Your FREE ParaPro Flashcards 2026 – 200+ Cards

The central point a passage conveys — what the whole text is mostly about.

A fact, example, statistic, or reason that explains or proves the main idea.

A logical conclusion drawn from textual evidence plus reasoning — not stated outright.

A word's meaning based on how it is used in a sentence, not its dictionary entry alone.

Words or phrases near an unfamiliar word that help reveal its meaning.

The reason a text was written — to inform, persuade, entertain, or explain.

The author's attitude toward the subject, shown through word choice.

A statement that can be proven true or false with evidence.

A statement of belief, judgment, or feeling that cannot be proven.

Capturing the gist of a passage in a sentence or two, in your own words.

Restating a passage's meaning in different words, keeping the original idea.

How a text is organized: sequence, cause/effect, compare/contrast, problem/solution.

A text structure that presents events or steps in order.

A text structure showing how one event leads to (causes) another.

A text structure that examines how two things are alike and different.

A text structure that states an issue, then a way to resolve it.

The sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph.

The underlying message or lesson of a literary work.

An original document or object from the time being studied.

A source that analyzes or interprets primary sources after the fact.

The perspective from which a text is written or a story is told.

A hint or clue about what will happen later in a story.

A brief, often personal story used to illustrate a point.

A one-sided slant that favors a particular view, often signaled by loaded words.

Something a text suggests indirectly rather than states outright.

Information stated directly in the text.

Information the text implies, which the reader must infer.

Combining textual evidence to decide what is most reasonably true.

Reading quickly to get the general idea or find key points.

Reading quickly to locate a specific piece of information.

An approach used before reading — previewing, predicting, or activating prior knowledge.

Using clues to guess what a text will be about or what comes next.

Linking letters and letter patterns to the sounds they make to decode words.

Translating printed letters into spoken sounds to read a word.

A unit of pronunciation with one vowel sound; words break into syllables.

The base part of a word that carries its core meaning (e.g., 'port' in 'transport').

A word part added to the front of a root that changes its meaning (un-, re-, pre-).

A word part added to the end of a root (-ed, -ing, -tion) that changes form or meaning.

A word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word.

A word with the opposite meaning of another word.

A word that sounds like another but differs in meaning (and often spelling).

Putting words in order by their letters, as in a dictionary or index.

A question that checks whether a reader understood a text.

A question that invites explanation, not just a yes/no answer.

Using guide words, entries, and pronunciation keys to find word meanings.

The two words at the top of a dictionary page showing its first and last entries.

The feelings or ideas a word suggests beyond its literal meaning.

The literal, dictionary definition of a word.

Writing that aims to convince the reader of a position.

Writing meant to explain or inform, such as an article or manual.

Writing such as a story, poem, or play, often using narrative or figurative language.

An appeal to the reader's emotions in persuasive writing.

An appeal to credibility or character in persuasive writing.

An appeal to logic and evidence in persuasive writing.

An opposing viewpoint that a writer acknowledges and refutes.

A question asked for effect, not expecting an answer.

Reading information from tables, charts, diagrams, and graphs in a text.

Words like 'because,' 'so,' and 'therefore' that mark cause/effect.

Words like 'first,' 'next,' and 'finally' that mark order.

Reading with appropriate speed, accuracy, and expression.

Connecting a new text to what the reader already knows.

Reading a passage again to clarify or confirm understanding.

A category of text, such as fiction, biography, or poetry.

The time and place in which a story occurs.

The central person a story focuses on (the protagonist).

The sequence of events that make up a story.

The central problem or struggle that drives a story.

The feeling or atmosphere a text creates in the reader.

Using sentence structure (syntax) as a clue to decode an unfamiliar word.

The value a digit has from its position (ones, tens, hundreds, tenths).

Parentheses, Exponents, Multiply/Divide (left to right), Add/Subtract (left to right).

The top number of a fraction — the part being counted.

The bottom number of a fraction — the number of equal parts in the whole.

The result of adding numbers together.

The result of subtracting one number from another.

The result of multiplying numbers together.

The result of dividing one number by another.

A shared denominator used to add or subtract fractions.

The smallest number both denominators divide into evenly.

Find a common denominator, then add the numerators and keep the denominator.

