Your FREE Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators Practice Test 2026 – 470+ Q&A

The decline of honeybee colonies has alarmed scientists and farmers alike. Bees pollinate roughly a third of the crops humans eat, so their loss threatens the food supply. Researchers point to a combination of pesticides, parasites, and habitat loss as the likely causes. No single factor fully explains the collapse, and solutions will require addressing all of them at once. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

• A.Farmers are more concerned about bees than scientists are.
• B.Honeybees are the only insects capable of pollinating crops.
• C.Pesticides are the sole reason honeybee colonies are collapsing.
• D.The decline of honeybee colonies has multiple causes and serious consequences for food production.

The decline of honeybee colonies has alarmed scientists and farmers alike. Bees pollinate roughly a third of the crops humans eat, so their loss threatens the food supply. Researchers point to a combination of pesticides, parasites, and habitat loss as the likely causes. No single factor fully explains the collapse, and solutions will require addressing all of them at once. The passage suggests that solving the honeybee decline will be difficult primarily because

• A.Several different factors must be addressed simultaneously
• B.Scientists disagree about whether the problem exists
• C.Farmers refuse to stop using pesticides
• D.Bees are unimportant to agriculture

The decline of honeybee colonies has alarmed scientists and farmers alike. Bees pollinate roughly a third of the crops humans eat, so their loss threatens the food supply. Researchers point to a combination of pesticides, parasites, and habitat loss as the likely causes. No single factor fully explains the collapse, and solutions will require addressing all of them at once. As used in the passage, the word 'collapse' most nearly means

• A.Emotional exhaustion
• B.Sudden financial loss
• C.Severe breakdown or failure
• D.Physical falling down of a structure

The new city library opened last spring after two years of construction. It contains over 90,000 books and a dedicated children's wing. The building's modern glass design is the most beautiful structure downtown. Membership has grown by 40 percent since the opening. Which statement from the passage is best classified as an opinion rather than a fact?

• A.The building's modern glass design is the most beautiful structure downtown.
• B.The library opened last spring.
• C.Membership has grown by 40 percent.
• D.It contains over 90,000 books.

The new city library opened last spring after two years of construction. It contains over 90,000 books and a dedicated children's wing. The building's modern glass design is the most beautiful structure downtown. Membership has grown by 40 percent since the opening. What can be inferred about the library's reception by the community?

• A.The community has largely ignored the new library.
• B.The library has been well received, as shown by rising membership.
• C.The children's wing has gone unused.
• D.Residents prefer the old library building.

Many people believe that cracking your knuckles causes arthritis, but research does not support this claim. Studies comparing habitual knuckle-crackers to non-crackers have found no difference in arthritis rates. The popping sound comes from gas bubbles bursting in the joint fluid, a harmless process. While the habit may annoy others, it poses no proven danger to the joints. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to

• A.Argue that all popular health beliefs are false
• B.Describe the anatomy of finger joints in detail
• C.Correct a common misconception with evidence
• D.Persuade readers to stop cracking their knuckles

Many people believe that cracking your knuckles causes arthritis, but research does not support this claim. Studies comparing habitual knuckle-crackers to non-crackers have found no difference in arthritis rates. The popping sound comes from gas bubbles bursting in the joint fluid, a harmless process. While the habit may annoy others, it poses no proven danger to the joints. According to the passage, the popping sound when knuckles crack is caused by

• A.Cartilage tearing
• B.Gas bubbles bursting in joint fluid
• C.Bones grinding together
• D.Tendons snapping over bone

Many people believe that cracking your knuckles causes arthritis, but research does not support this claim. Studies comparing habitual knuckle-crackers to non-crackers have found no difference in arthritis rates. The popping sound comes from gas bubbles bursting in the joint fluid, a harmless process. While the habit may annoy others, it poses no proven danger to the joints. The tone of the passage can best be described as

• A.Alarmed and urgent
• B.Sarcastic and dismissive
• C.Nostalgic and sentimental
• D.Reassuring and informative

To make a simple compost pile, first choose a shaded spot in your yard. Next, layer green materials like vegetable scraps with brown materials like dry leaves. Then turn the pile every week to add air. Finally, after several months, the bottom layer will become dark, crumbly soil ready for your garden. Which of the following best describes the organizational structure of the passage?

• A.Comparison and contrast
• B.Cause and effect
• C.Chronological or sequential steps
• D.Problem and solution

To make a simple compost pile, first choose a shaded spot in your yard. Next, layer green materials like vegetable scraps with brown materials like dry leaves. Then turn the pile every week to add air. Finally, after several months, the bottom layer will become dark, crumbly soil ready for your garden. According to the passage, what should be done after layering the materials?

• A.Remove the brown materials
• B.Add the soil to the garden immediately
• C.Turn the pile every week
• D.Choose a shaded spot

Passage 1: Social media keeps people glued to screens instead of talking face to face. Friends sit together yet scroll alone, and genuine conversation fades. Author 2: Social media lets families separated by oceans share daily moments. A grandmother can watch her grandchild's first steps from across the world. Two authors write about social media. Author 1 argues it isolates people; Author 2 argues it connects distant friends. The two passages primarily differ in their

• A.Choice of subject matter
• B.Evaluation of social media's effect on relationships
• C.Writing style and vocabulary
• D.Intended audience

Passage 1: Social media keeps people glued to screens instead of talking face to face. Friends sit together yet scroll alone, and genuine conversation fades. Author 2: Social media lets families separated by oceans share daily moments. A grandmother can watch her grandchild's first steps from across the world. Which point would both authors most likely accept?

• A.Social media has a meaningful impact on how people relate to one another.
• B.Face-to-face conversation is unnecessary.
• C.Social media should be banned for children.
• D.Social media has no effect on relationships.

A columnist writes: 'Our city must build more bike lanes. They will reduce traffic congestion and make commuting faster for everyone.' An author claims that a city should build more bike lanes because they reduce traffic. Which evidence would most strengthen this argument?

• A.An opinion that cars are dangerous
• B.A statement that bike lanes look attractive
• C.A survey showing most residents own bicycles
• D.Data from similar cities showing reduced car traffic after adding bike lanes

A columnist writes: 'Our city must build more bike lanes. They will reduce traffic congestion and make commuting faster for everyone.' What is the primary weakness in the columnist's argument as written?

• A.It provides too much statistical detail.
• B.It contradicts itself.
• C.It makes a claim without supporting evidence.
• D.It discusses an irrelevant topic.

The chef's novel approach to dessert combined chili peppers with chocolate, surprising every guest at the dinner. As used in the sentence, 'novel' most nearly means

• A.A long fictional story
• B.Expensive
• C.New and original
• D.Traditional

Sea otters were once hunted nearly to extinction for their thick fur. Today, protected populations are recovering along the Pacific coast. Their return has helped restore kelp forests, because otters eat the sea urchins that destroy kelp. Thus a single species can shape an entire ecosystem. Which sentence best summarizes the passage?

• A.Sea urchins are destroying kelp forests along the Pacific.
• B.Hunting otters was once legal.
• C.Sea otters have soft, valuable fur.
• D.The recovery of protected sea otters has helped restore kelp forest ecosystems.

Sea otters were once hunted nearly to extinction for their thick fur. Today, protected populations are recovering along the Pacific coast. Their return has helped restore kelp forests, because otters eat the sea urchins that destroy kelp. Thus a single species can shape an entire ecosystem. It can be inferred from the passage that without sea otters, kelp forests would likely

• A.Decline as sea urchins increase
• B.Remain completely unchanged
• C.Become home to more otters
• D.Grow more densely

Sea otters were once hunted nearly to extinction for their thick fur. Today, protected populations are recovering along the Pacific coast. Their return has helped restore kelp forests, because otters eat the sea urchins that destroy kelp. Thus a single species can shape an entire ecosystem. The phrase 'a single species can shape an entire ecosystem' functions in the passage as

• A.A counterargument
• B.A specific example
• C.A definition of a term
• D.A concluding generalization drawn from the example

Before you toss that banana peel, consider composting it. Food scraps that rot in landfills release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Composting at home turns those same scraps into rich soil while cutting emissions. With a small bin and a little effort, anyone can make a difference. What is the author's main purpose in the passage?

• A.To explain how landfills are constructed
• B.To describe the chemistry of methane
• C.To criticize people who waste food
• D.To encourage readers to compost food scraps

Before you toss that banana peel, consider composting it. Food scraps that rot in landfills release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Composting at home turns those same scraps into rich soil while cutting emissions. With a small bin and a little effort, anyone can make a difference. According to the passage, why is composting better than sending food scraps to a landfill?

• A.Composting requires no effort at all.
• B.Landfills are illegal in most areas.
• C.Composting is cheaper than garbage collection.
• D.Composting reduces methane emissions and creates useful soil.

Before you toss that banana peel, consider composting it. Food scraps that rot in landfills release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Composting at home turns those same scraps into rich soil while cutting emissions. With a small bin and a little effort, anyone can make a difference. As used in the passage, 'potent' most nearly means

• A.Powerful
• B.Colorful
• C.Weak
• D.Odorless

Year-round schooling does not lengthen the school year; it simply spreads the same days across the calendar with shorter, more frequent breaks. Supporters argue this reduces the learning loss that occurs over long summers. Critics counter that families struggle to plan vacations and that buildings cost more to cool in summer. The debate continues in many districts. Which of the following best states the central claim of the passage?

• A.Year-round schooling rearranges the school calendar and prompts ongoing debate.
• B.Year-round schooling clearly benefits all students.
• C.Summer learning loss is a myth.
• D.Schools should never change their schedules.

Year-round schooling does not lengthen the school year; it simply spreads the same days across the calendar with shorter, more frequent breaks. Supporters argue this reduces the learning loss that occurs over long summers. Critics counter that families struggle to plan vacations and that buildings cost more to cool in summer. The debate continues in many districts. The passage presents its information primarily by

• A.Presenting opposing viewpoints on an issue
• B.Narrating events in time order
• C.Describing a process step by step
• D.Comparing two unrelated topics

Year-round schooling does not lengthen the school year; it simply spreads the same days across the calendar with shorter, more frequent breaks. Supporters argue this reduces the learning loss that occurs over long summers. Critics counter that families struggle to plan vacations and that buildings cost more to cool in summer. The debate continues in many districts. Which detail from the passage supports the critics' position?

• A.Breaks become shorter and more frequent.
• B.The same number of school days are used.
• C.Learning loss happens over long summers.
• D.Families struggle to plan vacations and cooling costs rise.

The sailors tied the rope to the dock and made the boat fast against the rising tide. Even as the waves grew, the vessel did not drift. As used in the passage, 'fast' most nearly means

• A.Colorful
• B.Without food
• C.Firmly fixed
• D.Quick

Sleep is not merely rest; it is active maintenance for the brain. During deep sleep, the brain clears waste products that build up during waking hours. It also strengthens memories formed that day. Skipping sleep, therefore, harms both mental sharpness and long-term learning. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Sleep performs active functions essential to brain health.
• B.The brain shuts down completely during sleep.
• C.Waste products help the brain function.
• D.Memories are formed only while awake.

Sleep is not merely rest; it is active maintenance for the brain. During deep sleep, the brain clears waste products that build up during waking hours. It also strengthens memories formed that day. Skipping sleep, therefore, harms both mental sharpness and long-term learning. It can be inferred that a person who consistently skips sleep will likely experience

• A.Faster waste clearance
• B.No change at all
• C.Reduced mental sharpness
• D.Improved memory

Sleep is not merely rest; it is active maintenance for the brain. During deep sleep, the brain clears waste products that build up during waking hours. It also strengthens memories formed that day. Skipping sleep, therefore, harms both mental sharpness and long-term learning. The word 'merely' in the first sentence emphasizes that the author wants to

• A.Challenge the idea that sleep is only passive rest
• B.Prove sleep is unnecessary
• C.Describe how to fall asleep
• D.Downplay the importance of sleep

The bridge was closed for repairs. Commuters had to take a longer route across town. Which best describes the relationship between the two sentences: 'The bridge was closed for repairs. Commuters had to take a longer route across town.'

