- What are the 3 sections of the NLN PAX?
- Verbal, Mathematics, and Science — each with a 60-minute limit.
- Prefix: a- / an-
- Without or not (e.g., anemia = without enough blood).
- Prefix: anti-
- Against (e.g., antibiotic, antiseptic).
- Prefix: hyper-
- Over, above, or excessive (e.g., hypertension).
- Prefix: hypo-
- Under, below, or deficient (e.g., hypoglycemia).
- Prefix: brady-
- Slow (e.g., bradycardia = slow heart rate).
- Prefix: tachy-
- Fast (e.g., tachycardia = fast heart rate).
- Prefix: pre-
- Before (e.g., preoperative, prenatal).
- Prefix: post-
- After (e.g., postoperative, postpartum).
- Prefix: un- / in-
- Not (e.g., unbiased, inactive).
- Prefix: re-
- Again or back (e.g., reinfect, recur).
- Prefix: dys-
- Difficult, painful, or abnormal (e.g., dysphagia).
- Prefix: intra-
- Within (e.g., intravenous = within a vein).
- Prefix: inter-
- Between (e.g., intercostal = between the ribs).
- Prefix: sub-
- Under or below (e.g., subcutaneous = under the skin).
- Prefix: peri-
- Around (e.g., pericardium = around the heart).
- Prefix: poly-
- Many (e.g., polyuria = excessive urination).
- Prefix: bi-
- Two (e.g., bilateral = both sides).
- Prefix: mal-
- Bad or abnormal (e.g., malignant, malnutrition).
- Root: cardi-
- Heart (e.g., cardiology, cardiac).
- Root: derm- / dermat-
- Skin (e.g., dermatitis, dermatology).
- Root: hem- / hemat-
- Blood (e.g., hematology, hemorrhage).
- Root: neur-
- Nerve (e.g., neurology, neuron).
- Root: pulmo- / pneumo-
- Lung (e.g., pulmonary, pneumonia).
- Root: gastr-
- Stomach (e.g., gastritis, gastrointestinal).
- Root: nephr- / ren-
- Kidney (e.g., nephritis, renal).
- Root: oste-
- Bone (e.g., osteoporosis, osteoarthritis).
- Root: my- / myo-
- Muscle (e.g., myocardium, myalgia).
- Root: hepat-
- Liver (e.g., hepatitis).
- Root: bio-
- Life (e.g., biology, antibiotic).
- Root: path-
- Disease (e.g., pathology, pathogen).
- Root: cyt- / -cyte
- Cell (e.g., cytology, leukocyte).
- Root: arthr-
- Joint (e.g., arthritis, arthroscopy).
- Root: ophthalm- / ocul-
- Eye (e.g., ophthalmology, ocular).
- Suffix: -itis
- Inflammation (e.g., arthritis, dermatitis).
- Suffix: -ology
- Study of (e.g., biology, cardiology).
- Suffix: -ectomy
- Surgical removal (e.g., appendectomy).
- Suffix: -emia
- Blood condition (e.g., anemia, leukemia).
- Suffix: -osis
- Abnormal condition (e.g., osteoporosis).
- Suffix: -pathy
- Disease (e.g., neuropathy).
- Suffix: -algia
- Pain (e.g., neuralgia, myalgia).
- Suffix: -ase
- Enzyme (e.g., lactase, catalase).
- Suffix: -gram / -graphy
- Record / process of recording (e.g., electrocardiogram).
- Suffix: -scopy
- Visual examination (e.g., colonoscopy).
- Define: prophylactic
- Done to prevent something (e.g., prophylactic antibiotics prevent infection).
- Define: palliative
- Care that relieves symptoms without curing the disease.
- Define: benign
- Not harmful; not cancerous.
- Define: malignant
- Harmful; cancerous and able to spread.
- Define: chronic
- Long-lasting or recurring over time.
- Define: acute
- Sudden, severe, and short-term.