Multiply numerators together and denominators together, then simplify.

Multiply by the reciprocal of the second fraction (flip and multiply).

The fraction flipped upside down; 3/4 has reciprocal 4/3.

Dividing the numerator and denominator by their greatest common factor.

Different fractions that name the same value, like 1/2 and 2/4.

A fraction whose numerator is greater than or equal to its denominator (7/4).

A whole number plus a fraction, like 1 3/4.

A number written with a decimal point to show parts of a whole (0.75).

Line up the decimal points, then add as with whole numbers.

A part per hundred; convert to a decimal by dividing by 100 (25% = 0.25).

Convert the percent to a decimal and multiply: 20% of 80 = 0.20 × 80 = 16.

Multiply by (1 + the rate): a 25% increase is × 1.25.

Multiply by (1 − the rate): a 30% discount is × 0.70.

(new − old) ÷ old × 100.

A whole number and its opposite, including negatives and zero.

Same signs add and keep the sign; different signs subtract and take the larger's sign.

Add the opposite: 5 − (−3) = 5 + 3 = 8.

A number's distance from zero, always non-negative; |−4| = 4.

Shows how many times a base is multiplied by itself: 2³ = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8.

Raised to an exponent of 2; 5² = 25 (5 × 5).

A value that, multiplied by itself, gives the number; √36 = 6.

Adjusting a number to a nearby place value (round 3,486 to the nearest hundred = 3,500).

Finding an approximate answer, often by rounding first.

A letter standing for an unknown number (the x in x − 8 = 5).

A combination of numbers, variables, and operations with no equals sign.

A math sentence stating two expressions are equal, using an equals sign.

Use inverse operations on both sides to isolate the variable.

An operation that undoes another (subtraction undoes addition).

An equation solved with a single inverse operation, like x + 4 = 9.

Substituting a value for the variable, then following PEMDAS.

An ordered list of numbers that follows a pattern or rule.

A sequence where each term differs by a constant amount.

A comparison of two quantities, written 3:4 or 3/4.

An equation stating two ratios are equal; solve by cross-multiplying.

Multiplying across the equals sign to solve a proportion.

A ratio per single unit, such as miles per hour or cost per item.

The average — the sum of all values divided by how many there are.

The middle value of a data set arranged in order.

The value that appears most often in a data set.

The difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set.

A value far from the others that can pull the mean.

A graph using bars to compare amounts across categories.

A graph using points connected by lines to show change over time.

A graph that uses pictures or symbols to represent amounts.

A circular graph showing parts of a whole as slices.

Check the title, axis labels, and scale before reading values.

The distance around a two-dimensional shape (sum of its sides).

The surface a shape covers, in square units.

Length × width.

½ × base × height.

Side × side (side squared).

The distance around a circle: π × diameter.

The space inside a 3-D shape, in cubic units.

Length × width × height (a rectangular prism).

A triangle with one 90-degree angle.

A triangle with two equal sides and two equal angles.

A triangle with three equal sides and three equal angles.

A closed shape with three or more straight sides.

A four-sided polygon, such as a square or rectangle.

The space between two rays meeting at a point, measured in degrees.

An angle that measures exactly 90 degrees.

A grid formed by a horizontal x-axis and vertical y-axis.

A point's location written (x, y) on the coordinate plane.

The point (0, 0) where the x-axis and y-axis meet.

Changing a measurement to another unit (12 inches = 1 foot).

A math problem stated in words that you translate into an operation.

A symbol meaning the left value is larger than the right (5 > 3).

A symbol meaning the left value is smaller than the right (3 < 5).

A symbol meaning a value is smaller than or equal to another.

A whole number divisible by 2 (2, 4, 6, …).

A whole number not divisible by 2 (1, 3, 5, …).

A number that divides another exactly (3 is a factor of 12).

The product of a number and an integer (12 is a multiple of 3).

The largest factor shared by two or more numbers.

The smallest multiple shared by two or more numbers.

A whole number greater than 1 with only two factors: 1 and itself.

Computing without paper or a calculator, often by estimating.

Multiplication seen as adding the same number several times.

Division seen as subtracting the same number until reaching zero.

A word naming a person, place, thing, or idea.

