Click Study Flashcards above to open the flashcard hub — over a hundred ASCP MLS cards you can flip, match, type, or quiz yourself on. Every card is drawn from the ASCP BOC Medical Laboratory Scientist content areas, so you study exactly what the MLS exam tests.[1]
Pair them with our free practice questions and study guide. Want extra insurance for exam day? Capital Prep’s ASCP MLS premium study materials come with an ASCP MLS exam pass guarantee: your money back if you don’t pass, plus up to $260 toward your retake fee — and Career Employer students get a special discount.
ASCP MLS Flashcard Study Modes
Flip mode is for first passes and review, Match times you pairing terms with definitions, Type asks you to read a definition and spell the term back, and Quiz turns the cards into multiple choice. Type is where recall gets honest: a front like Centrifuge balancing rule has to come back exactly, not just look familiar when you see it.
Why Flashcards Work for the ASCP MLS Exam
Specimen Collection is the biggest block at 84 cards, and it drills the hands-on steps and tube rules you need to produce without hesitating. Pink-top tube use, Needle insertion angle, and Infant heel-stick site sit next to patient-side items such as Anchoring the vein, Three types of consent, Consent for a minor, and the card that asks What is the basal state?
Specimen Handling, Transport, and Processing carries 40 cards on what happens after the draw. Prompts like What is hemolysis? and What does QNS mean? build the rejection vocabulary, while What is accessioning? and Centrifuge balancing rule cover the mechanics of moving a sample through the lab.
Laboratory Operations matches that with 40 cards on regulatory, safety, and quality language. Role of CLSI and Role of OSHA in the lab anchor the agency cards, PPE donning order and Rule about used needles cover bench safety, and the card that asks What is a delta check? ties into result review.
Circulatory System adds 34 cards on the anatomy and physiology behind venipuncture. Expect Function of platelets and Best way to locate a vein alongside term cards like the one that asks What does ’systole’ mean? and the tube-to-specimen link in Which tube produces serum?
Waived and Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) contributes 25 cards on quality control and scope, including Internal vs external QC, Examples of CLIA-waived tests, and prompts like Who may perform waived testing? Non-Blood Specimens closes the deck with 25 cards on collection specifics such as Buccal swab use, Throat swab technique, and Stool occult-blood test prep.
That matters on the MLS, where dense, definitional content — ABO compatibility, the DAT vs IAT, the leukemia translocations, organism identification, and the coagulation pathways — must be instantly available. Used alongside our practice questions and study guide, flashcards turn review time into measurable progress.
ASCP MLS Flashcards by Topic
The cards are organized by the ASCP BOC content areas. Weight your study toward the four heaviest — Blood Banking, Chemistry, Hematology, and Microbiology are each 17–22% of the exam:[1]
| ASCP MLS content area | Weight |
|---|---|
| Blood Banking | 17–22% |
| Chemistry | 17–22% |
| Hematology | 17–22% |
| Microbiology | 17–22% |
| Urinalysis & Other Body Fluids | 5–10% |
| Immunology | 5–10% |
| Laboratory Operations | 5–10% |
How to Get the Most Out of These Flashcards
- Start with Specimen Collection. At 84 cards it is a third of the deck, and the tube, order, and consent details it drills reappear inside handling and operations questions.
- Type-drill the exact-answer cards. Fronts like Needle insertion angle and Tube for stat electrolytes reward precise recall, and typing them exposes the ones you only recognize passively.
- Use Match for short definition pairs. The Laboratory Operations agency cards, including Role of CLSI and Role of DOT / IATA, sort fastest when you drill them against a clock.
- Move to the practice test once Quiz feels easy. When most domains return clean rounds, switch to full-length questions and use the study guide to repair whatever the results expose.
- Keep the cadence small and repeated. Work one domain per session, re-Flip yesterday’s misses first, and cycle all 248 cards regularly rather than cramming a single block.
ASCP MLS Flashcards FAQ
Over a hundred free ASCP MLS flashcards, organized across the seven ASCP Board of Certification content areas tested on the Medical Laboratory Scientist exam — blood banking, urinalysis and body fluids, chemistry, hematology, immunology, microbiology, and laboratory operations. They're free to use with no account required.