• A.The second defines a term in the first.
• B.The second states a cause of the first.
• C.The two sentences contradict each other.
• D.The second states an effect of the first.

Volunteer firefighters make up the majority of fire crews in rural America. They train on nights and weekends while holding regular jobs. When an alarm sounds, they leave work or family to respond. Without them, many small towns would have no fire protection at all. Which of the following is the best summary of the passage?

• A.Volunteer firefighters provide essential, often unpaid, protection to rural communities.
• B.Firefighting is a dangerous profession.
• C.Firefighters train only on weekends.
• D.Rural towns rarely have fires.

Volunteer firefighters make up the majority of fire crews in rural America. They train on nights and weekends while holding regular jobs. When an alarm sounds, they leave work or family to respond. Without them, many small towns would have no fire protection at all. The author most likely includes the final sentence in order to

• A.Describe a specific fire
• B.Emphasize how vital volunteers are to small towns
• C.Criticize volunteer firefighters
• D.Explain how to become a firefighter

Pie chart data — Household budget: Housing 40%, Food 20%, Transportation 15%, Savings 10%, Other 15%. A pie chart shows household budget: Housing 40%, Food 20%, Transportation 15%, Savings 10%, Other 15%. Which category receives the largest share?

• A.Housing
• B.Savings
• C.Food
• D.Transportation

Pie chart data — Household budget: Housing 40%, Food 20%, Transportation 15%, Savings 10%, Other 15%. Using the same budget chart, Food and Transportation together account for what percentage?

• A.35%
• B.55%
• C.45%
• D.30%

Passage 1: Modern zoos protect endangered species and breed them for release into the wild. Passage 2: No enclosure can replace the freedom of a natural habitat, and captivity stresses many animals. Two passages discuss zoos. Passage 1 praises zoos for conservation; Passage 2 criticizes them for confining animals. A reader seeking a balanced view should

• A.Consider both the conservation benefits and the welfare concerns
• B.Accept only Passage 1
• C.Accept only Passage 2
• D.Ignore both passages

Passage 1: Modern zoos protect endangered species and breed them for release into the wild. Passage 2: No enclosure can replace the freedom of a natural habitat, and captivity stresses many animals. Which assumption underlies Passage 2's argument?

• A.Endangered species cannot be bred in captivity.
• B.Zoos earn too much money.
• C.Zoos never release animals.
• D.Animals are better off in their natural habitats than in enclosures.

The dam was built to check the river's flow during the rainy season, preventing the floods that once swept through the valley. As used in the passage, 'check' most nearly means

• A.To mark with a tick
• B.A written order for money
• C.To restrain or control
• D.To inspect carefully

The Dewey Decimal System organizes library books by subject using numbers. Each major field, from philosophy to history, receives a range of numbers. Within those ranges, decimals divide subjects into ever-finer topics. This structure lets readers find related books shelved together. What is the primary purpose of the passage?

• A.To compare two library systems
• B.To argue that the Dewey system is outdated
• C.To explain how the Dewey Decimal System organizes books
• D.To teach readers to write decimals

The Dewey Decimal System organizes library books by subject using numbers. Each major field, from philosophy to history, receives a range of numbers. Within those ranges, decimals divide subjects into ever-finer topics. This structure lets readers find related books shelved together. According to the passage, what is the benefit of the Dewey Decimal System's structure?

• A.It eliminates the need for librarians.
• B.It shelves related books together so readers can find them.
• C.It sorts books by author name.
• D.It makes books cheaper.

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the ocean floor, yet they support about a quarter of all marine species. Rising sea temperatures cause corals to expel the algae that feed them, turning them white in a process called bleaching. Repeated bleaching can kill a reef. Protecting reefs therefore protects an enormous web of ocean life. Which statement best expresses the main idea of the passage?

• A.Bleaching makes corals more colorful.
• B.Algae are harmful to coral reefs.
• C.Despite their small size, coral reefs are vital to marine life and threatened by warming.
• D.Coral reefs are large and cover most of the ocean.

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the ocean floor, yet they support about a quarter of all marine species. Rising sea temperatures cause corals to expel the algae that feed them, turning them white in a process called bleaching. Repeated bleaching can kill a reef. Protecting reefs therefore protects an enormous web of ocean life. As used in the passage, 'expel' most nearly means

• A.Drive out
• B.Welcome
• C.Feed
• D.Color

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the ocean floor, yet they support about a quarter of all marine species. Rising sea temperatures cause corals to expel the algae that feed them, turning them white in a process called bleaching. Repeated bleaching can kill a reef. Protecting reefs therefore protects an enormous web of ocean life. It can be inferred from the passage that the loss of coral reefs would

• A.Have little effect on the ocean
• B.Cool the surrounding water
• C.Threaten a large portion of marine species
• D.Increase the number of algae

___ the rain stopped, the game resumed. Which transition word would best fit at the beginning of the sentence: '___ the rain stopped, the game resumed.'

• A.Despite
• B.Unless
• C.Once
• D.Although

Some call space exploration a waste of money, but they overlook its quiet gifts. Satellite technology born from the space program now guides our cars, forecasts our weather, and connects our phones. Every dollar spent reaching outward has returned value here at home. We should fund this work proudly. What is the author's attitude toward space exploration in the passage?

• A.Confused and uncertain
• B.Supportive and enthusiastic
• C.Skeptical and discouraged
• D.Neutral and detached

Some call space exploration a waste of money, but they overlook its quiet gifts. Satellite technology born from the space program now guides our cars, forecasts our weather, and connects our phones. Every dollar spent reaching outward has returned value here at home. We should fund this work proudly. Which evidence does the author use to support funding space exploration?

• A.The number of planets discovered
• B.Everyday technologies derived from the space program
• C.The opinions of astronauts
• D.The cost of building rockets

Some call space exploration a waste of money, but they overlook its quiet gifts. Satellite technology born from the space program now guides our cars, forecasts our weather, and connects our phones. Every dollar spent reaching outward has returned value here at home. We should fund this work proudly. The phrase 'quiet gifts' in the passage refers to

• A.The cost of the program
• B.Gifts given to astronauts
• C.The unnoticed everyday benefits of space technology
• D.The silence of outer space

Table data — Recycling rates: City A 25%, City B 50%, City C 35%, City D 60%. A table lists recycling rates: City A 25%, City B 50%, City C 35%, City D 60%. Which city recycles the most?

• A.City A
• B.City C
• C.City B
• D.City D

Table data — Recycling rates: City A 25%, City B 50%, City C 35%, City D 60%. Using the same table, how much higher is City B's rate than City A's?

• A.35 percentage points
• B.15 percentage points
• C.25 percentage points
• D.20 percentage points

The placebo effect shows the surprising power of belief. In studies, patients given sugar pills sometimes report real relief simply because they expect the medicine to work. This does not mean their pain was imaginary; expectation can trigger genuine changes in the body. Doctors must account for this effect when testing new drugs. Which of the following best states the main idea?

• A.New drugs never work.
• B.Belief and expectation can produce real physical effects, complicating drug testing.
• C.Sugar pills cure all diseases.
• D.Pain is always imaginary.

The placebo effect shows the surprising power of belief. In studies, patients given sugar pills sometimes report real relief simply because they expect the medicine to work. This does not mean their pain was imaginary; expectation can trigger genuine changes in the body. Doctors must account for this effect when testing new drugs. As used in the passage, 'trigger' most nearly means

• A.A part of a gun
• B.To prevent
• C.To imagine
• D.To cause or set off

The placebo effect shows the surprising power of belief. In studies, patients given sugar pills sometimes report real relief simply because they expect the medicine to work. This does not mean their pain was imaginary; expectation can trigger genuine changes in the body. Doctors must account for this effect when testing new drugs. Why must doctors account for the placebo effect when testing drugs, according to the passage?

• A.Because sugar pills are expensive
• B.Because patients dislike taking pills
• C.Because drugs are always harmful
• D.Because expectation alone can produce real effects that mimic a drug's

If you have never tried tai chi, this gentle exercise may surprise you. Its slow, flowing movements improve balance and reduce stress without straining the body. People of nearly any age or fitness level can practice it. Give it a try, and your body may thank you. Which sentence best states the author's purpose?

• A.To persuade readers to try tai chi
• B.To compare tai chi with running
• C.To warn readers about tai chi's dangers
• D.To explain the history of tai chi

If you have never tried tai chi, this gentle exercise may surprise you. Its slow, flowing movements improve balance and reduce stress without straining the body. People of nearly any age or fitness level can practice it. Give it a try, and your body may thank you. According to the passage, who can practice tai chi?

• A.Only those who already exercise daily
• B.Only people with medical training
• C.People of nearly any age or fitness level
• D.Only young athletes

Maria studied every night for a month. She earned the highest score in her class. The relationship between the two sentences 'Maria studied every night for a month. She earned the highest score in her class.' is best described as

• A.Definition
• B.Chronological coincidence with no link
• C.Cause and effect
• D.Contrast

Bioluminescence, the production of light by living organisms, lights up the deep sea where sunlight never reaches. Some fish use it to lure prey, while others flash it to confuse predators. Certain squid even release glowing clouds to escape. In the darkness of the deep, light becomes a tool for survival. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?

• A.Sunlight reaches the deepest ocean.
• B.Only fish can produce light underwater.
• C.The deep sea is completely dark and empty.
• D.Deep-sea creatures use self-produced light in various ways to survive.

Bioluminescence, the production of light by living organisms, lights up the deep sea where sunlight never reaches. Some fish use it to lure prey, while others flash it to confuse predators. Certain squid even release glowing clouds to escape. In the darkness of the deep, light becomes a tool for survival. As used in the passage, 'lure' most nearly means

• A.Blind
• B.Feed
• C.Frighten away
• D.Attract

Bioluminescence, the production of light by living organisms, lights up the deep sea where sunlight never reaches. Some fish use it to lure prey, while others flash it to confuse predators. Certain squid even release glowing clouds to escape. In the darkness of the deep, light becomes a tool for survival. Which statement is an example of the squid's use of bioluminescence?

• A.Lighting the ocean surface
• B.Luring prey closer
• C.Releasing glowing clouds to escape
• D.Flashing to attract mates

Writer 1: After weeks of drought, the storm brought a refreshing summer rain that revived the gardens. Writer 2: The violent downpour flooded streets and knocked out power for hours. Two writers describe the same storm. Writer 1 calls it 'a refreshing summer rain'; Writer 2 calls it 'a violent downpour.' The difference shows that

• A.One writer is lying
• B.The storm happened twice
• C.Word choice can shape how the same event is perceived
• D.Both writers dislike rain

Writer 1: After weeks of drought, the storm brought a refreshing summer rain that revived the gardens. Writer 2: The violent downpour flooded streets and knocked out power for hours. Which factor most likely explains the writers' different descriptions?

• A.Neither writer saw the storm.
• B.They focused on different effects of the same storm.
• C.They observed entirely different storms.
• D.One writer invented the storm.

Swimmers were warned to stay near shore because the current could pull them out to sea within minutes. As used in the passage, 'current' most nearly means

• A.Present-day
• B.Electricity
• C.A flow of water
• D.Up to date

For centuries, mapmakers left blank spaces where knowledge ended, sometimes labeling them with warnings of monsters. These gaps were honest admissions of ignorance. Today, satellites have mapped nearly every inch of Earth, leaving few blanks. Yet the deep ocean remains less charted than the surface of the Moon. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.The Moon has never been mapped.
• B.Sea monsters once roamed the oceans.
• C.Although Earth is now thoroughly mapped, the deep ocean remains poorly charted.
• D.Old maps were more accurate than modern ones.

