Your FREE NLN PAX Flashcards 2026 – 200+ Cards

Without or not (e.g., anemia = without enough blood).

Against (e.g., antibiotic, antiseptic).

Over, above, or excessive (e.g., hypertension).

Under, below, or deficient (e.g., hypoglycemia).

Slow (e.g., bradycardia = slow heart rate).

Fast (e.g., tachycardia = fast heart rate).

Before (e.g., preoperative, prenatal).

After (e.g., postoperative, postpartum).

Not (e.g., unbiased, inactive).

Again or back (e.g., reinfect, recur).

Difficult, painful, or abnormal (e.g., dysphagia).

Within (e.g., intravenous = within a vein).

Between (e.g., intercostal = between the ribs).

Under or below (e.g., subcutaneous = under the skin).

Around (e.g., pericardium = around the heart).

Many (e.g., polyuria = excessive urination).

Two (e.g., bilateral = both sides).

Bad or abnormal (e.g., malignant, malnutrition).

Heart (e.g., cardiology, cardiac).

Skin (e.g., dermatitis, dermatology).

Blood (e.g., hematology, hemorrhage).

Nerve (e.g., neurology, neuron).

Lung (e.g., pulmonary, pneumonia).

Stomach (e.g., gastritis, gastrointestinal).

Kidney (e.g., nephritis, renal).

Bone (e.g., osteoporosis, osteoarthritis).

Muscle (e.g., myocardium, myalgia).

Liver (e.g., hepatitis).

Life (e.g., biology, antibiotic).

Disease (e.g., pathology, pathogen).

Cell (e.g., cytology, leukocyte).

Joint (e.g., arthritis, arthroscopy).

Eye (e.g., ophthalmology, ocular).

Inflammation (e.g., arthritis, dermatitis).

Study of (e.g., biology, cardiology).

Surgical removal (e.g., appendectomy).

Blood condition (e.g., anemia, leukemia).

Abnormal condition (e.g., osteoporosis).

Disease (e.g., neuropathy).

Pain (e.g., neuralgia, myalgia).

Enzyme (e.g., lactase, catalase).

Record / process of recording (e.g., electrocardiogram).

Visual examination (e.g., colonoscopy).

Done to prevent something (e.g., prophylactic antibiotics prevent infection).

Care that relieves symptoms without curing the disease.

Not harmful; not cancerous.

Harmful; cancerous and able to spread.

Long-lasting or recurring over time.

Sudden, severe, and short-term.

Based on observation or experiment rather than theory.

Treating the whole person — physical, emotional, and social.

Acquired in a hospital or healthcare setting.

The cause or origin of a disease.

Fair and impartial.

Sociable; fond of company.

Reserved or reluctant to speak.

Open to more than one interpretation; unclear.

Very careful and precise about detail.

Inadvisable; a reason a treatment should NOT be used.

Sluggish, drowsy, and lacking energy.

The ability to produce a desired result (e.g., drug efficacy).

Harmful or unfavorable (e.g., an adverse reaction).

Giving a lot of information clearly in few words.

Affect = usually a verb (to influence). Effect = usually a noun (a result).

Their = possessive. There = place. They're = they are.

Principal = main, or a person in charge. Principle = a rule or belief.

Fewer = countable items (fewer pills). Less = uncountable amount (less water).

Accept = to receive. Except = excluding.

Its = possessive. It's = it is.

Then = time/sequence. Than = comparison.

Complement = completes. Compliment = praise.

The single most important point a passage makes — what it is mostly about.

A fact, example, reason, or statistic that backs up the main idea.

A conclusion the author implies but does not state — provable from a specific line.

An inference is supported by the text; an assumption is brought in from outside it.

Use surrounding clues — definition, synonym, antonym (but/however), or example.

But, however, unlike, instead, whereas — they flip the meaning of a nearby word.

The reason for writing — usually to inform, persuade, entertain, or describe.

The author's attitude toward the topic, shown through word choice.

Ask you to take a passage's idea and apply it to a new situation.

A true detail that is too narrow to be the whole passage's point.

