- Six rights of medication administration
- Right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, and right documentation.
- Normal adult pulse (heart rate)
- 60–100 beats per minute at rest.
- Normal adult respirations
- 12–20 breaths per minute at rest.
- Normal adult body temperature
- About 98.6 °F (range 97.8–99.1 °F).
- Normal adult blood pressure
- Less than 120/80 mmHg.
- Normal pulse oximetry (SpO₂)
- 95–100%.
- Systolic vs diastolic blood pressure
- Systolic = pressure when the heart contracts (top number); diastolic = pressure when it relaxes (bottom number).
- Which artery is used for a radial pulse?
- The radial artery at the thumb side of the wrist.
- Most common site to take a pulse
- The radial artery (wrist).
- Apical pulse location
- Over the apex of the heart, about the 5th intercostal space at the left midclavicular line.
- What are the standard vital signs?
- Temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure — often with pulse oximetry and pain.
- Tachycardia vs bradycardia
- Tachycardia = pulse over 100/min; bradycardia = pulse under 60/min.
- Hypertension stage 1 (adult)
- Systolic 130–139 or diastolic 80–89 mmHg.
- Korotkoff sounds
- The tapping sounds heard with a stethoscope while measuring blood pressure; the first is systolic, the last is diastolic.
- Orthostatic (postural) vital signs
- Blood pressure and pulse measured lying, sitting, and standing to detect a drop on position change.
- Why use two patient identifiers?
- To make sure care, specimens, and records are matched to the correct patient — never use the room number.
- Two acceptable patient identifiers
- Full name and date of birth (verified against the order and wristband).
- What is BMI?
- Body mass index — weight relative to height, used to screen for under/overweight.
- Oral temperature precaution
- Wait ~15 minutes after the patient eats, drinks, or smokes to avoid a false reading.
- Pediatric vital signs vs adult
- Children have faster pulse and respiratory rates that decrease with age.
- Intradermal (ID) injection angle
- 10–15 degrees, into the dermis (e.g., TB skin test).
- Subcutaneous (SubQ) injection angle
- 45 degrees, into the fatty tissue beneath the skin.
- Intramuscular (IM) injection angle
- 90 degrees, into the muscle.
- Common IM injection sites
- Deltoid and ventrogluteal; vastus lateralis for infants.
- Common SubQ injection sites
- Upper outer arm, abdomen, and anterior thigh.
- Route for a TB (Mantoux) skin test
- Intradermal — a shallow injection that raises a wheal.
- How many times to check a medication label?
- Three times: when retrieving, when preparing, and before giving it.
- Right documentation includes what?
- Drug, dose, route, site, time, and the patient's response.
- Can a medical assistant prescribe medications?
- No — MAs administer only as ordered and within state scope; they never prescribe.
- Dosage calculation formula
- (Desired dose ÷ dose on hand) × quantity on hand.
- Fowler's position
- Semi-sitting (head of table raised ~45–60°) — for breathing or head/neck exams.
- Supine position
- Lying flat on the back — for abdominal exams.
- Lithotomy position
- On the back with feet in stirrups — for pelvic and gynecologic exams.
- Sims' position
- Lying on the left side with the right knee flexed — for rectal exams and enemas.
- Prone position
- Lying face down — for back and spine exams.
- Trendelenburg position
- Head lower than the feet — sometimes used for low blood pressure or shock.
- Purpose of draping a patient
- To provide privacy, warmth, and comfort and expose only the area being examined.
- Primary purpose of wound care
- Promote healing and prevent infection by keeping the wound clean and protected.
- RICE for a soft-tissue injury
- Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.
- First step before any procedure
- Verify the order, identify the patient with two identifiers, and explain the procedure.
- Single most important infection-control measure
- Hand hygiene before and after every patient contact.
- Standard precautions
- Treat every patient's blood and body fluids as potentially infectious for all patients.
- Medical asepsis
- Clean technique that reduces the number and spread of microorganisms.
- Surgical asepsis
- Sterile technique that eliminates all microorganisms (sterile field).
- Chain of infection (six links)
- Agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.
- Easiest link to break in the chain of infection
- Mode of transmission — interrupted by hand hygiene and standard precautions.