For centuries, mapmakers left blank spaces where knowledge ended, sometimes labeling them with warnings of monsters. These gaps were honest admissions of ignorance. Today, satellites have mapped nearly every inch of Earth, leaving few blanks. Yet the deep ocean remains less charted than the surface of the Moon. The final sentence about the deep ocean primarily serves to

• A.Describe how satellites work
• B.Point out a surprising gap that still remains
• C.Praise ancient mapmakers
• D.Prove maps are useless

For centuries, mapmakers left blank spaces where knowledge ended, sometimes labeling them with warnings of monsters. These gaps were honest admissions of ignorance. Today, satellites have mapped nearly every inch of Earth, leaving few blanks. Yet the deep ocean remains less charted than the surface of the Moon. It can be inferred that the author finds the state of ocean mapping

• A.Surprising or noteworthy
• B.Unremarkable
• C.Frightening
• D.Unimportant

For centuries, mapmakers left blank spaces where knowledge ended, sometimes labeling them with warnings of monsters. These gaps were honest admissions of ignorance. Today, satellites have mapped nearly every inch of Earth, leaving few blanks. Yet the deep ocean remains less charted than the surface of the Moon. Which best describes the structure of the passage?

• A.A contrast between past and present, ending with an exception
• B.A single extended definition
• C.A persuasive call to action
• D.A list of instructions

Many assume that yawning means a person is bored or tired. Scientists now believe yawning may help cool the brain. When the brain heats up, a deep yawn draws in cooler air and increases blood flow, lowering its temperature. Boredom may simply be when we notice yawns most. Which of the following best states the central idea?

• A.Cool air has no effect on the body.
• B.The brain cannot change temperature.
• C.Yawning may serve to cool the brain, not merely signal tiredness.
• D.Yawning always signals boredom.

Many assume that yawning means a person is bored or tired. Scientists now believe yawning may help cool the brain. When the brain heats up, a deep yawn draws in cooler air and increases blood flow, lowering its temperature. Boredom may simply be when we notice yawns most. The author's purpose in the passage is mainly to

• A.Present a scientific explanation that challenges a common belief
• B.Entertain readers with jokes about yawning
• C.Describe a personal experience
• D.Persuade readers to yawn more often

Many assume that yawning means a person is bored or tired. Scientists now believe yawning may help cool the brain. When the brain heats up, a deep yawn draws in cooler air and increases blood flow, lowering its temperature. Boredom may simply be when we notice yawns most. As used in the passage, 'draws in' most nearly means

• A.Pulls inward
• B.Closes off
• C.Attracts a crowd
• D.Sketches a picture of

Many assume that yawning means a person is bored or tired. Scientists now believe yawning may help cool the brain. When the brain heats up, a deep yawn draws in cooler air and increases blood flow, lowering its temperature. Boredom may simply be when we notice yawns most. Which detail supports the idea that yawning cools the brain?

• A.Yawns happen mostly at night.
• B.A yawn draws in cooler air and increases blood flow, lowering brain temperature.
• C.People yawn when they are bored.
• D.Yawning is contagious.

The plan looked perfect on paper; ___, it failed in practice. Which word would best complete the sentence to show contrast: 'The plan looked perfect on paper; ___, it failed in practice.'

• A.Because
• B.Meanwhile
• C.However
• D.Therefore

Public libraries have quietly become community hubs far beyond books. Many now lend tools, musical instruments, and even seeds for gardens. They offer free internet, job-search help, and warm shelter on cold days. The modern library serves the whole person, not just the reader. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Libraries should stop lending books.
• B.Modern libraries offer wide-ranging services beyond books.
• C.Libraries are no longer useful.
• D.Only readers benefit from libraries.

Public libraries have quietly become community hubs far beyond books. Many now lend tools, musical instruments, and even seeds for gardens. They offer free internet, job-search help, and warm shelter on cold days. The modern library serves the whole person, not just the reader. As used in the passage, 'hubs' most nearly means

• A.Wheels
• B.Computer networks
• C.Central gathering places
• D.Quiet rooms

Public libraries have quietly become community hubs far beyond books. Many now lend tools, musical instruments, and even seeds for gardens. They offer free internet, job-search help, and warm shelter on cold days. The modern library serves the whole person, not just the reader. The last sentence, 'The modern library serves the whole person,' functions as

• A.A direct quotation
• B.A supporting example
• C.A summarizing conclusion
• D.A contradiction

Homework should be assigned sparingly in elementary school. Young children learn best through play and rest, and hours of worksheets crowd out both. Studies find little link between heavy homework and achievement in early grades. Lighter loads would protect childhood without harming learning. Which of the following best states the author's argument?

• A.Homework improves achievement at every age.
• B.Children should never play.
• C.Homework should be eliminated for all students.
• D.Elementary students should be given limited homework.

Homework should be assigned sparingly in elementary school. Young children learn best through play and rest, and hours of worksheets crowd out both. Studies find little link between heavy homework and achievement in early grades. Lighter loads would protect childhood without harming learning. Which piece of evidence does the author use to support the argument?

• A.Personal anecdotes about teachers
• B.Quotes from famous authors
• C.A list of homework assignments
• D.Studies finding little link between heavy homework and early achievement

Homework should be assigned sparingly in elementary school. Young children learn best through play and rest, and hours of worksheets crowd out both. Studies find little link between heavy homework and achievement in early grades. Lighter loads would protect childhood without harming learning. The tone of the passage is best described as

• A.Angry and accusatory
• B.Uncertain and confused
• C.Reasoned and persuasive
• D.Humorous and playful

Chart data — Scores before/after tutoring: Student 1: 60 to 80; Student 2: 70 to 75; Student 3: 50 to 85. A chart shows test scores before and after tutoring: Student 1 went from 60 to 80, Student 2 from 70 to 75, Student 3 from 50 to 85. Which student improved the most?

• A.Student 1
• B.Student 3
• C.Student 2
• D.They improved equally.

Chart data — Scores before/after tutoring: Student 1: 60 to 80; Student 2: 70 to 75; Student 3: 50 to 85. Based on the tutoring chart, which conclusion is best supported?

• A.Tutoring lowered every student's score.
• B.Only one student improved.
• C.Scores stayed the same.
• D.All three students improved after tutoring.

The engineer declared the old bridge structurally sound, assuring the town it could safely carry traffic for decades. As used in the passage, 'sound' most nearly means

• A.A body of water
• B.Noise
• C.In good condition
• D.To measure depth

The first photographs took hours to expose, so early portraits show stiff, unsmiling faces. People could not hold a grin that long without blurring. As cameras grew faster, smiles slowly appeared in pictures. The serious faces of old photos reflect technology, not gloomy personalities. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Modern cameras are slower than old ones.
• B.Early photo technology, not mood, explains the serious faces in old portraits.
• C.People in the past were unhappy.
• D.Smiling was forbidden in old photographs.

The first photographs took hours to expose, so early portraits show stiff, unsmiling faces. People could not hold a grin that long without blurring. As cameras grew faster, smiles slowly appeared in pictures. The serious faces of old photos reflect technology, not gloomy personalities. It can be inferred that as camera exposure times decreased, portraits became

• A.Darker
• B.Blurrier
• C.More expensive
• D.More likely to show smiles

The first photographs took hours to expose, so early portraits show stiff, unsmiling faces. People could not hold a grin that long without blurring. As cameras grew faster, smiles slowly appeared in pictures. The serious faces of old photos reflect technology, not gloomy personalities. The author corrects which misconception in the passage?

• A.That portraits were rare
• B.That serious faces in old photos mean people were unhappy
• C.That smiling causes blurring
• D.That old cameras were fast

Spiders are often feared, yet they are quiet allies in the home. A single spider can eat hundreds of insects a year, including mosquitoes and flies that spread disease. Most house spiders are harmless to people and avoid human contact. Letting one live in a corner may do more good than harm. Which sentence best states the main idea?

• A.Spiders prefer human contact.
• B.All spiders are dangerous to humans.
• C.Spiders spread disease.
• D.House spiders are largely harmless and helpful pest controllers.

Spiders are often feared, yet they are quiet allies in the home. A single spider can eat hundreds of insects a year, including mosquitoes and flies that spread disease. Most house spiders are harmless to people and avoid human contact. Letting one live in a corner may do more good than harm. The author's purpose in the passage is to

• A.Explain how spiders build webs
• B.Change readers' negative view of house spiders
• C.Frighten readers about spiders
• D.Argue that all insects are harmful

Spiders are often feared, yet they are quiet allies in the home. A single spider can eat hundreds of insects a year, including mosquitoes and flies that spread disease. Most house spiders are harmless to people and avoid human contact. Letting one live in a corner may do more good than harm. As used in the passage, 'allies' most nearly means

• A.Pests
• B.Helpful partners
• C.Strangers
• D.Enemies

Text: The trail climbs steeply for the first mile before leveling off near the lake. Map note: Elevation contour lines are tightly spaced in the first mile, then widely spaced toward the lake. A passage and an accompanying map both describe a hiking trail. The text says 'the trail climbs steeply for the first mile.' The map shows tightly spaced elevation lines near the start. Together they confirm that

• A.The trail is dangerous
• B.The trail is flat throughout
• C.The lake is at the lowest point
• D.The beginning of the trail is steep

Text: The trail climbs steeply for the first mile before leveling off near the lake. Map note: Elevation contour lines are tightly spaced in the first mile, then widely spaced toward the lake. How does the map note add to the information in the text?

• A.It visually confirms and reinforces the text's description of the slope.
• B.It adds no relevant information.
• C.It describes a different trail.
• D.It contradicts the text.

The teacher praised Leo as a bright student who grasped new concepts faster than anyone in the class. As used in the passage, 'bright' most nearly means

• A.Shining with light
• B.Intelligent
• C.Cheerful in color
• D.Loud

Trees do more than provide shade and beauty. Their roots hold soil in place, preventing erosion during heavy rains. Their leaves filter pollutants from the air we breathe. A single mature tree can offer benefits worth thousands of dollars over its lifetime. Which of the following best states the main idea?

• A.Trees are only valuable for their appearance.
• B.Trees provide many practical environmental and economic benefits.
• C.Trees cause soil erosion.
• D.Trees add pollutants to the air.

Trees do more than provide shade and beauty. Their roots hold soil in place, preventing erosion during heavy rains. Their leaves filter pollutants from the air we breathe. A single mature tree can offer benefits worth thousands of dollars over its lifetime. According to the passage, how do tree roots help the environment?

• A.They provide shade.
• B.They produce fruit.
• C.They filter air pollutants.
• D.They hold soil in place and prevent erosion.

Trees do more than provide shade and beauty. Their roots hold soil in place, preventing erosion during heavy rains. Their leaves filter pollutants from the air we breathe. A single mature tree can offer benefits worth thousands of dollars over its lifetime. The first sentence, 'Trees do more than provide shade and beauty,' serves to

• A.Describe a single tree
• B.Dismiss the value of trees
• C.Compare trees to flowers
• D.Introduce that the passage will discuss additional benefits

The museum's new dinosaur exhibit is the best attraction in the state. It features a 40-foot fossil skeleton discovered in 2019. The lighting is dramatic and the displays are stunning. Visitors should not miss it. Which statement from the passage is a fact rather than an opinion?

• A.It is the best attraction in the state.
• B.Visitors should not miss it.
• C.It features a 40-foot fossil skeleton discovered in 2019.
• D.The displays are stunning.

Bees communicate the location of flowers through a 'waggle dance.' By moving in a figure-eight and waggling its body, a returning bee tells others the direction and distance of food. The angle of the dance points toward the sun's position. This silent language guides the hive to nectar. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Bees cannot find flowers.
• B.The sun produces nectar.
• C.Bees dance only for fun.
• D.Bees use a waggle dance to share the location of food.

Bees communicate the location of flowers through a 'waggle dance.' By moving in a figure-eight and waggling its body, a returning bee tells others the direction and distance of food. The angle of the dance points toward the sun's position. This silent language guides the hive to nectar. According to the passage, what does the angle of the waggle dance indicate?

• A.The direction relative to the sun
• B.The temperature of the hive
• C.The age of the flowers
• D.The number of bees

Bees communicate the location of flowers through a 'waggle dance.' By moving in a figure-eight and waggling its body, a returning bee tells others the direction and distance of food. The angle of the dance points toward the sun's position. This silent language guides the hive to nectar. The phrase 'silent language' in the passage refers to

• A.Human speech
• B.The buzzing of bees
• C.The waggle dance as a form of communication
• D.The wind in the hive

The recipe is quick and cheap; ___, it tastes wonderful. Which word best completes the sentence to show addition: 'The recipe is quick and cheap; ___, it tastes wonderful.'