Yes. Flashcards use active recall — retrieving an answer from memory — which research shows is one of the most effective ways to make information stick, especially in short sessions spread over several days. That matters for the dense, definitional content the MLS tests, from ABO compatibility to organism identification and red cell indices.
Every ASCP BOC content area: Blood Banking (ABO/Rh, antibody work, DAT/IAT, transfusion reactions, HDFN), Chemistry (analytes, acid-base, cardiac and liver markers), Hematology (anemias, leukemias, coagulation, morphology), Microbiology (Gram stain and organism ID, susceptibility), Immunology, Urinalysis and Body Fluids, and Laboratory Operations.
Yes. Every card is written to the ASCP Board of Certification Medical Laboratory Scientist content guideline — Blood Banking, Chemistry, Hematology, and Microbiology (each 17–22%) and Urinalysis/Body Fluids, Immunology, and Laboratory Operations (each 5–10%) — and to official guidance from AABB, CLSI, and the NIH.
Mix the modes: flip to learn, type to test recall, match for speed, and quiz to check yourself. Spend the most time on the four 17–22% benches — Blood Banking, Chemistry, Hematology, and Microbiology — which together make up about three-quarters of the exam.
Yes — 100% free, all four study modes, no paywall.
ASCP MLS flashcard bank
All 117 cards, by topic
A reference copy of every card in this deck. Each answer stays hidden until you choose to show it. To study with Flip, Match, Type and Quiz modes and track what you have mastered, use Study Flashcards at the top of the page.
Blood Banking (27)
- Universal red cell donor
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Group O — O red cells carry no A or B antigen; O negative is the emergency universal donor because it also lacks the D antigen.
- Universal red cell recipient
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Group AB — AB plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B, so an AB patient can receive red cells of any ABO type.
- ABO isoagglutinins
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Naturally occurring antibodies to the ABO antigen a person lacks: group A has anti-B, group B has anti-A, group O has both, group AB has neither.
- Forward vs reverse ABO typing
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Forward tests the patient's red cells with anti-A/anti-B reagents; reverse tests the patient's plasma against A1 and B cells. The two must agree.
- ABO discrepancy
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A mismatch between forward and reverse typing. Resolve it (repeat with washed cells, review age/diagnosis/transfusion history) before transfusing.
- Bombay phenotype (hh)
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Lacks the H antigen (the A/B precursor), so no A, B, or H antigen; types as O but makes potent anti-H and needs Bombay (hh) blood.
- D antigen
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The most immunogenic Rh antigen. Rh-negative people readily form anti-D after exposure; anti-D causes the classic severe HDFN.
- Direct antiglobulin test (DAT)
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Detects red cells already coated in vivo with antibody or complement; run on washed patient cells with no incubation. Used in HDFN, AIHA, transfusion reactions.
- Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT)
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Detects in vitro sensitization by incubating patient plasma with reagent cells; basis of the antibody screen, antibody ID, and antiglobulin crossmatch.
- Anti-human globulin (AHG) reagent
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The Coombs reagent that bridges IgG or complement bound to red cells, producing visible agglutination in the DAT and IAT.
- Antibody screen
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Tests patient plasma against 2–3 reagent screening cells to detect clinically significant unexpected (non-ABO) antibodies before transfusion.
- Major crossmatch
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Donor red cells tested against recipient plasma — the clinically essential test that detects recipient antibodies that could destroy transfused cells.
- Electronic (computer) crossmatch
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Acceptable when the antibody screen is negative and there is no antibody history; its only remaining job is confirming ABO compatibility.
- Dosage effect
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An antibody reacts more strongly with homozygous (double-dose) than heterozygous cells; classic for Kidd (Jka/Jkb) and Duffy antibodies.
- Kidd antibodies (anti-Jka)
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Show dosage and fall below detection between exposures, so they are missed on screening and cause delayed (anamnestic) hemolytic transfusion reactions.
- Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
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The most dangerous reaction — almost always an ABO mismatch from an ID/clerical error. Fever, flank pain, and free hemoglobin in post-transfusion plasma.
- Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR)
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A temperature rise of at least 1°C with chills during transfusion, without hemolysis; from recipient antibodies to donor leukocytes/cytokines.
- Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR)
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Days after transfusion: falling hemoglobin, a newly positive DAT and antibody screen — an anamnestic antibody (often Kidd) re-emerging.
- Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
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Maternal IgG crosses the placenta and hemolyzes fetal red cells. Classic severe form: anti-D in a sensitized Rh-negative mother; ABO HDFN is milder.
- Rh immune globulin (RhIG)
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Anti-D given to D-negative mothers to prevent anti-D alloimmunization after exposure to D-positive fetal cells.
- Kleihauer-Betke test
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Quantifies fetal red cells in maternal blood (fetal hemoglobin resists acid) to calculate the RhIG dose after a fetomaternal hemorrhage.
- Platelet storage
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20–24°C (room temperature) with continuous gentle agitation, up to 5–7 days. Never refrigerated — cold activates and clears platelets.
- Washed red blood cells
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Plasma (including IgA) removed; used for IgA-deficient patients or those with repeated allergic/anaphylactic reactions.
- Irradiated blood components
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Prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease by inactivating donor lymphocytes; used in immunocompromised recipients.
- Cryoprecipitate
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Concentrates fibrinogen, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, and factor XIII; used for fibrinogen replacement.
- Acquired B phenomenon
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Bacterial deacetylase modifies the group A sugar so anti-B reagent weakly reacts; seen in gram-negative sepsis or colon carcinoma.
- Lewis blood group system
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Lewis antigens are adsorbed onto red cells from plasma, not synthesized by the red cells — a unique feature of the system.
Urinalysis and Other Body Fluids (13)
- Muddy-brown granular casts
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The hallmark of acute tubular necrosis, formed from sloughed tubular epithelial debris.
- Red blood cell casts
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Indicate glomerular bleeding; characteristic of acute glomerulonephritis. Casts localize the finding to the kidney.
- White blood cell casts
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Indicate renal inflammation/infection such as pyelonephritis.
- Broad and waxy casts
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Seen in chronic renal failure with marked urine stasis — long-standing, severe renal damage.
- Oval fat bodies
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Renal tubular cells filled with absorbed lipid; seen in nephrotic syndrome with heavy proteinuria.
- Hexagonal urine crystals
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Cystine crystals — diagnostic of cystinuria, an inherited disorder of cystine transport.
- Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) interference
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High urine vitamin C causes falsely low or negative blood, glucose, and bilirubin reagent-strip pads.
- Bacterial meningitis CSF pattern
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High WBC with neutrophil predominance, high protein, and LOW glucose (bacteria consume it).
- Viral meningitis CSF pattern
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Lymphocyte-predominant pleocytosis with normal glucose and normal-to-mildly elevated protein.
- Normal CSF glucose
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About 60–70% of the simultaneous plasma glucose; always interpret CSF glucose against a paired plasma sample.
- Light's criteria
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Distinguish a transudate from an exudate in serous fluid; meeting any one criterion (fluid:serum protein or LDH ratios, or high LDH) makes it an exudate.
- Nitrite + leukocyte esterase
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Reagent-strip screen for urinary tract infection; both positive strongly suggests infection.
- Specific gravity (strip vs refractometer)
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The reagent-strip pad reads only ionic solutes; a refractometer responds to all solutes, so they disagree with heavy non-ionic solutes like contrast media.
Chemistry (16)
- Anion gap
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Na − (Cl + HCO₃), normally ~8–12 mmol/L. A high gap = metabolic acidosis from unmeasured acids (lactate, ketoacids, toxins).
- Hemoglobin A1c
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Reflects average glucose over ~2–3 months; ≥6.5% is diagnostic of diabetes, 5.7–6.4% is prediabetes.
- Oral glucose tolerance test (diabetes)
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A 2-hour value of ≥200 mg/dL after a 75-gram glucose load is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus.
- Friedewald equation
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LDL = total cholesterol − HDL − (triglycerides ÷ 5); valid only when triglycerides are below ~400 mg/dL.
