing an answer.

For a grammar item, what should you check first?

Find the subject and its verb, check subject-verb and pronoun agreement, then scan punctuation for splices, run-ons, and apostrophe errors.

For a vocabulary item, what should you do first?

Break the word into its prefix, root, and suffix before reaching for context clues - word parts often reveal the meaning directly.

Why is pace the main threat in the English section?

You have about one minute per question. Learn the rules cold and answer on recognition rather than re-deriving each rule from scratch.

What is a nonessential (nonrestrictive) clause and how is it punctuated?

A clause that adds extra, non-defining information; it is set off with commas. Example: 'The nurse, who was tired, finished the shift.'

What launch year and purpose define the ATI TEAS 7?

TEAS 7 (Test of Essential Academic Skills, Version 7) launched in June 2022 as ATI's admissions exam for nursing and allied-health programs.

Why drill grammar rules and word parts most for this section?

The same conventions - subject-verb agreement, commas, apostrophes - and decodable word parts recur on nearly every form, making them the highest-ROI points.