• A.However
• B.Otherwise
• C.Instead
• D.Moreover

Advertisement: Nine out of ten dentists recommend our toothpaste for healthier teeth. An advertisement claims, 'Nine out of ten dentists recommend our toothpaste.' Which question would best help evaluate this claim?

• A.What color is the toothpaste tube?
• B.How much does the toothpaste cost?
• C.Does the toothpaste taste good?
• D.How many dentists were surveyed and how were they chosen?

Advertisement: Nine out of ten dentists recommend our toothpaste for healthier teeth. The advertisement's claim would be weakest if it were revealed that

• A.The survey included thousands of dentists
• B.Dentists generally favor brushing
• C.The toothpaste contains fluoride
• D.Only ten dentists, all paid by the company, were asked

Detectives suspected the evidence had been placed there on purpose, a deliberate plant to frame the innocent suspect. As used in the passage, 'plant' most nearly means

• A.A factory
• B.A leafy organism
• C.Something secretly placed to mislead
• D.To put seeds in soil

The invention of the printing press did more than make books cheaper. By spreading ideas quickly across borders, it fueled revolutions in religion, science, and politics. Ordinary people could read for themselves rather than rely on a few authorities. In a real sense, the modern world began with movable type. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.The printing press transformed society by spreading ideas widely.
• B.Books were unimportant before the printing press.
• C.Only authorities could read after the printing press.
• D.The printing press only lowered the cost of books.

The invention of the printing press did more than make books cheaper. By spreading ideas quickly across borders, it fueled revolutions in religion, science, and politics. Ordinary people could read for themselves rather than rely on a few authorities. In a real sense, the modern world began with movable type. The phrase 'the modern world began with movable type' is an example of

• A.A sweeping claim emphasizing the press's importance
• B.A precise statistic
• C.A definition of printing
• D.A direct quotation from an expert

The invention of the printing press did more than make books cheaper. By spreading ideas quickly across borders, it fueled revolutions in religion, science, and politics. Ordinary people could read for themselves rather than rely on a few authorities. In a real sense, the modern world began with movable type. It can be inferred that before the printing press, access to written ideas was

• A.Completely impossible
• B.Limited and controlled by a few authorities
• C.Widely available to ordinary people
• D.Cheaper than after

Rivers rarely run in straight lines. Over time, water erodes the outer banks of curves and deposits sediment on the inner banks, exaggerating each bend. Eventually a loop may pinch off, leaving a crescent-shaped lake behind. The winding path of a river records this slow, patient work of water. Which of the following best states the main idea?

• A.Water cannot move sediment.
• B.Rivers naturally develop curves through erosion and deposition over time.
• C.Rivers always flow straight.
• D.Lakes never form near rivers.

Rivers rarely run in straight lines. Over time, water erodes the outer banks of curves and deposits sediment on the inner banks, exaggerating each bend. Eventually a loop may pinch off, leaving a crescent-shaped lake behind. The winding path of a river records this slow, patient work of water. As used in the passage, 'deposits' most nearly means

• A.Leaves behind or lays down
• B.Money placed in a bank
• C.Removes entirely
• D.Measures carefully

Rivers rarely run in straight lines. Over time, water erodes the outer banks of curves and deposits sediment on the inner banks, exaggerating each bend. Eventually a loop may pinch off, leaving a crescent-shaped lake behind. The winding path of a river records this slow, patient work of water. According to the passage, how does a crescent-shaped lake form?

• A.When rain fills a valley
• B.When sediment is removed
• C.When the river runs straight
• D.When a river loop pinches off

Rivers rarely run in straight lines. Over time, water erodes the outer banks of curves and deposits sediment on the inner banks, exaggerating each bend. Eventually a loop may pinch off, leaving a crescent-shaped lake behind. The winding path of a river records this slow, patient work of water. The phrase 'slow, patient work of water' suggests the author views the process as

• A.Violent and sudden
• B.Gradual and steady
• C.Random and meaningless
• D.Harmful and destructive

Sign languages are full languages with their own grammar, not simply gestured versions of spoken words. American Sign Language differs in structure from British Sign Language, even though both countries speak English. Deaf communities have developed these languages naturally over generations. To dismiss them as mere pantomime misunderstands their richness. Which sentence best summarizes the passage?

• A.Only English speakers use sign language.
• B.Sign languages are complete, independent languages with their own grammar.
• C.All sign languages are identical.
• D.Sign languages are simply spoken languages acted out.

Sign languages are full languages with their own grammar, not simply gestured versions of spoken words. American Sign Language differs in structure from British Sign Language, even though both countries speak English. Deaf communities have developed these languages naturally over generations. To dismiss them as mere pantomime misunderstands their richness. The author mentions that ASL and British Sign Language differ in order to

• A.Explain how to learn ASL
• B.Prove that English is difficult
• C.Argue British Sign Language is better
• D.Show that sign languages are independent of the spoken language around them

Sign languages are full languages with their own grammar, not simply gestured versions of spoken words. American Sign Language differs in structure from British Sign Language, even though both countries speak English. Deaf communities have developed these languages naturally over generations. To dismiss them as mere pantomime misunderstands their richness. As used in the passage, 'dismiss' most nearly means

• A.To reject or treat as unimportant
• B.To forgive
• C.To send away from a job
• D.To end a class

Article 1: Employees working from home report finishing more tasks with fewer interruptions. Article 2: Teams that never meet in person lose the spontaneous ideas that spark in shared spaces. Two articles address remote work. Article 1 stresses higher productivity at home; Article 2 stresses lost collaboration. A balanced reader would conclude that remote work

• A.Is entirely negative
• B.Has no measurable effects
• C.Is entirely positive
• D.Involves trade-offs between productivity and collaboration

Article 1: Employees working from home report finishing more tasks with fewer interruptions. Article 2: Teams that never meet in person lose the spontaneous ideas that spark in shared spaces. Which of the following, if true, would best reconcile the two articles?

• A.Collaboration is impossible remotely.
• B.Productivity does not matter.
• C.Remote work should be banned.
• D.A hybrid schedule could capture both focused work and in-person collaboration.

The nurse's tender care comforted the frightened child, who soon stopped crying and fell asleep. As used in the passage, 'tender' most nearly means

• A.An offer of payment
• B.Painful to the touch
• C.Young in age
• D.Gentle and caring

Laughter may be the body's natural medicine. A hearty laugh relaxes muscles, lowers stress hormones, and briefly boosts the immune system. It also strengthens social bonds, drawing people closer. While no cure-all, laughter offers real benefits at no cost. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Laughter isolates people.
• B.Laughter offers genuine physical and social benefits.
• C.Laughter cures every disease.
• D.Laughter weakens the immune system.

Laughter may be the body's natural medicine. A hearty laugh relaxes muscles, lowers stress hormones, and briefly boosts the immune system. It also strengthens social bonds, drawing people closer. While no cure-all, laughter offers real benefits at no cost. The qualifier 'While no cure-all' suggests the author wants to

• A.Argue laughter is useless
• B.Describe a specific illness
• C.Exaggerate laughter's power
• D.Keep the claim about laughter reasonable and honest

Laughter may be the body's natural medicine. A hearty laugh relaxes muscles, lowers stress hormones, and briefly boosts the immune system. It also strengthens social bonds, drawing people closer. While no cure-all, laughter offers real benefits at no cost. According to the passage, one social benefit of laughter is that it

• A.Relaxes muscles
• B.Strengthens social bonds
• C.Boosts immunity
• D.Lowers stress hormones

The road was icy; ___, the school delayed its opening. Which transition best completes the sentence to show a result: 'The road was icy; ___, the school delayed its opening.'

• A.Nevertheless
• B.In contrast
• C.Similarly
• D.Consequently

Wetlands act like giant sponges. During heavy rains, they soak up floodwater that would otherwise rush into towns. They also filter pollutants, cleaning water before it reaches rivers. Draining wetlands for development removes this free and natural protection. What is the central idea of the passage?

• A.Wetlands should always be drained.
• B.Rivers clean wetlands.
• C.Wetlands provide valuable flood control and water filtering.
• D.Wetlands cause floods.

Wetlands act like giant sponges. During heavy rains, they soak up floodwater that would otherwise rush into towns. They also filter pollutants, cleaning water before it reaches rivers. Draining wetlands for development removes this free and natural protection. The comparison of wetlands to 'giant sponges' helps readers understand that wetlands

• A.Absorb large amounts of water
• B.Are dry and useless
• C.Float on rivers
• D.Are made of foam

Wetlands act like giant sponges. During heavy rains, they soak up floodwater that would otherwise rush into towns. They also filter pollutants, cleaning water before it reaches rivers. Draining wetlands for development removes this free and natural protection. It can be inferred that draining wetlands would likely lead to

• A.Cleaner rivers
• B.More wetlands forming
• C.Less flooding in nearby towns
• D.More flooding and dirtier water

Wetlands act like giant sponges. During heavy rains, they soak up floodwater that would otherwise rush into towns. They also filter pollutants, cleaning water before it reaches rivers. Draining wetlands for development removes this free and natural protection. As used in the passage, 'filter' most nearly means

• A.To slow down completely
• B.To remove impurities
• C.To photograph
• D.A camera setting

A study reports that students who eat breakfast score higher on tests, concluding that breakfast improves test scores. A critic responds that wealthier families are more likely both to provide breakfast and to pay for tutoring. A study claims that students who eat breakfast score higher on tests. A critic notes that wealthier families both serve breakfast and afford tutoring. The critic is pointing out that

• A.Another factor may explain the link between breakfast and scores
• B.Tests are unfair
• C.Breakfast is unhealthy
• D.The study used too many students

A study reports that students who eat breakfast score higher on tests, concluding that breakfast improves test scores. A critic responds that wealthier families are more likely both to provide breakfast and to pay for tutoring. The critic's objection weakens the study's conclusion by suggesting that

• A.Breakfast definitely lowers scores
• B.The students were too young
• C.The study should be repeated daily
• D.Correlation may not mean breakfast caused the higher scores

The mayor promised to address the housing shortage by approving new construction permits across the city. As used in the passage, 'address' most nearly means

• A.To write on an envelope
• B.To deal with or tackle
• C.A location where someone lives
• D.To speak to a crowd

Most people think of deserts as endless sand, but many deserts are rocky or even icy. A desert is defined by how little rain it receives, not by its temperature or surface. By this measure, parts of Antarctica count as deserts. The word describes dryness, not dunes. Which of the following best states the main idea?

• A.All deserts are made of sand.
• B.Antarctica receives heavy rainfall.
• C.A desert is defined by low rainfall, not by sand or heat.
• D.Deserts are always hot.

Most people think of deserts as endless sand, but many deserts are rocky or even icy. A desert is defined by how little rain it receives, not by its temperature or surface. By this measure, parts of Antarctica count as deserts. The word describes dryness, not dunes. The author includes Antarctica as an example to show that

• A.All cold places are deserts
• B.Antarctica is very warm
• C.Deserts can be cold, since the definition is based on dryness
• D.Sand is found in Antarctica

Most people think of deserts as endless sand, but many deserts are rocky or even icy. A desert is defined by how little rain it receives, not by its temperature or surface. By this measure, parts of Antarctica count as deserts. The word describes dryness, not dunes. The final sentence, 'The word describes dryness, not dunes,' mainly serves to

• A.Contradict the rest of the passage
• B.Restate the main point memorably
• C.Introduce a new topic
• D.Provide a statistic

Timeline data — 1903: first powered flight; 1927: first solo transatlantic flight; 1969: first Moon landing. A timeline shows: 1903 first flight, 1927 first solo Atlantic flight, 1969 Moon landing. Which event occurred first?

• A.First solo Atlantic flight
• B.Moon landing
• C.First powered flight
• D.They occurred simultaneously.

Timeline data — 1903: first powered flight; 1927: first solo transatlantic flight; 1969: first Moon landing. Based on the timeline, how many years passed between the first powered flight and the Moon landing?