- Transmission-based precautions
- Contact, droplet, and airborne precautions added for specific organisms.
- How to handle used sharps
- Drop point-first, never recapped by hand, into a puncture-proof sharps container.
- OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
- 29 CFR 1910.1030 — protects workers from blood-borne disease exposure.
- Sterile field border rule
- A 1-inch border around a sterile field is considered non-sterile.
- When is a sterile field contaminated?
- If anything below the waist or out of sight touches it, or if it gets wet.
- PPE donning order
- Gown, mask/respirator, goggles/face shield, then gloves.
- PPE doffing order
- Gloves, goggles/face shield, gown, then mask/respirator.
- Autoclave
- A device that sterilizes instruments with pressurized steam (commonly 121 °C).
- Sanitization vs disinfection vs sterilization
- Sanitization lowers microbe counts; disinfection kills most pathogens; sterilization destroys all microorganisms.
- Biohazard waste disposal
- Place in a labeled red biohazard bag or sharps container per facility policy.
- Point-of-care testing (POCT)
- Diagnostic testing done at or near the patient, such as glucose or rapid strep.
- CLIA-waived test
- A simple, low-risk lab test that a medical assistant is permitted to perform.
- What does a urinalysis dipstick check?
- Glucose, protein, blood, pH, ketones, leukocytes, and specific gravity.
- Specimen handling rule
- Label the specimen with patient identifiers at the bedside and transport it promptly per protocol.
- Quality control in POCT
- Running controls to confirm a test/instrument is working before reporting patient results.
- Hemoglobin A1c measures what?
- Average blood glucose over about the past 3 months.
- Fasting requirement for many glucose tests
- Usually no food or drink (except water) for 8–12 hours.
- Rapid strep test specimen
- A throat swab to detect group A Streptococcus.
- Order of draw (tube sequence)
- Blood culture, light blue, red/gold, green, lavender, gray.
- Light-blue tube additive and use
- Sodium citrate — coagulation studies (PT/INR, PTT).
- Red/gold (SST) tube additive and use
- Clot activator/gel — serum chemistry and serology.
- Green tube additive and use
- Heparin — plasma chemistry and STAT electrolytes.
- Lavender tube additive and use
- EDTA — complete blood count (CBC) and hematology.
- Gray tube additive and use
- Sodium fluoride — glucose and lactate.
- Most common venipuncture site
- The median cubital vein in the antecubital fossa (bend of the elbow).
- Why does the order of draw matter?
- To prevent additive carryover from one tube contaminating the next and skewing results.
- Effect of EDTA carryover into a chemistry tube
- Falsely raises potassium and falsely lowers calcium.
- Maximum tourniquet time
- No more than 1 minute, to avoid hemoconcentration.
- Order of cleaning a venipuncture site
- Clean with alcohol in a circular motion from the center outward, then let it air dry.
- Hemolysis
- Rupture of red blood cells (from rough handling or a small needle) that can ruin a specimen.
- Hematoma during a draw
- Blood leaking into tissue, causing swelling/bruising — stop and apply pressure.
- Capillary (dermal) puncture site for adults
- The side of a fingertip (the middle or ring finger).
- Capillary puncture site for an infant
- The lateral (side) of the heel.
- Electrodes on a standard 12-lead EKG
- 10 electrodes — 4 limb + 6 precordial (chest).
- Electrodes vs leads
- Electrodes are the sensors on the skin; leads are the 12 calculated views.
- V1 electrode position
- 4th intercostal space, right sternal border.
- V4 electrode position
- 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line.
- P wave represents
- Atrial depolarization (the atria contracting).
- QRS complex represents
- Ventricular depolarization (the ventricles contracting).
- T wave represents
- Ventricular repolarization (the ventricles recovering).
- EKG standard paper speed
- 25 mm/s — 1 small box = 0.04 s and 1 large box = 0.20 s.
- Wandering baseline artifact
- A slow up-and-down drift from movement, breathing, or loose electrodes.
- 60-cycle (AC) interference
- Uniform thick fuzz from nearby electrical equipment or crossed lead wires.
- Normal sinus rhythm
- Regular, 60–100/min, with an upright P wave before every QRS.
- Parts of a medical term
- Word root (core meaning) + optional prefix + suffix, joined by a combining vowel.