- Cardiac troponin
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The most cardiac-specific and sensitive marker of myocardial injury; the standard biomarker for diagnosing myocardial infarction.
- CK-MB role today
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With high-sensitivity troponin, CK-MB's main remaining use is estimating infarct size and detecting reinfarction (shorter half-life).
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
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Rises in cholestatic liver disease and in bone disease (bone turnover); a key cholestasis marker.
- AST:ALT ratio > 2:1
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Suggests alcoholic liver disease; both enzymes mark hepatocellular injury.
- Lipase vs amylase
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Lipase is more pancreas-specific and stays elevated longer than amylase in acute pancreatitis.
- Calculated serum osmolality
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2 × Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8. An osmolal gap (measured − calculated) over ~10 suggests a toxic alcohol.
- Respiratory vs metabolic acidosis
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Both lower pH; respiratory has a high PCO₂ (moves opposite pH), metabolic has a low HCO₃ (moves with pH).
- Blood gas reference ranges
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pH 7.35–7.45, PCO₂ 35–45 mmHg, HCO₃ 22–26 mmol/L.
- Therapeutic drug monitoring trough
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The lowest (pre-dose) concentration; measured to ensure the drug stays in range and is not subtherapeutic or toxic.
- Primary hyperparathyroidism pattern
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High parathyroid hormone (PTH) with high serum calcium.
- Cystatin C
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A GFR marker unaffected by muscle mass, unlike creatinine — a more reliable estimate of glomerular filtration.
- Acute intermittent porphyria test
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Elevated urinary porphobilinogen is the key diagnostic finding.
Hematology (22)
- Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
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Average red cell size: microcytic <80 fL, normocytic 80–100 fL, macrocytic >100 fL — the first step in classifying anemia.
- Microcytic anemia causes
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Iron deficiency (low ferritin, high TIBC), thalassemia, anemia of chronic inflammation, sideroblastic anemia.
- Macrocytic anemia causes
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B12 or folate deficiency (megaloblastic — hypersegmented neutrophils), liver disease/alcohol, reticulocytosis, myelodysplastic syndrome.
- Iron-deficiency anemia labs
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Low ferritin, high total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), low transferrin saturation, and a microcytic hypochromic smear.
- Ferritin
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The body's main iron-storage protein; a low ferritin is the most specific indicator of iron deficiency.
- PT / INR
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Measures the extrinsic and common pathways (tissue factor, factor VII); monitors warfarin.
- aPTT
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Measures the intrinsic and common pathways (factors XII, XI, IX, VIII); monitors unfractionated heparin.
- Vitamin-K-dependent factors
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Factors II, VII, IX, and X (mnemonic 1972). Warfarin lowers them; the PT prolongs first because factor VII has the shortest half-life.
- Hemophilia A vs B
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Hemophilia A = factor VIII deficiency; hemophilia B (Christmas disease) = factor IX deficiency. Both prolong the aPTT.
- Auer rods
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Needle-shaped cytoplasmic inclusions of fused primary granules in myeloblasts — diagnostic of acute myeloid leukemia.
- Philadelphia chromosome
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t(9;22) translocation producing the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene — the hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
- t(15;17) PML-RARA
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Pathognomonic for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
- JAK2 V617F mutation
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Found in most myeloproliferative neoplasms, including polycythemia vera.
- Reed-Sternberg cells
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Large binucleate cells diagnostic of Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Schistocytes
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Fragmented helmet/triangle red cells of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (DIC, TTP, HUS); a negative DAT supports a mechanical cause.
- DIC laboratory findings
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Prolonged PT and aPTT, low platelets, low fibrinogen, and an elevated D-dimer from widespread clotting and fibrinolysis.
- Teardrop cells (dacrocytes)
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Suggest myelofibrosis with extramedullary hematopoiesis.
- Howell-Jolly bodies
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Nuclear remnants in red cells, normally removed by the spleen; their presence indicates a post-splenectomy or hyposplenic state.
- Hereditary spherocytosis test
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Increased osmotic fragility — spherocytes rupture readily in hypotonic solution.