- Define: empirical
- Based on observation or experiment rather than theory.
- Define: holistic
- Treating the whole person — physical, emotional, and social.
- Define: nosocomial
- Acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting.
- Define: etiology
- The cause or origin of a disease.
- Define: equitable
- Fair and impartial.
- Define: gregarious
- Sociable; fond of company.
- Define: reticent
- Reserved or reluctant to speak.
- Define: ambiguous
- Open to more than one interpretation; unclear.
- Define: meticulous
- Very careful and precise about detail.
- Define: contraindicated
- Inadvisable; a reason a treatment should NOT be used.
- Define: lethargic
- Sluggish, drowsy, and lacking energy.
- Define: efficacy
- The ability to produce a desired result (e.g., drug efficacy).
- Define: adverse
- Harmful or unfavorable (e.g., an adverse reaction).
- Define: concise
- Giving a lot of information clearly in few words.
- affect vs effect
- Affect = usually a verb (to influence). Effect = usually a noun (a result).
- their / there / they're
- Their = possessive. There = place. They're = they are.
- principal vs principle
- Principal = main, or a person in charge. Principle = a rule or belief.
- fewer vs less
- Fewer = countable items (fewer pills). Less = uncountable amount (less water).
- accept vs except
- Accept = to receive. Except = excluding.
- its vs it's
- Its = possessive. It's = it is.
- then vs than
- Then = time/sequence. Than = comparison.
- complement vs compliment
- Complement = completes. Compliment = praise.
- What is the main idea?
- The single most important point a passage makes — what it is mostly about.
- What is a supporting detail?
- A fact, example, reason, or statistic that backs up the main idea.
- What is an inference?
- A conclusion the author implies but does not state — provable from a specific line.
- Inference vs assumption
- An inference is supported by the text; an assumption is brought in from outside it.
- How to find a word's meaning in context
- Use surrounding clues — definition, synonym, antonym (but/however), or example.
- Signal words for contrast
- But, however, unlike, instead, whereas — they flip the meaning of a nearby word.
- What is the author's purpose?
- The reason for writing — usually to inform, persuade, entertain, or describe.
- What is tone?
- The author's attitude toward the topic, shown through word choice.
- Application questions
- Ask you to take a passage's idea and apply it to a new situation.
- Main-idea trap
- A true detail that is too narrow to be the whole passage's point.
- Topic sentence
- A sentence (often first or last) that states a paragraph's main idea.
- Fact vs opinion
- A fact can be verified; an opinion is a belief or judgment.
- Fraction → decimal
- Divide the numerator by the denominator (3/4 = 3 ÷ 4 = 0.75).
- Decimal → percent
- Multiply by 100 and add % (0.75 = 75%).
- Percent → decimal
- Divide by 100 (75% = 0.75).
- 1/2 = ? decimal & percent
- 0.5 = 50%.
- 1/4 = ? decimal & percent
- 0.25 = 25%.
- 3/4 = ? decimal & percent
- 0.75 = 75%.
- 1/5 = ? decimal & percent
- 0.2 = 20%.
- 1/3 = ? decimal & percent
- ≈ 0.333 ≈ 33.3%.
- 1/8 = ? decimal
- 0.125.
- Add fractions
- Find a common denominator, add the numerators, keep the denominator, then simplify.
- Multiply fractions
- Multiply numerators and multiply denominators, then simplify (no common denominator needed).
- Divide fractions
- Multiply by the reciprocal of the second fraction (flip and multiply).
- Percent formula (part)
- part = (percent ÷ 100) × whole.
- Percent formula (percent)
- percent = (part ÷ whole) × 100.
- Percent change formula
- (new − old) ÷ old × 100. Positive = increase, negative = decrease.
- What % is 15 of 60?
- 15 ÷ 60 × 100 = 25%.
- What is 20% of 80?
- 0.20 × 80 = 16.
- A price of 80 marked up to 92 — % increase?