- Combining vowel
- A vowel (usually 'o') that joins word parts; kept before a consonant suffix, dropped before a vowel.
- Root 'cardi/o'
- Heart (e.g., cardiology).
- Root 'hepat/o'
- Liver (e.g., hepatitis).
- Root 'nephr/o' or 'ren/o'
- Kidney.
- Prefix 'brady-'
- Slow (e.g., bradycardia).
- Prefix 'tachy-'
- Fast (e.g., tachycardia).
- Prefix 'hyper-' vs 'hypo-'
- Hyper- = excessive/above; hypo- = deficient/below.
- Suffix '-itis'
- Inflammation (e.g., arthritis).
- Suffix '-ectomy'
- Surgical removal (e.g., appendectomy).
- Suffix '-otomy'
- Cutting into / incision.
- Suffix '-emia'
- Blood condition (e.g., anemia).
- Suffix '-ology'
- The study of (e.g., cardiology).
- Abbreviation 'PRN'
- As needed (pro re nata).
- Abbreviation 'STAT'
- Immediately / at once.
- Abbreviation 'NPO'
- Nothing by mouth (nil per os).
- Abbreviation 'PO'
- By mouth.
- Abbreviation 'BID'
- Twice a day.
- Abbreviation 'TID'
- Three times a day.
- Abbreviation 'QID'
- Four times a day.
- Abbreviation 'q4h'
- Every 4 hours.
- Generic vs brand name drug
- Generic = the official nonproprietary name; brand = the manufacturer's trademarked name.
- Metric conversion: 1 gram
- 1 g = 1000 mg = 1,000,000 mcg.
- Analgesic
- A drug that relieves pain.
- Antibiotic
- A drug that treats bacterial infection.
- Antipyretic
- A drug that reduces fever.
- Antihypertensive
- A drug that lowers blood pressure.
- Anatomical position
- Standing erect, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms forward.
- Sagittal plane
- A vertical plane dividing the body into right and left.
- Frontal (coronal) plane
- A vertical plane dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).
- Transverse plane
- A horizontal plane dividing the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior).
- Superior vs inferior
- Superior = toward the head; inferior = toward the feet.
- Anterior vs posterior
- Anterior (ventral) = toward the front; posterior (dorsal) = toward the back.
- Medial vs lateral
- Medial = toward the midline; lateral = away from the midline.
- Proximal vs distal
- Proximal = toward the trunk/origin; distal = away from it.
- Cardiovascular system function
- Pumps and circulates blood (heart and blood vessels).
- Respiratory system function
- Gas exchange — oxygen in, carbon dioxide out (lungs).
- Digestive system function
- Breaks down and absorbs nutrients (GI tract).
- Nervous system function
- Rapid control and signaling (brain, spinal cord, nerves).
- Musculoskeletal system function
- Movement, support, and protection (bones and muscles).
- Integumentary system
- The skin, hair, and nails — a protective barrier.
- Endocrine system function
- Slower, hormone-based control of body functions.
- Urinary system function
- Filters blood and removes waste as urine (kidneys).
- Largest organ of the body
- The skin.
- Number of chambers in the heart
- Four — two atria and two ventricles.
- Three formed elements of blood
- Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- Teach-back method
- Asking the patient to restate instructions in their own words to confirm understanding.
- Medical assistant's role in patient education
- Reinforce the provider's instructions in plain language and confirm understanding — not give new advice.
- Health literacy
- A patient's ability to understand and use health information.
- What is a referral?
- Connecting a patient to another provider or specialist for further care.
- Care coordination
- Organizing a patient's care across providers — referrals, labs, records, and follow-up.
- 'Closing the loop' in coordination
- Confirming the referral happened and the result came back.
- Prior authorization
- Approval an insurer requires before certain services are provided.
- Patient navigator
- A person who helps a patient overcome barriers to accessing care.
- Best practice when a patient can't read English
- Use a qualified interpreter and translated materials.
- Documenting patient education
- Record what was taught, the materials given, and that understanding was confirmed.
- ICD-10-CM codes describe
- The diagnosis — why care was given (the patient's condition).
- CPT codes describe
- The procedures and services performed (what was done).