A sentence (often first or last) that states a paragraph's main idea.

A fact can be verified; an opinion is a belief or judgment.

Upon or over (e.g., epidermis = the outer skin layer).

Out of or away (e.g., exhale, excise).

Large (e.g., macroscopic).

Small (e.g., microscope, microorganism).

Heat or temperature (e.g., thermometer, hypothermia).

Mind (e.g., psychology, psychiatry).

Ear (e.g., otitis, auditory).

Urine condition (e.g., polyuria, hematuria).

Paralysis (e.g., paraplegia).

Delicate or hard to notice; understated.

Capable of working or surviving.

To become progressively worse.

To make a problem or pain less severe.

Complete; covering everything.

Based on random choice, not reason or system.

Loose = not tight. Lose = to misplace or be defeated.

Stationary = not moving. Stationery = writing paper.

The likely course or outcome of a disease.

Identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms.

Evidence of disease the patient feels or reports.

Divide the numerator by the denominator (3/4 = 3 ÷ 4 = 0.75).

Multiply by 100 and add % (0.75 = 75%).

Divide by 100 (75% = 0.75).

0.5 = 50%.

0.25 = 25%.

0.75 = 75%.

0.2 = 20%.

≈ 0.333 ≈ 33.3%.

0.125.

Find a common denominator, add the numerators, keep the denominator, then simplify.

Multiply numerators and multiply denominators, then simplify (no common denominator needed).

Multiply by the reciprocal of the second fraction (flip and multiply).

part = (percent ÷ 100) × whole.

percent = (part ÷ whole) × 100.

(new − old) ÷ old × 100. Positive = increase, negative = decrease.

15 ÷ 60 × 100 = 25%.

0.20 × 80 = 16.

(92 − 80) ÷ 80 × 100 = 15%.

A comparison of two quantities, written 3:4 or 3/4.

An equation stating two ratios are equal (a/b = c/d).

Cross-multiply: a/b = c/d → a × d = b × c, then isolate the unknown.

1,000 mL.

1,000 g.

100 cm.

1,000 mg.

2.5 × 1,000 = 2,500 mL.

1,000 (kilogram = 1,000 g).

1/100 (centimeter = 0.01 m).

1/1,000 (milligram = 0.001 g).

Parentheses, Exponents, Multiply/Divide (left→right), Add/Subtract (left→right).

Multiply first: 3 × 4 = 12, then 2 + 12 = 14.

Subtract 7 (3x = 15), divide by 3 (x = 5).

Subtract 4 (x/3 = 6), multiply by 3 (x = 18).

Subtract 5 (2x < 8), divide by 2 (x < 4).

Add all values and divide by how many there are.

The middle value of an ordered data set.

The value that appears most often.

The largest value minus the smallest value.

(4+8+6+4+10) ÷ 5 = 32 ÷ 5 = 6.4.

6 (the middle of five ordered values).

4 (it appears most often).

10 − 4 = 6.

length × width.

a² + b² = c² for a right triangle (c = hypotenuse).

3² + 4² = 9 + 16 = 25, so c = √25 = 5.

x + 5 = 12, so x = 7.

x + (x+1) = 47 → 2x+1 = 47 → x = 23, larger = 24.

A whole number and its negatives (…, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, …); no fractions.

Divide both by 4 → 3/4.

No — the 2024 NEX update removed geometry; basic area appears only inside word problems.

Add 9 (4x = 32), divide by 4 (x = 8).

3(5) − 2(4) = 15 − 8 = 7.

162 (each term is multiplied by 3).

60 ÷ 5 = 12 each; 12 × 8 = 96.

Divide both by 3 → 2:3.

4/10 = 2/5.

3 ÷ 5 = 0.6 = 60%.

Total distance ÷ total time (not the average of the speeds).

A ratio or rate (e.g., miles per hour, mg per kg).

Define a variable for the unknown, then translate words into an equation.

Verbal, Mathematics, and Science — each with a 60-minute limit.

Stores DNA and directs the cell's activities — the control center.

Make most of the cell's ATP energy through cellular respiration — the powerhouse.