- (92 − 80) ÷ 80 × 100 = 15%.
- What is a ratio?
- A comparison of two quantities, written 3:4 or 3/4.
- What is a proportion?
- An equation stating two ratios are equal (a/b = c/d).
- How to solve a proportion
- Cross-multiply: a/b = c/d → a × d = b × c, then isolate the unknown.
- 1 liter = ? milliliters
- 1,000 mL.
- 1 kilogram = ? grams
- 1,000 g.
- 1 meter = ? centimeters
- 100 cm.
- 1 gram = ? milligrams
- 1,000 mg.
- Convert 2.5 L to mL
- 2.5 × 1,000 = 2,500 mL.
- Metric prefix kilo-
- 1,000 (kilogram = 1,000 g).
- Metric prefix centi-
- 1/100 (centimeter = 0.01 m).
- Metric prefix milli-
- 1/1,000 (milligram = 0.001 g).
- Order of operations (PEMDAS)
- Parentheses, Exponents, Multiply/Divide (left→right), Add/Subtract (left→right).
- Evaluate 2 + 3 × 4
- Multiply first: 3 × 4 = 12, then 2 + 12 = 14.
- Solve 3x + 7 = 22
- Subtract 7 (3x = 15), divide by 3 (x = 5).
- Solve x/3 + 4 = 10
- Subtract 4 (x/3 = 6), multiply by 3 (x = 18).
- Solve 2x + 5 < 13
- Subtract 5 (2x < 8), divide by 2 (x < 4).
- Mean (average)
- Add all values and divide by how many there are.
- Median
- The middle value of an ordered data set.
- Mode
- The value that appears most often.
- Range
- The largest value minus the smallest value.
- Mean of 4, 8, 6, 4, 10
- (4+8+6+4+10) ÷ 5 = 32 ÷ 5 = 6.4.
- Median of 4, 4, 6, 8, 10
- 6 (the middle of five ordered values).
- Mode of 4, 4, 6, 8, 10
- 4 (it appears most often).
- Range of 4, 4, 6, 8, 10
- 10 − 4 = 6.
- Area of a rectangle
- length × width.
- Pythagorean theorem
- a² + b² = c² for a right triangle (c = hypotenuse).
- 3-4-5 right triangle
- 3² + 4² = 9 + 16 = 25, so c = √25 = 5.
- Translate 'a number increased by 5 is 12'
- x + 5 = 12, so x = 7.
- Two consecutive numbers sum to 47 — the larger?
- x + (x+1) = 47 → 2x+1 = 47 → x = 23, larger = 24.
- Integer
- A whole number and its negatives (…, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, …); no fractions.
- Simplify 12/16
- Divide both by 4 → 3/4.
- Does the PAX include geometry?
- No — the 2024 NEX update removed geometry; basic area appears only inside word problems.
- Function of the nucleus
- Stores DNA and directs the cell's activities — the control center.
- Function of the mitochondria
- Make most of the cell's ATP energy through cellular respiration — the powerhouse.
- Function of ribosomes
- Build proteins by translating messenger RNA.
- Function of the cell membrane
- Selectively controls what enters and leaves the cell.
- Function of the endoplasmic reticulum
- Transport network; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER makes lipids.
- Function of the Golgi apparatus
- Packages and ships proteins (the cell's post office).
- Function of lysosomes
- Digest and break down waste and worn-out cell parts.
- What do plant cells have that animal cells lack?
- A cell wall, chloroplasts (photosynthesis), and a large central vacuole.
- Phases of mitosis (in order)
- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT) — then cytokinesis.
- What happens in metaphase?
- Chromosomes line up single-file along the cell's middle (the metaphase plate).
- What happens in anaphase?
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
- Mitosis vs meiosis
- Mitosis makes 2 identical diploid cells (growth/repair); meiosis makes 4 varied haploid gametes.
- When does DNA replicate?
- During the S phase of the cell cycle (before mitosis).