- HCPCS Level II codes
- Supplies, equipment, and services not included in CPT.
- Medical necessity on a claim
- The CPT procedure code must be supported by an ICD-10 diagnosis code.
- EHR
- Electronic health record — the digital patient chart.
- How to correct an EHR/paper-chart error
- Draw a single line through it, initial and date; never erase or delete the original.
- Wave scheduling
- Several patients booked at the top of the hour and seen in the order they arrive.
- Modified-wave scheduling
- Patients booked at staggered intervals within the hour.
- Cluster scheduling
- Grouping similar appointment types together.
- Scheduling matrix
- Blocking out times the provider is unavailable so they aren't booked.
- Double-booking
- Two patients in one slot — used sparingly for urgent add-ons.
- Copayment
- A fixed amount the patient pays for a covered service at the time of the visit.
- Deductible
- The amount a patient pays out of pocket before insurance begins to pay.
- Explanation of benefits (EOB)
- A statement from the insurer explaining what was paid and what the patient owes.
- Accounts receivable
- Money owed to the practice for services already provided.
- CMS-1500 form
- The standard paper claim form for outpatient/professional services.
- Therapeutic communication
- Verbal and nonverbal techniques that build trust and gather accurate information.
- Active listening
- Giving full attention, not interrupting, and confirming understanding.
- Open-ended question
- A question that invites more than a yes/no answer (e.g., 'How are you feeling?').
- Communication blocks to avoid
- Giving advice, false reassurance, interrupting, and changing the subject.
- Nonverbal communication
- Posture, gestures, eye contact, tone, and facial expression.
- Reflecting (in communication)
- Repeating or paraphrasing what the patient said to confirm understanding.
- Clarifying (in communication)
- Asking for more detail to make a vague statement clear.
- Professional telephone etiquette
- Identify yourself and the office, be courteous, and never give medical advice outside your scope.
- Cultural competence
- Respecting and adapting care to a patient's cultural beliefs and practices.
- Communicating with a hearing-impaired patient
- Face the patient, speak clearly, and use written materials or an interpreter as needed.
- Empathy vs sympathy
- Empathy = understanding the patient's feelings; sympathy = feeling sorry for them.
- Telephone triage
- Prioritizing callers by urgency and routing emergencies appropriately.
- HIPAA
- The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act — protects patients' health information.
- PHI
- Protected health information — individually identifiable health data.
- Minimum necessary standard
- Access and disclose only the PHI needed to do the task.
- Permitted PHI uses without authorization
- Treatment, payment, and health-care operations (TPO).
- Informed consent
- Voluntary agreement to a procedure after the provider explains risks, benefits, and alternatives.
- Implied consent
- Consent inferred from a patient's actions or assumed in a true emergency.
- Who obtains informed consent?
- The provider — the medical assistant may witness the signature.
- Medical assistant's scope of practice
- Delegated clinical and administrative tasks under provider supervision and state law — no diagnosing or prescribing.
- Negligence
- Failure to provide the standard of care that a reasonable person would.
- Standard of care
- The level of care a reasonably competent provider would give in the same situation.
- Mandatory reporting
- Legally required reporting of abuse, neglect, and certain communicable diseases.
- Advance directive
- A document stating a patient's wishes for care if they can't decide for themselves.
- 'If it wasn't documented, it wasn't done'
- The charting principle that care must be documented to be legally recognized.
- Battery (in health care)
- Touching or treating a patient without consent.
- Abandonment
- Ending the provider-patient relationship without proper notice or transfer of care.
- Beneficence
- The ethical principle of acting in the patient's best interest.
- Pyrexia
- A fever — an elevated body temperature.
- Afebrile
- Without fever (normal temperature).
- Sphygmomanometer
- The cuff-and-gauge device used to measure blood pressure.
- Correct blood-pressure cuff size
- A cuff bladder that encircles ~80% of the arm; too small reads high, too large reads low.
- Pulse pressure
- The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
- Pulse deficit
- The difference between the apical and radial pulse rates.
- Apnea
- Absence of breathing.
- Dyspnea
- Difficult or labored breathing.
- Hypoxemia
- Low oxygen level in the blood.
- Where is the carotid pulse?
- In the neck, beside the trachea — used to check the pulse in an emergency.