• A.56 years
• B.42 years
• C.66 years
• D.76 years

The young company needed more capital to expand, so its founders sought investors willing to fund new factories. As used in the passage, 'capital' most nearly means

• A.An uppercase letter
• B.A city that is a seat of government
• C.Excellent or first-rate
• D.Wealth or money for investment

Octopuses are remarkably intelligent for invertebrates. They solve puzzles, open jars, and even use coconut shells as portable shelters. Each of their eight arms can act somewhat independently, lined with sensors that taste and touch. Few animals without backbones show such problem-solving skill. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Octopuses display unusual intelligence and problem-solving ability.
• B.Octopuses are simple, unthinking creatures.
• C.All invertebrates are highly intelligent.
• D.Octopuses have backbones.

Octopuses are remarkably intelligent for invertebrates. They solve puzzles, open jars, and even use coconut shells as portable shelters. Each of their eight arms can act somewhat independently, lined with sensors that taste and touch. Few animals without backbones show such problem-solving skill. Which detail best supports the claim that octopuses are intelligent?

• A.They live in the ocean.
• B.They solve puzzles and open jars.
• C.They lack backbones.
• D.They have eight arms.

Octopuses are remarkably intelligent for invertebrates. They solve puzzles, open jars, and even use coconut shells as portable shelters. Each of their eight arms can act somewhat independently, lined with sensors that taste and touch. Few animals without backbones show such problem-solving skill. As used in the passage, 'independently' most nearly means

• A.Freely without a country's rule
• B.Without help paying bills
• C.Unhappily
• D.On its own, separately

Octopuses are remarkably intelligent for invertebrates. They solve puzzles, open jars, and even use coconut shells as portable shelters. Each of their eight arms can act somewhat independently, lined with sensors that taste and touch. Few animals without backbones show such problem-solving skill. Which best describes the overall structure of the passage?

• A.A chronological story
• B.A step-by-step set of instructions
• C.A comparison of two animals
• D.A claim followed by supporting examples

Don't toss those coffee grounds. Sprinkled in a garden, used grounds add nitrogen to the soil and deter slugs. They can also neutralize odors in a refrigerator. With a little creativity, yesterday's coffee can serve a second life. What is the author's primary purpose in the passage?

• A.To warn against drinking coffee
• B.To suggest practical reuses for coffee grounds
• C.To compare coffee brands
• D.To explain how coffee is grown

Don't toss those coffee grounds. Sprinkled in a garden, used grounds add nitrogen to the soil and deter slugs. They can also neutralize odors in a refrigerator. With a little creativity, yesterday's coffee can serve a second life. According to the passage, coffee grounds in a garden can

• A.Replace water
• B.Add nitrogen and deter slugs
• C.Kill all plants
• D.Attract slugs

Don't toss those coffee grounds. Sprinkled in a garden, used grounds add nitrogen to the soil and deter slugs. They can also neutralize odors in a refrigerator. With a little creativity, yesterday's coffee can serve a second life. As used in the passage, 'second life' most nearly means

• A.Reincarnation
• B.A new useful purpose after first use
• C.A video game level
• D.A longer lifespan for humans

Fingerprints form before birth and never change throughout life. Even identical twins, who share the same DNA, have different fingerprints. The unique ridges arise partly from random conditions in the womb. This is why fingerprints can identify a single individual among billions. Which sentence best states the main idea?

• A.DNA determines fingerprints exactly.
• B.Fingerprints change as people age.
• C.Identical twins have identical fingerprints.
• D.Fingerprints are unique to each person and remain unchanged for life.

Fingerprints form before birth and never change throughout life. Even identical twins, who share the same DNA, have different fingerprints. The unique ridges arise partly from random conditions in the womb. This is why fingerprints can identify a single individual among billions. The mention of identical twins supports the point that fingerprints are

• A.The same for all people
• B.Unique even among people with identical DNA
• C.Determined entirely by DNA
• D.Changeable over time

Fingerprints form before birth and never change throughout life. Even identical twins, who share the same DNA, have different fingerprints. The unique ridges arise partly from random conditions in the womb. This is why fingerprints can identify a single individual among billions. As used in the passage, 'arise' most nearly means

• A.To come into being
• B.To get out of bed
• C.To rebel
• D.To lift upward

Passage 1: The new factory would bring hundreds of jobs to a town with high unemployment. Passage 2: The factory's runoff could contaminate the river that supplies the town's drinking water. Two passages discuss a proposed factory. Passage 1 highlights new jobs; Passage 2 highlights pollution risk. A decision-maker reading both should recognize that the issue involves

• A.A trade-off between economic gain and environmental risk
• B.No real consequences
• C.Only economic benefits
• D.Only environmental harm

Passage 1: The new factory would bring hundreds of jobs to a town with high unemployment. Passage 2: The factory's runoff could contaminate the river that supplies the town's drinking water. Which additional information would most help the decision-maker weigh the two passages?

• A.The color of the factory building
• B.The name of the factory owner
• C.The factory's logo design
• D.Whether pollution-control technology could limit the runoff

The doctor's grave expression told the family that the news about the patient was very serious. As used in the passage, 'grave' most nearly means

• A.Serious and solemn
• B.A burial site
• C.To dig
• D.Engraved

Stretching before exercise has long been considered essential, but recent research questions static stretching. Holding a stretch for a long time before activity may actually weaken muscles briefly. Many trainers now recommend a dynamic warm-up of light movement instead. The advice that once seemed certain is being rethought. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Dynamic warm-ups are dangerous.
• B.New research is challenging traditional advice about static stretching before exercise.
• C.No one should ever warm up.
• D.Stretching is always harmful.

Stretching before exercise has long been considered essential, but recent research questions static stretching. Holding a stretch for a long time before activity may actually weaken muscles briefly. Many trainers now recommend a dynamic warm-up of light movement instead. The advice that once seemed certain is being rethought. According to the passage, what do many trainers now recommend instead of static stretching?

• A.Lifting heavy weights first
• B.No warm-up at all
• C.A dynamic warm-up of light movement
• D.Longer static stretches

Stretching before exercise has long been considered essential, but recent research questions static stretching. Holding a stretch for a long time before activity may actually weaken muscles briefly. Many trainers now recommend a dynamic warm-up of light movement instead. The advice that once seemed certain is being rethought. The phrase 'once seemed certain' implies that the advice about stretching was

• A.Previously widely accepted but now questioned
• B.Always doubted
• C.Never followed by anyone
• D.Proven completely false

Stretching before exercise has long been considered essential, but recent research questions static stretching. Holding a stretch for a long time before activity may actually weaken muscles briefly. Many trainers now recommend a dynamic warm-up of light movement instead. The advice that once seemed certain is being rethought. As used in the passage, 'static' most nearly means

• A.Not moving; held still
• B.Full of noise
• C.Electrical
• D.Random

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is not a solid island of trash, as many imagine. Instead, it is a vast soup of tiny plastic pieces spread across the water, much of it too small to see. This makes cleanup far harder than scooping up floating bottles. Preventing plastic from entering the ocean may matter more than removing it. Which of the following best states the main idea?

• A.The garbage patch is mostly tiny plastic bits, making prevention crucial.
• B.All ocean plastic is large and visible.
• C.The garbage patch is a solid island that is easy to clean.
• D.Cleanup is simple and quick.

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is not a solid island of trash, as many imagine. Instead, it is a vast soup of tiny plastic pieces spread across the water, much of it too small to see. This makes cleanup far harder than scooping up floating bottles. Preventing plastic from entering the ocean may matter more than removing it. The author compares the garbage patch to a 'soup' in order to convey that the plastic is

• A.Solid and floating
• B.Easy to remove
• C.Piled in one spot
• D.Small, scattered, and mixed throughout the water

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is not a solid island of trash, as many imagine. Instead, it is a vast soup of tiny plastic pieces spread across the water, much of it too small to see. This makes cleanup far harder than scooping up floating bottles. Preventing plastic from entering the ocean may matter more than removing it. It can be inferred that the author believes the best response to ocean plastic is to

• A.Focus only on cleanup
• B.Prevent plastic from entering the ocean in the first place
• C.Build a trash island
• D.Ignore the problem

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is not a solid island of trash, as many imagine. Instead, it is a vast soup of tiny plastic pieces spread across the water, much of it too small to see. This makes cleanup far harder than scooping up floating bottles. Preventing plastic from entering the ocean may matter more than removing it. As used in the passage, 'vast' most nearly means

• A.Empty
• B.Tiny
• C.Extremely large
• D.Colorful

Venus and Earth are nearly twins in size, yet their fates could not be more different. A runaway greenhouse effect trapped heat on Venus until its surface grew hot enough to melt lead. Earth, at a slightly greater distance from the Sun, kept a climate that allowed life. Small differences can lead to vastly different worlds. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Venus is cooler than Earth.
• B.Despite their similar size, Venus and Earth developed very different conditions.
• C.Venus and Earth are identical in every way.
• D.Earth is closer to the Sun than Venus.

Venus and Earth are nearly twins in size, yet their fates could not be more different. A runaway greenhouse effect trapped heat on Venus until its surface grew hot enough to melt lead. Earth, at a slightly greater distance from the Sun, kept a climate that allowed life. Small differences can lead to vastly different worlds. According to the passage, what made Venus so hot?

• A.Its lack of an atmosphere
• B.A runaway greenhouse effect that trapped heat
• C.Its distance from the Sun being greater than Earth's
• D.Its great size

Venus and Earth are nearly twins in size, yet their fates could not be more different. A runaway greenhouse effect trapped heat on Venus until its surface grew hot enough to melt lead. Earth, at a slightly greater distance from the Sun, kept a climate that allowed life. Small differences can lead to vastly different worlds. The final sentence, 'Small differences can lead to vastly different worlds,' functions as

• A.An unrelated fact
• B.A specific scientific measurement
• C.A contradiction of the passage
• D.A broader lesson drawn from the comparison

Venus and Earth are nearly twins in size, yet their fates could not be more different. A runaway greenhouse effect trapped heat on Venus until its surface grew hot enough to melt lead. Earth, at a slightly greater distance from the Sun, kept a climate that allowed life. Small differences can lead to vastly different worlds. As used in the passage, 'fates' most nearly means

• A.Outcomes or destinies
• B.Distances
• C.Temperatures
• D.Lucky charms

Reading aloud to children does more than entertain them. It builds vocabulary, sharpens listening skills, and links the warmth of a parent's voice to the pleasure of stories. Children read to often become eager readers themselves. A few minutes of bedtime reading can shape a lifetime habit. Which of the following best states the author's main point?

• A.Reading aloud to children offers lasting developmental benefits.
• B.Reading aloud only entertains children.
• C.Children dislike being read to.
• D.Bedtime reading has no effect.

Reading aloud to children does more than entertain them. It builds vocabulary, sharpens listening skills, and links the warmth of a parent's voice to the pleasure of stories. Children read to often become eager readers themselves. A few minutes of bedtime reading can shape a lifetime habit. As used in the passage, 'shape' most nearly means

• A.To feel by touch
• B.To influence or form
• C.A geometric figure
• D.To cut into a form

Reading aloud to children does more than entertain them. It builds vocabulary, sharpens listening skills, and links the warmth of a parent's voice to the pleasure of stories. Children read to often become eager readers themselves. A few minutes of bedtime reading can shape a lifetime habit. The author would most likely agree that

• A.Children should only read silently
• B.Small daily habits like bedtime reading can have large long-term effects
• C.Vocabulary cannot be taught
• D.Reading aloud is a waste of time

Many fruits are rich in vitamin C; ___, oranges and strawberries. Which transition best completes the sentence to show an example: 'Many fruits are rich in vitamin C; ___, oranges and strawberries.'

• A.However
• B.Nevertheless
• C.Therefore
• D.For instance

The myth that we use only ten percent of our brains refuses to die. In reality, brain scans show activity across nearly all regions over the course of a day. Different tasks light up different areas, but no large part sits idle. The appealing idea of hidden mental reserves is simply false. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.The brain has large idle regions.
• B.Brain scans show no activity.
• C.Humans use only ten percent of their brains.
• D.The claim that we use only ten percent of our brains is a myth.

The myth that we use only ten percent of our brains refuses to die. In reality, brain scans show activity across nearly all regions over the course of a day. Different tasks light up different areas, but no large part sits idle. The appealing idea of hidden mental reserves is simply false. Which evidence does the author use to refute the ten-percent myth?