- What is DNA?
- The double-helix molecule storing genetic instructions as sequences of A, T, C, G.
- DNA base pairing
- Adenine pairs with Thymine (A–T); Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C–G).
- Genotype vs phenotype
- Genotype = the genetic makeup (Aa); phenotype = the observable trait it produces.
- Dominant vs recessive allele
- Dominant (uppercase) masks recessive (lowercase); recessive shows only as aa.
- Aa × Aa Punnett square result
- Genotype 1:2:1 (AA:Aa:aa); phenotype 3:1 (dominant:recessive).
- What does a Punnett square predict?
- The possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross.
- Osmosis
- The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (low→high solute).
- Diffusion
- Movement of particles from higher to lower concentration until evenly spread.
- Hypertonic solution
- Higher solute than the cell, so water leaves and the cell shrinks.
- Hypotonic solution
- Lower solute than the cell, so water enters and the cell swells.
- Photosynthesis
- Plants use sunlight, CO₂, and water to make glucose and oxygen in chloroplasts.
- Cellular respiration
- Cells break down glucose with oxygen to release ATP energy in the mitochondria.
- What is homeostasis?
- The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment via feedback loops.
- Negative vs positive feedback
- Negative feedback reverses a change (insulin); positive amplifies it (childbirth, clotting).
- Function of catalase
- Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
- What is a substrate (enzymes)?
- The molecule on which an enzyme acts.
- Levels of biological organization
- Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.
- Cardiovascular system job
- Heart and vessels pump blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients.
- Respiratory system job
- Lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Nervous system job
- Brain, spinal cord, and nerves sense and control the body.
- Musculoskeletal system job
- Bones and muscles give structure, protection, and movement.
- Digestive system job
- Breaks food into nutrients and absorbs them.
- Endocrine system job
- Glands release hormones that regulate body processes.
- Urinary system job
- Kidneys filter blood and remove waste as urine.
- Integumentary system job
- Skin protects, regulates temperature, and senses the environment.
- Lymphatic/immune system job
- Defends against infection and returns fluid to the blood.
- Path of blood through the heart
- Body → right heart → lungs → left heart → body.
- Arteries vs veins
- Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart; veins carry it TOWARD the heart.
- The pulmonary artery & vein exception
- Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood; pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood.
- Strongest heart chamber
- The left ventricle — it pumps oxygen-rich blood to the whole body.
- Which vessel returns oxygenated blood to the heart?
- The pulmonary vein (from the lungs to the left atrium).
- Hormone that regulates blood calcium
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
- Role of red blood cells
- Carry oxygen using hemoglobin.
- Role of white blood cells
- Fight infection (part of the immune response).
- Role of platelets
- Start blood clotting.
- Function of the cerebellum
- Coordinates voluntary muscle movement and balance.
- Which is NOT a skeletal-system function?
- Body-temperature regulation — that's the integumentary/circulatory job, not the skeleton's.
- What is the atomic number?
- The number of protons in an atom; it defines the element.
- Protons, neutrons, electrons
- Protons (+) and neutrons (neutral) in the nucleus; electrons (−) orbit it.
- Ionic bond
- One atom transfers electrons to another (metal + nonmetal, e.g., NaCl).
- Covalent bond
- Two atoms share electrons (nonmetals, e.g., water).
- Physical vs chemical change
- Physical keeps the substance (melting ice); chemical makes a new one (rusting).
- The pH scale range
- 0 to 14: below 7 acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic.
- What does an acid do?
- Donates hydrogen ions (H⁺); has a pH below 7.
- What does a base do?
- Accepts H⁺ or forms hydroxide (OH⁻); has a pH above 7.
- Is the pH scale logarithmic?
- Yes — each step is a tenfold change; pH 3 is 10× more acidic than pH 4.
- Blood pH
- Tightly held near 7.4 — slightly basic.
- Acid + base reaction
- Neutralization, producing a salt and water.