- Auscultation
- Listening to body sounds (heart, lungs, bowel) with a stethoscope.
- Palpation
- Examining the body by touch (e.g., feeling a pulse).
- Normal infant respiratory rate
- About 30–60 breaths per minute.
- Tympanic temperature site
- The ear (tympanic membrane).
- Temporal temperature site
- The forehead (temporal artery).
- Goniometer
- An instrument that measures a joint's range of motion (angle).
- Spirometry
- A test of lung function measuring the volume and speed of exhaled air.
- Snellen chart
- A wall chart used to test distance (visual acuity) vision at 20 feet.
- Ishihara test
- A test for color-vision deficiency using colored dot plates.
- Audiometry
- A hearing test that measures the softest sounds a patient can hear.
- Body mechanics
- Using correct posture and movement (bend at the knees, keep loads close) to prevent injury.
- Ambulation
- Walking; assisting a patient to walk safely.
- Gait belt
- A safety belt used to support and steady a patient when transferring or walking.
- Suture vs staple removal
- Done on provider order using sterile technique; count to confirm all are removed.
- Purpose of a tourniquet for injections
- None — tourniquets are for venipuncture, not for giving most injections.
- Z-track technique
- An IM injection method that prevents medication leaking back into the skin.
- Cold (cryotherapy) application
- Reduces swelling and pain by constricting blood vessels.
- Heat (thermotherapy) application
- Increases circulation and relaxes muscles by dilating blood vessels.
- Crash cart
- A mobile cart of emergency equipment and medications.
- AED
- Automated external defibrillator — analyzes the rhythm and can deliver a shock.
- Nosocomial (healthcare-associated) infection
- An infection acquired in a health-care setting.
- Pathogen
- A disease-causing microorganism — bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite.
- Reservoir (chain of infection)
- Where the pathogen lives and multiplies.
- Vector transmission
- Spread of a pathogen by an insect or animal (e.g., a mosquito).
- Droplet vs airborne precautions
- Droplet = large drops, short range (mask); airborne = tiny particles that linger (N95, negative-pressure room).
- Hand hygiene with alcohol-based rub
- Acceptable unless hands are visibly soiled, when soap and water are required.
- MSDS / SDS
- Safety Data Sheet — chemical hazard and handling information required by OSHA.
- Surgical scrub
- Cleansing the hands and forearms before sterile procedures.
- Centrifuge
- A device that spins blood to separate cells from plasma or serum.
- Serum vs plasma
- Serum is plasma without clotting factors (from a clotted tube); plasma is from an anticoagulated tube.
- Reference range
- The expected normal range of values for a lab test.
- Occult blood test
- Detects hidden blood in stool (e.g., FOBT/FIT) to screen for GI bleeding.
- Glucometer
- A device that measures blood glucose from a fingerstick sample.
- Antecubital fossa
- The inner bend of the elbow — the primary venipuncture area.
- Butterfly (winged) needle use
- For small, fragile, or hand veins.
- Gauge of a needle
- Its diameter — the higher the number, the smaller the bore.
- Why invert additive tubes?
- To mix the additive with the blood and prevent clotting (gently, not shaking).
- Fasting specimen
- A sample collected after the patient has not eaten for a set period.
- Syncope during a draw
- Fainting — stop, lower the patient's head, and ensure safety.
- Petechiae
- Tiny red spots that may appear from a tourniquet that is too tight or left too long.
- Most common phlebotomy complication
- Hematoma (bruising) from blood leaking into the tissue.
- PR interval normal range
- 0.12–0.20 seconds.
- QRS duration normal
- Less than 0.12 seconds.
- Limb-lead color: right arm
- White ('white on the right').
- Limb-lead color: left leg
- Red ('fire' on the left leg).
- Holter monitor
- A portable EKG worn 24–48 hours to catch intermittent arrhythmias.
- Atrial fibrillation on EKG
- Irregularly irregular rhythm with no true P waves.
- Root 'gastr/o'
- Stomach.
- Root 'derm/o' or 'dermat/o'
- Skin.
- Root 'oste/o'
- Bone.
- Root 'arthr/o'
- Joint.
- Root 'neur/o'
- Nerve.
- Prefix 'a-' / 'an-'
- Without / absence of.