• A.A dictionary definition
• B.Brain scans showing activity across nearly all regions
• C.A personal story
• D.A famous person's quote

The myth that we use only ten percent of our brains refuses to die. In reality, brain scans show activity across nearly all regions over the course of a day. Different tasks light up different areas, but no large part sits idle. The appealing idea of hidden mental reserves is simply false. The phrase 'refuses to die' suggests that the ten-percent myth is

• A.Persistent and hard to eliminate
• B.Recently invented
• C.Rarely heard
• D.Scientifically proven

Text: At Lincoln Middle School, most students walk to school. Chart: walking 55%, busing 30%, driving 15%. A passage states a fact and a chart provides numbers. The passage says 'most students walk to school,' and a chart shows walking 55%, busing 30%, driving 15%. The chart

• A.Contradicts the passage
• B.Supports the passage with specific data
• C.Shows most students take the bus
• D.Is unrelated to the passage

At first the new app's novelty drew thousands of users, but once the excitement of something new wore off, many drifted away. As used in the passage, 'novelty' most nearly means

• A.The quality of being new and fresh
• B.A payment
• C.A long story
• D.A complaint

Mangrove forests grow where land meets sea, their tangled roots standing in salt water. These roots shield coastlines from storm waves and erosion. They also shelter young fish, serving as nurseries for ocean life. Protecting mangroves protects both people and the sea. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Mangroves grow only inland.
• B.Mangroves cannot survive in salt water.
• C.Mangroves protect coastlines and shelter marine life.
• D.Mangroves harm fish populations.

Mangrove forests grow where land meets sea, their tangled roots standing in salt water. These roots shield coastlines from storm waves and erosion. They also shelter young fish, serving as nurseries for ocean life. Protecting mangroves protects both people and the sea. According to the passage, mangrove roots serve as 'nurseries' because they

• A.Block all ocean water
• B.Feed storm waves
• C.Shelter young fish as they grow
• D.Produce milk for fish

Mangrove forests grow where land meets sea, their tangled roots standing in salt water. These roots shield coastlines from storm waves and erosion. They also shelter young fish, serving as nurseries for ocean life. Protecting mangroves protects both people and the sea. The word 'shield' in the passage is used to mean

• A.To protect or defend
• B.A police badge
• C.A piece of armor
• D.To attack

The factory cut its emissions in half. Air quality in the town noticeably improved. Which best describes the relationship between the two sentences: 'The factory cut its emissions in half. Air quality in the town noticeably improved.'

• A.The second is a likely effect of the first.
• B.The two are unrelated.
• C.The second defines the first.
• D.The second contradicts the first.

Think twice before pouring grease down the drain. As it cools, grease hardens and clings to pipe walls, trapping food scraps until the pipe clogs. A clogged line can mean costly repairs. Letting grease cool in a can and tossing it in the trash saves money and headaches. What is the author's primary purpose in the passage?

• A.To explain how pipes are manufactured
• B.To compare different cooking oils
• C.To describe a plumber's career
• D.To advise readers not to pour grease down drains

Think twice before pouring grease down the drain. As it cools, grease hardens and clings to pipe walls, trapping food scraps until the pipe clogs. A clogged line can mean costly repairs. Letting grease cool in a can and tossing it in the trash saves money and headaches. According to the passage, why does grease clog pipes?

• A.It makes pipes slippery.
• B.It hardens and clings to pipe walls, trapping scraps.
• C.It evaporates instantly.
• D.It dissolves the pipes.

Think twice before pouring grease down the drain. As it cools, grease hardens and clings to pipe walls, trapping food scraps until the pipe clogs. A clogged line can mean costly repairs. Letting grease cool in a can and tossing it in the trash saves money and headaches. As used in the passage, 'clings' most nearly means

• A.Floats above
• B.Slides off
• C.Lets go of
• D.Sticks tightly to

Saliva does more than moisten food. It begins digestion by breaking down starches, protects teeth by washing away bacteria, and carries dissolved chemicals to taste buds so we can taste. We rarely notice this constant fluid, yet it works all day. The mouth depends on it more than most people realize. Which of the following best states the main idea?

• A.Saliva harms the teeth.
• B.Saliva only helps us taste food.
• C.Saliva has no useful function.
• D.Saliva performs several important, often overlooked functions.

Saliva does more than moisten food. It begins digestion by breaking down starches, protects teeth by washing away bacteria, and carries dissolved chemicals to taste buds so we can taste. We rarely notice this constant fluid, yet it works all day. The mouth depends on it more than most people realize. According to the passage, how does saliva protect teeth?

• A.By carrying chemicals to taste buds
• B.By washing away bacteria
• C.By moistening food
• D.By breaking down starches

Saliva does more than moisten food. It begins digestion by breaking down starches, protects teeth by washing away bacteria, and carries dissolved chemicals to taste buds so we can taste. We rarely notice this constant fluid, yet it works all day. The mouth depends on it more than most people realize. The phrase 'this constant fluid' refers to

• A.Blood
• B.Water we drink
• C.Saliva
• D.Stomach acid

Nutrition label (per serving): 200 calories, 8g fat, 30g carbohydrates, 5g protein. A nutrition label shows per serving: 200 calories, 8g fat, 30g carbohydrates, 5g protein. If a person eats two servings, how many calories do they consume?

• A.300 calories
• B.400 calories
• C.600 calories
• D.200 calories

Nutrition label (per serving): 200 calories, 8g fat, 30g carbohydrates, 5g protein. Based on the nutrition label, which nutrient is present in the largest amount by weight per serving?

• A.Carbohydrates
• B.They are equal.
• C.Fat
• D.Protein

After working for hours in the hot sun, the volunteers took a short spell in the shade before returning to the task. As used in the passage, 'spell' most nearly means

• A.A period of time
• B.A magic charm
• C.To relieve someone at work
• D.To name the letters of a word

Ancient Roman concrete has survived two thousand years, while much modern concrete crumbles in decades. Scientists discovered that seawater reacting with the Roman mix actually strengthened it over time, forming rare minerals. Modern engineers are now studying this recipe. The past may hold lessons for building a more durable future. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Modern concrete is stronger than Roman concrete.
• B.Ancient Roman concrete's durability is teaching modern engineers.
• C.Seawater always weakens concrete.
• D.Roman concrete crumbles within decades.

Ancient Roman concrete has survived two thousand years, while much modern concrete crumbles in decades. Scientists discovered that seawater reacting with the Roman mix actually strengthened it over time, forming rare minerals. Modern engineers are now studying this recipe. The past may hold lessons for building a more durable future. According to the passage, what strengthened ancient Roman concrete over time?

• A.Keeping it completely dry
• B.Exposure to sunlight
• C.Seawater reacting with the mix to form minerals
• D.Adding modern chemicals

Ancient Roman concrete has survived two thousand years, while much modern concrete crumbles in decades. Scientists discovered that seawater reacting with the Roman mix actually strengthened it over time, forming rare minerals. Modern engineers are now studying this recipe. The past may hold lessons for building a more durable future. The final sentence suggests the author believes that

• A.Roman methods cannot be recovered
• B.The past is irrelevant to modern building
• C.Modern concrete needs no improvement
• D.Studying old techniques can improve modern construction

Ancient Roman concrete has survived two thousand years, while much modern concrete crumbles in decades. Scientists discovered that seawater reacting with the Roman mix actually strengthened it over time, forming rare minerals. Modern engineers are now studying this recipe. The past may hold lessons for building a more durable future. As used in the passage, 'recipe' most nearly means

• A.A set of cooking instructions for food
• B.A formula or method for making something
• C.A doctor's prescription
• D.A list of ingredients to eat

Migrating birds can travel thousands of miles without a map, yet they rarely lose their way. They navigate using the sun, the stars, and even the Earth's magnetic field, which some can sense. Young birds inherit part of this ability and refine it through experience. Nature equips them with a remarkable built-in compass. Which of the following best states the central idea?

• A.Birds rely only on maps to migrate.
• B.Migrating birds navigate vast distances using multiple natural cues.
• C.Only old birds can navigate.
• D.Migrating birds frequently get lost.

Migrating birds can travel thousands of miles without a map, yet they rarely lose their way. They navigate using the sun, the stars, and even the Earth's magnetic field, which some can sense. Young birds inherit part of this ability and refine it through experience. Nature equips them with a remarkable built-in compass. According to the passage, how do young birds develop their navigation ability?

• A.Entirely by being taught in flocks
• B.By reading maps
• C.They cannot navigate until fully grown
• D.They inherit part of it and refine it through experience

Migrating birds can travel thousands of miles without a map, yet they rarely lose their way. They navigate using the sun, the stars, and even the Earth's magnetic field, which some can sense. Young birds inherit part of this ability and refine it through experience. Nature equips them with a remarkable built-in compass. The phrase 'built-in compass' is used to describe

• A.A type of nest
• B.A physical device birds carry
• C.The birds' natural ability to sense direction
• D.A man-made tool

Migrating birds can travel thousands of miles without a map, yet they rarely lose their way. They navigate using the sun, the stars, and even the Earth's magnetic field, which some can sense. Young birds inherit part of this ability and refine it through experience. Nature equips them with a remarkable built-in compass. As used in the passage, 'refine' most nearly means

• A.To forget
• B.To improve through practice
• C.To purify metal
• D.To copy exactly

Reviewer 1: The plates arrived heaped with food, far more than I could finish, all for a fair price. Reviewer 2: We waited nearly an hour between ordering and eating, and the staff seemed overwhelmed. Two reviewers describe the same restaurant. Reviewer 1 praises the generous portions; Reviewer 2 complains about slow service. These reviews suggest that

• A.A single restaurant can have both strengths and weaknesses
• B.The restaurant is closed
• C.Both reviewers ate different meals
• D.The restaurant has no strengths

Reviewer 1: The plates arrived heaped with food, far more than I could finish, all for a fair price. Reviewer 2: We waited nearly an hour between ordering and eating, and the staff seemed overwhelmed. A diner who values quick meals over portion size would most likely

• A.Be most concerned by Reviewer 2's complaint about slow service
• B.Ignore both reviews
• C.Agree most with Reviewer 1
• D.Prefer the restaurant for its speed

The coach was firm about the team's curfew, refusing to make exceptions even for star players. As used in the passage, 'firm' most nearly means

• A.Strict and unwavering
• B.Solid to the touch
• C.A place to sit
• D.A business company

The tongue is often called the strongest muscle in the body, but this is misleading. It is strong for its size and tireless, working all day to help us speak and swallow. Yet by raw force, larger muscles like those in the jaw exert more pressure. The tongue's true strength lies in endurance, not power. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.The tongue is notable for endurance rather than raw power.
• B.The tongue is the weakest muscle.
• C.The jaw muscles never tire.
• D.The tongue is the single strongest muscle by force.

The tongue is often called the strongest muscle in the body, but this is misleading. It is strong for its size and tireless, working all day to help us speak and swallow. Yet by raw force, larger muscles like those in the jaw exert more pressure. The tongue's true strength lies in endurance, not power. The author includes the jaw muscles in order to

• A.Argue the jaw is the strongest muscle
• B.Show that other muscles exert more raw force than the tongue
• C.Describe how we chew
• D.Prove the tongue is the strongest

The tongue is often called the strongest muscle in the body, but this is misleading. It is strong for its size and tireless, working all day to help us speak and swallow. Yet by raw force, larger muscles like those in the jaw exert more pressure. The tongue's true strength lies in endurance, not power. As used in the passage, 'misleading' most nearly means

• A.Completely true
• B.Giving a false impression
• C.Extremely funny
• D.Very clear

Glaciers may seem permanent, but they are rivers of ice in slow motion. Gravity pulls them downhill at a pace of inches or feet per day, grinding rock into fine dust. Over thousands of years, they have carved valleys and lakes across the land. The scenery of many regions is the work of vanished ice. Which sentence best states the main idea?

• A.Glaciers slowly move and shape the landscape over time.
• B.Glaciers form instantly.
• C.Ice cannot affect rock.
• D.Glaciers never move.