- States of matter
- Solid (fixed shape), liquid (fixed volume), gas (fills its container).
- What is the periodic table organized by?
- Increasing atomic number, with elements of similar properties in columns (groups).
- What is an element?
- A pure substance made of one kind of atom, defined by its proton count.
- Health area on the PAX
- Substance use, physical health, growth & development, mental health, and safety.
- What does the PAX Science section NOT include?
- Physics and earth science — removed in the 2024 NEX update.
- Prefix: epi-
- Upon or over (e.g., epidermis = the outer skin layer).
- Prefix: ex-
- Out of or away (e.g., exhale, excise).
- Prefix: macro-
- Large (e.g., macroscopic).
- Prefix: micro-
- Small (e.g., microscope, microorganism).
- Root: thermo-
- Heat or temperature (e.g., thermometer, hypothermia).
- Root: psych-
- Mind (e.g., psychology, psychiatry).
- Root: ot- / aur-
- Ear (e.g., otitis, auditory).
- Suffix: -uria
- Urine condition (e.g., polyuria, hematuria).
- Suffix: -plegia
- Paralysis (e.g., paraplegia).
- Define: subtle
- Delicate or hard to notice; understated.
- Define: viable
- Capable of working or surviving.
- Define: deteriorate
- To become progressively worse.
- Define: alleviate
- To make a problem or pain less severe.
- Define: comprehensive
- Complete; covering everything.
- Define: arbitrary
- Based on random choice, not reason or system.
- loose vs lose
- Loose = not tight. Lose = to misplace or be defeated.
- stationary vs stationery
- Stationary = not moving. Stationery = writing paper.
- Define: prognosis
- The likely course or outcome of a disease.
- Define: diagnosis
- Identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms.
- Define: symptom
- Evidence of disease the patient feels or reports.
- Solve 4x − 9 = 23
- Add 9 (4x = 32), divide by 4 (x = 8).
- Evaluate 3a − 2b when a=5, b=4
- 3(5) − 2(4) = 15 − 8 = 7.
- Next in 2, 6, 18, 54, …
- 162 (each term is multiplied by 3).
- 5 textbooks cost 60 — cost of 8?
- 60 ÷ 5 = 12 each; 12 × 8 = 96.
- Reduce a ratio 6:9
- Divide both by 3 → 2:3.
- Convert 0.4 to a fraction
- 4/10 = 2/5.
- Convert 3/5 to a percent
- 3 ÷ 5 = 0.6 = 60%.
- Average speed for a trip
- Total distance ÷ total time (not the average of the speeds).
- What does 'per' signal in a word problem?
- A ratio or rate (e.g., miles per hour, mg per kg).
- First step in an algebra word problem
- Define a variable for the unknown, then translate words into an equation.
- Function of the alveoli
- Tiny lung air sacs where oxygen and CO₂ are exchanged with the blood.
- Function of the nephron
- The kidney's filtering unit that forms urine.
- Function of the neuron
- A nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals.
- Smallest unit of an element
- The atom.
- Difference between an organ and a tissue
- A tissue is a group of similar cells; an organ is several tissues working together.
- Producers vs consumers (ecology)
- Producers make their own food (plants); consumers eat other organisms.
- What is a gene?
- A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
- Carbohydrates, proteins, fats — which gives quick energy?
- Carbohydrates are the body's main quick energy source.
- What controls voluntary movement?
- The cerebellum coordinates it; the cerebrum initiates it.
- Gap junctions
- Cell junctions allowing direct electrical communication, as in cardiac muscle.
- Function of the lymphatic system
- Returns fluid to the blood and coordinates the immune response.
- ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate — the molecule cells use to store and spend energy.
- Independent vs dependent variable
- Independent = what you change; dependent = what you measure in response.
- Controlled variable
- A factor held constant to keep an experiment fair.
- Accuracy vs precision
- Accuracy = closeness to the true value; precision = repeatability of results.