A word that replaces a noun (he, she, it, they).

A word expressing an action or a state of being.

A word that describes a noun (a bright light).

A word that describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb (ran quickly).

A word showing a relationship of place or time (in, on, under, after).

A word that joins words or clauses (and, but, or, because).

A word that shows emotion (Wow! Oh!).

The noun or pronoun a sentence is about — who or what does the action.

The part of a sentence that says what the subject does or is.

A singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb.

A pronoun must match the noun it replaces in number and gender.

Choosing the right pronoun form: subjective (he), objective (him), or possessive (his).

When an action happens — past, present, or future.

Keeping verb tense the same unless the meaning requires a shift.

A group of words with a subject and a verb expressing a complete thought.

An incomplete sentence missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought.

Two complete sentences joined without correct punctuation or a conjunction.

Two independent clauses joined by only a comma — a type of run-on.

A group of words with a subject and verb that can stand alone.

A clause that cannot stand alone and needs an independent clause.

Using the same grammatical form for items in a list or comparison.

A word or phrase that describes another; place it next to what it describes.

A modifier with no clear word to describe, creating confusion.

A modifier set too far from the word it describes.

A punctuation mark used to separate items, clauses, or set off phrases.

A comma separating three or more items: red, white, and blue.

The comma before 'and' in a list of three or more items.

Punctuation that joins two closely related independent clauses.

Punctuation that introduces a list, explanation, or quotation.

Shows possession (dog's) or contraction (it's = it is); not used for plurals.

Punctuation that sets off direct speech or a quoted phrase.

A period, question mark, or exclamation point that ends a sentence.

Beginning sentences and proper nouns with a capital letter.

The specific name of a person, place, or thing, always capitalized.

A general, non-specific noun (city, teacher) that is not capitalized.

Writing words with the correct letters in the correct order.

Their = possessive; there = place; they're = they are.

Your = possessive; you're = you are.

Its = possessive; it's = it is.

Then = time/sequence; than = comparison.

Affect (verb) = to influence; effect (noun) = a result.

To = direction/infinitive; too = also/excessively; two = the number 2.

Prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing.

Planning and generating ideas before drafting (lists, webs, outlines).

Listing ideas freely before organizing them.

Writing nonstop to generate ideas without worrying about correctness.

Organizing ideas into a structured plan before drafting.

Writing a first version, focusing on ideas rather than perfection.

Improving a draft's ideas, organization, and clarity.

Fixing grammar, usage, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling.

A final check for surface errors before publishing.

Producing the final, clean copy to share.

A sentence stating the main point or position of an essay.

The sentence that states a paragraph's main idea.

A group of sentences developing one main idea.

The opening paragraph that presents the topic and thesis.

A paragraph that develops one supporting point with details.

The closing paragraph that restates the point and wraps up.

A word or phrase signaling the relationship between ideas (however, therefore).

The logical, smooth flow of ideas in writing.

Keeping every sentence in a paragraph focused on one main idea.

The intended readers, whose needs shape word choice and tone.

The reason for writing: to inform, persuade, narrate, or describe.

Writing that tells a story or recounts events.

Writing that paints a vivid picture using sensory detail.

Writing that argues a position to convince the reader.

Writing that explains or informs about a topic.

Tools like dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias for writing support.

A reference listing synonyms and antonyms for words.

Expressing ideas clearly without unnecessary words.

Repeating the same idea unnecessarily (e.g., 'free gift').

Selecting precise, appropriate words for the audience and tone.

When the subject performs the action (The team won the game).

When the subject receives the action (The game was won by the team).

Using two negatives where one is meant, an error in standard English.

Mixing sentence lengths and structures to improve style.

Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon.

An independent clause plus at least one dependent clause.

The noun a pronoun refers back to.

A word (because, although, since) that begins a dependent clause.

A FANBOYS word (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) joining equal parts.

The words a, an, and the, used before nouns.

A noun naming more than one, usually formed by adding -s or -es.

A noun showing ownership, formed with an apostrophe (the student's book).

A verb (is, have, will) that supports the main verb.

Whether a sentence states, asks, commands, or exclaims.

Writing so the meaning is immediately understandable.

Pointing to a rule or error so the student makes the correction.