Glaciers may seem permanent, but they are rivers of ice in slow motion. Gravity pulls them downhill at a pace of inches or feet per day, grinding rock into fine dust. Over thousands of years, they have carved valleys and lakes across the land. The scenery of many regions is the work of vanished ice. The phrase 'rivers of ice in slow motion' helps the reader understand that glaciers

• A.Melt quickly
• B.Flow and move, though very slowly
• C.Are made of liquid water
• D.Are completely still

Glaciers may seem permanent, but they are rivers of ice in slow motion. Gravity pulls them downhill at a pace of inches or feet per day, grinding rock into fine dust. Over thousands of years, they have carved valleys and lakes across the land. The scenery of many regions is the work of vanished ice. It can be inferred from the passage that many valleys and lakes were formed by

• A.Sudden floods
• B.The slow movement of glaciers over time
• C.Volcanic eruptions
• D.Strong winds

Glaciers may seem permanent, but they are rivers of ice in slow motion. Gravity pulls them downhill at a pace of inches or feet per day, grinding rock into fine dust. Over thousands of years, they have carved valleys and lakes across the land. The scenery of many regions is the work of vanished ice. As used in the passage, 'grinding' most nearly means

• A.Sharpening a blade
• B.Crushing into small pieces
• C.Dancing
• D.Studying very hard

Cursive handwriting is fading from schools, and some say good riddance. But forming connected letters by hand engages the brain in ways typing does not, aiding memory and fine motor skills. Reading historical documents also requires the skill. Dropping cursive entirely may cost more than it saves. Which of the following best states the author's argument?

• A.Cursive handwriting has benefits that argue against abandoning it.
• B.Typing is always superior to handwriting.
• C.Cursive should be removed from all schools.
• D.Cursive has no connection to memory.

Cursive handwriting is fading from schools, and some say good riddance. But forming connected letters by hand engages the brain in ways typing does not, aiding memory and fine motor skills. Reading historical documents also requires the skill. Dropping cursive entirely may cost more than it saves. Which reason does the author give for keeping cursive?

• A.Cursive is required by law.
• B.Cursive is faster than typing.
• C.It aids memory and fine motor skills and allows reading historical documents.
• D.Typing damages the hands.

Cursive handwriting is fading from schools, and some say good riddance. But forming connected letters by hand engages the brain in ways typing does not, aiding memory and fine motor skills. Reading historical documents also requires the skill. Dropping cursive entirely may cost more than it saves. The phrase 'good riddance' indicates that some people view the loss of cursive as

• A.A confusing change
• B.A welcome relief
• C.An illegal act
• D.A deep loss

The blacksmith would temper the steel blade, heating and cooling it carefully to make it both hard and flexible. As used in the passage, 'temper' most nearly means

• A.To lose patience
• B.To toughen by heating and cooling
• C.A musical key
• D.A bad mood

A single tree in a forest is rarely alone. Underground, threads of fungus connect the roots of many trees, forming a network that shares water, nutrients, and even warning signals. A large old tree may feed dozens of smaller ones through these links. The forest behaves less like a crowd of individuals than a connected community. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Fungus harms forest trees.
• B.Trees in a forest are linked underground into a cooperative network.
• C.Trees in a forest are completely independent.
• D.Old trees take resources from young ones.

A single tree in a forest is rarely alone. Underground, threads of fungus connect the roots of many trees, forming a network that shares water, nutrients, and even warning signals. A large old tree may feed dozens of smaller ones through these links. The forest behaves less like a crowd of individuals than a connected community. According to the passage, what flows through the underground fungal network?

• A.Water, nutrients, and warning signals
• B.Only water
• C.Air and smoke
• D.Only sunlight

A single tree in a forest is rarely alone. Underground, threads of fungus connect the roots of many trees, forming a network that shares water, nutrients, and even warning signals. A large old tree may feed dozens of smaller ones through these links. The forest behaves less like a crowd of individuals than a connected community. The final sentence contrasts a 'crowd of individuals' with a 'connected community' in order to

• A.Emphasize that the forest is interconnected and cooperative
• B.Argue trees compete fiercely
• C.Describe how people behave in crowds
• D.Explain how fungus grows

A single tree in a forest is rarely alone. Underground, threads of fungus connect the roots of many trees, forming a network that shares water, nutrients, and even warning signals. A large old tree may feed dozens of smaller ones through these links. The forest behaves less like a crowd of individuals than a connected community. As used in the passage, 'network' most nearly means

• A.A fishing net
• B.A television channel
• C.A social media site
• D.An interconnected system

The placebo of a good night's story extends beyond children. Adults who read fiction regularly tend to show greater empathy, perhaps because stories let us inhabit other minds. Following a character's struggles, we practice understanding feelings unlike our own. Fiction, it seems, can be a gym for the heart. Which of the following best states the main idea?

• A.Only children benefit from stories.
• B.Empathy cannot be developed.
• C.Reading fiction may build empathy in adults.
• D.Fiction has no effect on emotions.

The placebo of a good night's story extends beyond children. Adults who read fiction regularly tend to show greater empathy, perhaps because stories let us inhabit other minds. Following a character's struggles, we practice understanding feelings unlike our own. Fiction, it seems, can be a gym for the heart. The metaphor 'a gym for the heart' suggests that fiction

• A.Weakens emotions
• B.Exercises and strengthens our emotional understanding
• C.Is a waste of time
• D.Is purely for physical exercise

The placebo of a good night's story extends beyond children. Adults who read fiction regularly tend to show greater empathy, perhaps because stories let us inhabit other minds. Following a character's struggles, we practice understanding feelings unlike our own. Fiction, it seems, can be a gym for the heart. It can be inferred that the author values fiction for its ability to

• A.Improve physical fitness
• B.Entertain only
• C.Teach scientific facts
• D.Help readers understand others' feelings

The placebo of a good night's story extends beyond children. Adults who read fiction regularly tend to show greater empathy, perhaps because stories let us inhabit other minds. Following a character's struggles, we practice understanding feelings unlike our own. Fiction, it seems, can be a gym for the heart. As used in the passage, 'inhabit' most nearly means

• A.To occupy or enter into
• B.To build
• C.To destroy
• D.To ignore

___ the evidence was strong, the jury hesitated to convict. Which transition best completes the sentence to show concession: '___ the evidence was strong, the jury hesitated to convict.'

• A.Although
• B.Therefore
• C.Because
• D.Since

Bamboo is technically a grass, yet it grows taller than many trees. Some species shoot up nearly a meter in a single day, making bamboo one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth. Because it regrows so quickly after cutting, it is prized as a renewable material. Strength and speed make it a building block for a greener future. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Bamboo is a fast-growing grass valued as a renewable material.
• B.Bamboo is a slow-growing tree.
• C.Bamboo grows only in winter.
• D.Bamboo cannot be used for building.

Bamboo is technically a grass, yet it grows taller than many trees. Some species shoot up nearly a meter in a single day, making bamboo one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth. Because it regrows so quickly after cutting, it is prized as a renewable material. Strength and speed make it a building block for a greener future. Why is bamboo prized as a renewable material, according to the passage?

• A.It is the only building material available.
• B.It is very rare.
• C.It never needs sunlight.
• D.It regrows quickly after being cut.

Bamboo is technically a grass, yet it grows taller than many trees. Some species shoot up nearly a meter in a single day, making bamboo one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth. Because it regrows so quickly after cutting, it is prized as a renewable material. Strength and speed make it a building block for a greener future. The detail that bamboo is 'technically a grass' is included to

• A.Prove bamboo is weak
• B.Confuse the reader
• C.Describe how grass grows
• D.Surprise the reader, since bamboo grows so tall

Bamboo is technically a grass, yet it grows taller than many trees. Some species shoot up nearly a meter in a single day, making bamboo one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth. Because it regrows so quickly after cutting, it is prized as a renewable material. Strength and speed make it a building block for a greener future. As used in the passage, 'prized' most nearly means

• A.Opened with a tool
• B.Highly valued
• C.Priced cheaply
• D.Awarded a trophy

A resident writes: 'Our town should install more streetlights. Better lighting will reduce nighttime traffic accidents.' A passage argues that a town should add streetlights to reduce nighttime accidents. Which evidence would most strengthen the argument?

• A.A statement that streetlights look nice
• B.The cost of electricity
• C.Statistics showing fewer night accidents in similar towns after adding streetlights
• D.An opinion that nighttime is dangerous

A resident writes: 'Our town should install more streetlights. Better lighting will reduce nighttime traffic accidents.' Which question would best help a reader evaluate the resident's argument?

• A.How tall are the poles?
• B.Is there evidence that streetlights actually reduce accidents?
• C.Who manufactures the lights?
• D.What color are the streetlights?

The novel was praised for its rich detail, painting each scene so vividly that readers felt they could step inside. As used in the passage, 'rich' most nearly means

• A.Deep in color only
• B.Fatty in taste
• C.Wealthy
• D.Abundant and full

Many assume that goldfish have a memory of only a few seconds, but this is a myth. In experiments, goldfish have learned to push levers for food and to recognize their owners. They can remember tasks for months. The humble goldfish is far smarter than its reputation suggests. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Goldfish have better memories than commonly believed.
• B.Goldfish cannot learn tasks.
• C.Goldfish forget everything within seconds.
• D.Goldfish never recognize people.

Many assume that goldfish have a memory of only a few seconds, but this is a myth. In experiments, goldfish have learned to push levers for food and to recognize their owners. They can remember tasks for months. The humble goldfish is far smarter than its reputation suggests. Which evidence does the author use to challenge the goldfish-memory myth?

• A.A famous quotation
• B.Experiments showing goldfish learn and remember tasks for months
• C.A personal story about a pet
• D.A dictionary definition of memory

Many assume that goldfish have a memory of only a few seconds, but this is a myth. In experiments, goldfish have learned to push levers for food and to recognize their owners. They can remember tasks for months. The humble goldfish is far smarter than its reputation suggests. The phrase 'the humble goldfish' suggests the author regards the goldfish as

• A.Enormous
• B.Arrogant and proud
• C.Dangerous
• D.Modest and underestimated

Many assume that goldfish have a memory of only a few seconds, but this is a myth. In experiments, goldfish have learned to push levers for food and to recognize their owners. They can remember tasks for months. The humble goldfish is far smarter than its reputation suggests. As used in the passage, 'reputation' most nearly means

• A.Price
• B.Habitat
• C.Physical appearance
• D.The general opinion held about something

Recycling is helpful, but reducing waste in the first place matters more. Recycling still uses energy to collect, sort, and process materials, and not everything can be recycled. Buying less and reusing what we have cut waste at the source. The familiar slogan lists 'reduce' first for a reason. Which of the following best states the central idea?

• A.Reusing items is impossible.
• B.Recycling is the most important step.
• C.Recycling uses no energy.
• D.Reducing waste matters more than recycling it.

Recycling is helpful, but reducing waste in the first place matters more. Recycling still uses energy to collect, sort, and process materials, and not everything can be recycled. Buying less and reusing what we have cut waste at the source. The familiar slogan lists 'reduce' first for a reason. The author notes that the slogan 'lists reduce first for a reason' to suggest that

• A.Recycling should come first
• B.Reducing is meant to be the top priority
• C.The slogan is incorrect
• D.The order of the slogan is random

Recycling is helpful, but reducing waste in the first place matters more. Recycling still uses energy to collect, sort, and process materials, and not everything can be recycled. Buying less and reusing what we have cut waste at the source. The familiar slogan lists 'reduce' first for a reason. According to the passage, one drawback of recycling is that it

• A.Still uses energy and cannot handle everything
• B.Is more expensive than buying new
• C.Creates more trash
• D.Is illegal in many places

Recycling is helpful, but reducing waste in the first place matters more. Recycling still uses energy to collect, sort, and process materials, and not everything can be recycled. Buying less and reusing what we have cut waste at the source. The familiar slogan lists 'reduce' first for a reason. As used in the passage, 'source' most nearly means

• A.A sauce
• B.A river's beginning
• C.A reference book
• D.The point of origin

Keep a houseplant or two on your desk. Studies suggest that indoor plants can lower stress and sharpen focus during long work hours. They add a touch of life to dull office spaces and may even filter the air slightly. A small green companion could make the workday brighter. What is the author's primary purpose in the passage?