- Prefix 'dys-'
- Difficult or painful.
- Prefix 'poly-'
- Many.
- Suffix '-megaly'
- Enlargement.
- Suffix '-pathy'
- Disease.
- Suffix '-plasty'
- Surgical repair.
- Suffix '-scopy'
- Visual examination with a scope.
- Suffix '-uria'
- Urine condition.
- Abbreviation 'Rx'
- Prescription / treatment.
- Abbreviation 'Hx'
- History.
- Abbreviation 'Dx'
- Diagnosis.
- Abbreviation 'Tx'
- Treatment.
- Abbreviation 'c/o'
- Complains of.
- Abbreviation 'WNL'
- Within normal limits.
- Microbiology: bacteria shapes
- Cocci (round), bacilli (rod), and spirilla (spiral).
- Aerobic vs anaerobic bacteria
- Aerobic need oxygen; anaerobic grow without it.
- Homeostasis
- The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
- Cell, tissue, organ, system
- Levels of organization from smallest (cell) to largest (organ system).
- Four types of tissue
- Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
- Function of red blood cells
- Carry oxygen (via hemoglobin) to body tissues.
- Function of white blood cells
- Defend the body against infection.
- Function of platelets
- Help blood clot.
- Skeletal muscle
- Voluntary muscle that moves bones.
- Cardiac muscle
- Involuntary muscle of the heart.
- Smooth muscle
- Involuntary muscle of organs and vessels.
- Where does gas exchange occur?
- In the alveoli of the lungs.
- Right vs left abdominal quadrants
- RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ — used to locate abdominal findings.
- Function of the kidneys
- Filter waste and excess fluid from the blood to form urine.
- SOAP note
- Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan — a structured documentation format.
- Discharge instructions
- Written and verbal directions a patient follows after the visit.
- Continuity of care
- Coordinated, consistent care over time and across providers.
- Community resource referral
- Connecting a patient to services like transportation, food, or support groups.
- Adapting education for older adults
- Speak clearly, allow more time, and use larger print and simple steps.
- Premium (insurance)
- The amount paid (often monthly) to keep an insurance policy active.
- Coinsurance
- The percentage of a covered cost the patient pays after the deductible.
- Medicare
- Federal insurance primarily for people 65 and older.
- Medicaid
- Joint federal-state insurance for people with low income.
- Clean claim
- A claim with no errors that can be processed without extra information.
- Aging report
- A report showing how long accounts have been unpaid.
- Encounter form / superbill
- A form listing services and codes for a visit, used for billing.
- Fee schedule
- The list of charges for the practice's services.
- No-show documentation
- Record missed appointments in the patient's chart.
- Inventory management
- Tracking and reordering supplies so the office doesn't run out.
- Feedback (communication)
- The receiver's response that confirms a message was understood.
- Closed-ended question
- A question answered with yes/no or a single word.
- Defense mechanism: denial
- Refusing to accept a painful reality.
- Personal space / proxemics
- The comfortable distance between people during interaction.
- Documentation of a phone call
- Record the date, time, caller, message, and action taken.
- Handling an angry patient
- Stay calm, listen actively, acknowledge feelings, and avoid arguing.
- Communicating with a child
- Use simple words, be honest, and involve the caregiver.
- Grief stages (Kübler-Ross)
- Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
- Tort
- A wrongful act (other than breach of contract) that causes harm.
- Malpractice
- Professional negligence by a health-care provider.
- Defamation
- Harming someone's reputation — libel (written) or slander (spoken).
- Invasion of privacy
- Improperly disclosing or exposing a patient's private information.
- Good Samaritan law
- Protects those who give reasonable emergency aid in good faith from liability.
- Subpoena
- A legal order to produce records or testify.
- Confidentiality
- Keeping a patient's information private and shared only as permitted.
- Living will
- An advance directive stating wishes about life-sustaining treatment.
- Durable power of attorney for health care
- Names a person to make medical decisions if the patient cannot.
- Patient's Bill of Rights
- Sets out a patient's rights to information, privacy, and respectful care.
- Emancipated minor
- A minor legally able to consent to their own care.
- Res ipsa loquitur
- 'The thing speaks for itself' — negligence is obvious (e.g., a retained instrument).