Build proteins by translating messenger RNA.

Selectively controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Transport network; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER makes lipids.

Packages and ships proteins (the cell's post office).

Digest and break down waste and worn-out cell parts.

A cell wall, chloroplasts (photosynthesis), and a large central vacuole.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT) — then cytokinesis.

Chromosomes line up single-file along the cell's middle (the metaphase plate).

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

Mitosis makes 2 identical diploid cells (growth/repair); meiosis makes 4 varied haploid gametes.

During the S phase of the cell cycle (before mitosis).

The double-helix molecule storing genetic instructions as sequences of A, T, C, G.

Adenine pairs with Thymine (A–T); Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C–G).

Genotype = the genetic makeup (Aa); phenotype = the observable trait it produces.

Dominant (uppercase) masks recessive (lowercase); recessive shows only as aa.

Genotype 1:2:1 (AA:Aa:aa); phenotype 3:1 (dominant:recessive).

The possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (low→high solute).

Movement of particles from higher to lower concentration until evenly spread.

Higher solute than the cell, so water leaves and the cell shrinks.

Lower solute than the cell, so water enters and the cell swells.

Plants use sunlight, CO₂, and water to make glucose and oxygen in chloroplasts.

Cells break down glucose with oxygen to release ATP energy in the mitochondria.

The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment via feedback loops.

Negative feedback reverses a change (insulin); positive amplifies it (childbirth, clotting).

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

The molecule on which an enzyme acts.

Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

Heart and vessels pump blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients.

Lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves sense and control the body.

Bones and muscles give structure, protection, and movement.

Breaks food into nutrients and absorbs them.

Glands release hormones that regulate body processes.

Kidneys filter blood and remove waste as urine.

Skin protects, regulates temperature, and senses the environment.

Defends against infection and returns fluid to the blood.

Body → right heart → lungs → left heart → body.

Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart; veins carry it TOWARD the heart.

Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood; pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood.

The left ventricle — it pumps oxygen-rich blood to the whole body.

The pulmonary vein (from the lungs to the left atrium).

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Carry oxygen using hemoglobin.

Fight infection (part of the immune response).

Start blood clotting.

Coordinates voluntary muscle movement and balance.

Body-temperature regulation — that's the integumentary/circulatory job, not the skeleton's.

The number of protons in an atom; it defines the element.

Protons (+) and neutrons (neutral) in the nucleus; electrons (−) orbit it.

One atom transfers electrons to another (metal + nonmetal, e.g., NaCl).

Two atoms share electrons (nonmetals, e.g., water).

Physical keeps the substance (melting ice); chemical makes a new one (rusting).

0 to 14: below 7 acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic.

Donates hydrogen ions (H⁺); has a pH below 7.

Accepts H⁺ or forms hydroxide (OH⁻); has a pH above 7.

Yes — each step is a tenfold change; pH 3 is 10× more acidic than pH 4.

Tightly held near 7.4 — slightly basic.

Neutralization, producing a salt and water.

Solid (fixed shape), liquid (fixed volume), gas (fills its container).

Increasing atomic number, with elements of similar properties in columns (groups).

A pure substance made of one kind of atom, defined by its proton count.

Substance use, physical health, growth & development, mental health, and safety.

Physics and earth science — removed in the 2024 NEX update.

Tiny lung air sacs where oxygen and CO₂ are exchanged with the blood.

The kidney's filtering unit that forms urine.

A nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals.

The atom.

A tissue is a group of similar cells; an organ is several tissues working together.

Producers make their own food (plants); consumers eat other organisms.

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

Carbohydrates are the body's main quick energy source.

The cerebellum coordinates it; the cerebrum initiates it.

Cell junctions allowing direct electrical communication, as in cardiac muscle.

Returns fluid to the blood and coordinates the immune response.

Adenosine triphosphate — the molecule cells use to store and spend energy.

Independent = what you change; dependent = what you measure in response.

A factor held constant to keep an experiment fair.

Accuracy = closeness to the true value; precision = repeatability of results.