• A.To compare office furniture
• B.To explain plant biology
• C.To encourage readers to keep plants at their desks
• D.To warn about the dangers of plants

Keep a houseplant or two on your desk. Studies suggest that indoor plants can lower stress and sharpen focus during long work hours. They add a touch of life to dull office spaces and may even filter the air slightly. A small green companion could make the workday brighter. According to the passage, what benefit do indoor plants offer during work?

• A.They can lower stress and sharpen focus.
• B.They increase stress.
• C.They make rooms darker.
• D.They block computer screens.

Keep a houseplant or two on your desk. Studies suggest that indoor plants can lower stress and sharpen focus during long work hours. They add a touch of life to dull office spaces and may even filter the air slightly. A small green companion could make the workday brighter. The phrase 'a small green companion' refers to

• A.A coworker
• B.A coffee mug
• C.A desk plant
• D.A computer

Passage 1: Practicing skills at home helps lessons stick and prepares students for tests. Passage 2: Hours of nightly assignments leave children stressed and families with little time together. Two passages discuss homework. Passage 1 says homework reinforces learning; Passage 2 says it causes stress and steals family time. A reader weighing both should conclude that homework

• A.Has only drawbacks
• B.Involves both potential benefits and costs
• C.Has only benefits
• D.Does not exist

Passage 1: Practicing skills at home helps lessons stick and prepares students for tests. Passage 2: Hours of nightly assignments leave children stressed and families with little time together. Which compromise would best address the concerns in both passages?

• A.Assign homework only on weekends with no limit
• B.Assign a moderate, focused amount of homework
• C.Eliminate all homework
• D.Triple the amount of homework

Passage 1: Practicing skills at home helps lessons stick and prepares students for tests. Passage 2: Hours of nightly assignments leave children stressed and families with little time together, stealing hours they might spend together. As used in the passage, 'steals' most nearly means

• A.Takes away wrongly
• B.Moves quietly
• C.Wins a prize
• D.Robs a bank

The color of a flame reveals its temperature. A candle's yellow flame is cooler, while the blue flame of a gas stove burns hotter. Engineers and chemists read these colors to gauge heat without a thermometer. In fire, color is a kind of secret language of energy. What is the main idea of the passage?

• A.Blue flames are cooler than yellow ones.
• B.Flame color indicates how hot a fire is.
• C.Color has nothing to do with heat.
• D.All flames are the same temperature.

The color of a flame reveals its temperature. A candle's yellow flame is cooler, while the blue flame of a gas stove burns hotter. Engineers and chemists read these colors to gauge heat without a thermometer. In fire, color is a kind of secret language of energy. According to the passage, which flame is hotter?

• A.Both are equal
• B.Neither produces heat
• C.A gas stove's blue flame
• D.A candle's yellow flame

The color of a flame reveals its temperature. A candle's yellow flame is cooler, while the blue flame of a gas stove burns hotter. Engineers and chemists read these colors to gauge heat without a thermometer. In fire, color is a kind of secret language of energy. The phrase 'secret language of energy' is used to suggest that flame color

• A.Is invisible
• B.Communicates information about heat to those who know how to read it
• C.Cannot be understood
• D.Is meaningless

The color of a flame reveals its temperature. A candle's yellow flame is cooler, while the blue flame of a gas stove burns hotter. Engineers and chemists read these colors to gauge heat without a thermometer. In fire, color is a kind of secret language of energy. As used in the passage, 'gauge' most nearly means

• A.To paint
• B.To ignore
• C.To estimate or measure
• D.To increase

Honey never truly spoils. Archaeologists have found pots of honey in ancient tombs that are still edible after thousands of years. Its low moisture and natural acidity make it nearly impossible for bacteria to grow. Sealed and kept dry, honey can outlast civilizations. Which sentence best states the main idea?

• A.Honey spoils within days.
• B.Bacteria thrive in honey.
• C.Honey can last almost indefinitely because bacteria cannot grow in it.
• D.Honey is found only in stores.

Honey never truly spoils. Archaeologists have found pots of honey in ancient tombs that are still edible after thousands of years. Its low moisture and natural acidity make it nearly impossible for bacteria to grow. Sealed and kept dry, honey can outlast civilizations. According to the passage, why can bacteria not grow in honey?

• A.Honey is too sweet to taste
• B.It is kept frozen
• C.Bacteria avoid sweet foods
• D.Its low moisture and natural acidity prevent bacterial growth

Honey never truly spoils. Archaeologists have found pots of honey in ancient tombs that are still edible after thousands of years. Its low moisture and natural acidity make it nearly impossible for bacteria to grow. Sealed and kept dry, honey can outlast civilizations. The detail about honey found in ancient tombs is included to

• A.Compare honey to other foods
• B.Provide striking evidence of honey's long shelf life
• C.Explain how honey is made
• D.Describe ancient burial customs

With a pressing deadline approaching, the team worked through the night to finish the report on time. As used in the passage, 'pressing' most nearly means

• A.Ironing clothes
• B.Urgent and demanding attention
• C.Pushing a button
• D.Squeezing tightly

The hummingbird's heart can beat over a thousand times a minute during flight. To fuel this furious pace, the bird must eat almost constantly, visiting hundreds of flowers a day. At night, it slows its body into a deep, sleep-like state to save energy. Survival for a hummingbird is a daily race against starvation. What is the central idea of the passage?

• A.Hummingbirds have slow heartbeats.
• B.Hummingbirds rarely need to eat.
• C.A hummingbird's high energy needs force it to eat constantly and conserve energy at night.
• D.Hummingbirds never sleep.

The hummingbird's heart can beat over a thousand times a minute during flight. To fuel this furious pace, the bird must eat almost constantly, visiting hundreds of flowers a day. At night, it slows its body into a deep, sleep-like state to save energy. Survival for a hummingbird is a daily race against starvation. According to the passage, how does a hummingbird save energy at night?

• A.By eating more flowers
• B.By slowing its body into a deep, sleep-like state
• C.By flying faster
• D.By raising its heart rate

The hummingbird's heart can beat over a thousand times a minute during flight. To fuel this furious pace, the bird must eat almost constantly, visiting hundreds of flowers a day. At night, it slows its body into a deep, sleep-like state to save energy. Survival for a hummingbird is a daily race against starvation. The phrase 'a daily race against starvation' emphasizes that the hummingbird's life is

• A.Spent mostly sleeping
• B.A constant, urgent struggle for food
• C.Free of any danger
• D.Relaxed and easy

The hummingbird's heart can beat over a thousand times a minute during flight. To fuel this furious pace, the bird must eat almost constantly, visiting hundreds of flowers a day. At night, it slows its body into a deep, sleep-like state to save energy. Survival for a hummingbird is a daily race against starvation. As used in the passage, 'furious' most nearly means

• A.Calm
• B.Very angry
• C.Extremely fast and intense
• D.Colorful

What is the value of $3 + 4 \times 2 - 1$?

• A.13
• B.9
• C.10
• D.14

Which of the following is equivalent to $0.625$ as a fraction in lowest terms?

• A.$\frac{2}{3}$
• B.$\frac{5}{8}$
• C.$\frac{6}{25}$
• D.$\frac{3}{4}$

A shirt costs $40 and is marked down 25%. What is the sale price?

• A.$30
• B.$32
• C.$35
• D.$15

What is $\frac{3}{4} + \frac{2}{3}$?

• A.$\frac{6}{7}$
• B.$\frac{17}{12}$
• C.$\frac{5}{12}$
• D.$\frac{5}{7}$

If a recipe calls for 2 cups of flour for every 3 cups of sugar, how many cups of flour are needed for 12 cups of sugar?

• A.18
• B.9
• C.6
• D.8

What is 15% of 80?

• A.15
• B.8
• C.20
• D.12

Which number is largest?

• A.$0.7$
• B.$0.077$
• C.$0.0707$
• D.$0.07$

What is the greatest common factor of 24 and 36?

• A.8
• B.12
• C.6
• D.24

What is the least common multiple of 6 and 8?

• A.12
• B.16
• C.48
• D.24

A car travels 150 miles in 3 hours. What is its average speed in miles per hour?

• A.45
• B.60
• C.50
• D.30

What is $-8 + 5 - (-3)$?

• A.-6
• B.-10
• C.0
• D.2

Which of the following is a prime number?

• A.21
• B.33
• C.27
• D.29

What is $\frac{2}{5}$ written as a percent?

• A.40%
• B.25%
• C.45%
• D.20%

A number rounded to the nearest hundred is 700. Which could be the original number?

• A.645
• B.751
• C.672
• D.760

What is the value of $5^{2} - 3^{2}$?

• A.16
• B.2
• C.4
• D.34

If 8 pencils cost $2.00, what is the cost of 20 pencils at the same rate?

• A.$5.00
• B.$4.00
• C.$2.50
• D.$6.00

What is the absolute value of $-12$?

• A.1
• B.$-12$
• C.0
• D.12

Convert 3.5 kilometers to meters.

• A.350
• B.35000
• C.3500
• D.35

What is $\frac{7}{8} - \frac{1}{2}$?

• A.$\frac{1}{4}$
• B.$\frac{3}{8}$
• C.$\frac{6}{6}$
• D.$\frac{1}{2}$

A store increases a $50 price by 20%, then decreases the new price by 20%. What is the final price?

• A.$40
• B.$48
• C.$50
• D.$52

Which expression equals $6 \times 10^{3}$?

• A.60000
• B.6,000,000
• C.6000
• D.600

What is the reciprocal of $\frac{3}{7}$?

• A.$-\frac{7}{3}$
• B.$\frac{7}{3}$
• C.$-\frac{3}{7}$
• D.$\frac{3}{7}$

What is $0.4 \times 0.05$?

• A.$0.45$
• B.$0.002$
• C.$0.2$
• D.$0.02$

A team won 18 of 24 games. What percent did they win?

• A.80%
• B.72%
• C.60%
• D.75%

What is the value of $(-2)^{3}$?

• A.-6
• B.-8
• C.8
• D.6

If $\frac{3}{5}$ of a class of 30 students are girls, how many are boys?

• A.18
• B.15
• C.10
• D.12

What is $\sqrt{144}$?

• A.12
• B.14
• C.11
• D.16

Order from least to greatest: $\frac{1}{2}$, $0.4$, $\frac{3}{8}$.

• A.$\frac{1}{2}$, $0.4$, $\frac{3}{8}$
• B.$0.4$, $\frac{3}{8}$, $\frac{1}{2}$
• C.$\frac{3}{8}$, $0.4$, $\frac{1}{2}$
• D.$\frac{3}{8}$, $\frac{1}{2}$, $0.4$

A worker earns $15 per hour and gets time-and-a-half for overtime. What is the overtime hourly rate?

• A.$20.00
• B.$30.00
• C.$22.50
• D.$17.50

What is $\frac{1}{3}$ of $\frac{1}{4}$?

• A.$\frac{1}{12}$
• B.$\frac{1}{2}$
• C.$\frac{2}{7}$
• D.$\frac{1}{7}$

Which is equivalent to the ratio $12:18$?

• A.$4:5$
• B.$6:8$
• C.$3:2$
• D.$2:3$

A $250 item is taxed at 8%. What is the total cost?

• A.$280
• B.$258
• C.$262
• D.$270

What is $5 - 2\frac{1}{3}$ as a mixed number?

• A.$2\frac{2}{3}$
• B.$2\frac{1}{3}$
• C.$3\frac{1}{3}$
• D.$3\frac{2}{3}$

How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?

• A.180
• B.250
• C.120
• D.150

What is the value of 100 divided by $0.25$?

• A.40
• B.400
• C.25
• D.250

A map scale is 1 inch = 50 miles. How many miles do 3.5 inches represent?

• A.200
• B.150
• C.175
• D.160

What is $2^{4} \times 2^{2}$ written as a single power of 2?

• A.$2^{6}$
• B.$4^{6}$
• C.$2^{2}$
• D.$2^{8}$

Estimate $49 \times 21$ by rounding to the nearest ten.