- Factor V Leiden
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The most common inherited thrombophilia; factor V resists inactivation by activated protein C, raising venous thrombosis risk.
- Reticulocyte count stain
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Supravital stains (new methylene blue) precipitate residual ribosomal RNA in reticulocytes, gauging marrow response.
- Sickle cell mutation
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Glutamic acid replaced by valine at position 6 of beta-globin, producing hemoglobin S and sickle-shaped cells.
Immunology (14)
- IgM antibody
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A pentamer, first made in the primary immune response, and the most efficient complement activator. Cannot cross the placenta.
- IgG antibody
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The most abundant serum immunoglobulin, dominant in the secondary response, and the only class that crosses the placenta (so it causes HDFN).
- IgA antibody
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The predominant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions (GI, respiratory, urogenital tracts).
- Type I hypersensitivity
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Immediate, IgE-mediated mast-cell degranulation — allergy and anaphylaxis.
- Type II hypersensitivity
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Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity against cell-surface antigens — e.g. a hemolytic transfusion reaction.
- Type III hypersensitivity
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Immune-complex deposition — serum sickness and systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Type IV hypersensitivity
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Delayed, T-cell-mediated, appearing 48–72 hours later — contact dermatitis and the PPD (tuberculin) reaction.
- Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
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Autoantibodies against nuclear components; the indirect immunofluorescence screen on HEp-2 cells is the gold standard for SLE.
- Rheumatoid factor
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An autoantibody, usually IgM, directed against the Fc region of the patient's own IgG.
- MHC class I vs class II
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Class I presents endogenous antigen to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells; class II presents exogenous antigen to CD4+ helper T cells.
- Complement central step
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Cleavage of C3 by a C3 convertase — the convergence point of the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways.
- Natural killer (NK) cells
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Innate lymphocytes that kill target cells without antigen-specific receptors.
- Heterophile (Monospot) test
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Detects heterophile IgM antibodies of infectious mononucleosis that agglutinate animal red cells and are not adsorbed by guinea pig kidney.
- Syphilis serology
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Nontreponemal screens (RPR/VDRL) are confirmed by treponemal tests (e.g. MHA-TP/FTA-ABS).
Microbiology (16)
- Gram stain interpretation
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Read the reaction (color), morphology (shape), and arrangement. Gram-positive retains crystal violet (thick peptidoglycan); Gram-negative is pink.
- Catalase test
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Adds H₂O₂ to Gram-positive cocci; bubbling (positive) = staphylococci, no bubbling (negative) = streptococci/enterococci.
- Coagulase test
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Distinguishes Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-positive, clots rabbit plasma) from coagulase-negative species like S. epidermidis.
- Streptococcus pyogenes
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Beta-hemolytic group A strep; catalase-negative, bacitracin- and PYR-positive.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Alpha-hemolytic, optochin-sensitive, bile-soluble Gram-positive diplococcus.
- Enterococcus identification
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Catalase-negative Gram-positive cocci in chains; bile-esculin positive and grows in 6.5% NaCl.
- Oxidase test
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Detects cytochrome c oxidase; positive in Pseudomonas and Neisseria, negative in Enterobacterales.
- Escherichia coli
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Oxidase-negative, lactose-fermenting Gram-negative rod (pink on MacConkey); a common cause of UTIs.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Oxidase-positive non-fermenting Gram-negative rod producing blue-green pigment and a grape-like odor.
- Proteus mirabilis
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Urease-positive, swarming, non-lactose-fermenting Gram-negative rod.
- Acid-fast stain
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The Ziehl-Neelsen stain detects mycolic-acid-rich cell walls; identifies Mycobacterium species such as M. tuberculosis.
- Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
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The lowest antimicrobial concentration that visibly inhibits growth; compared to CLSI (M100) breakpoints to report susceptibility.
- Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion
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Gives a categorical susceptibility result from zone-of-inhibition diameters using a standardized 0.5 McFarland inoculum.
- Cryptococcus neoformans
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Encapsulated budding yeast seen with India ink; associated with bird droppings and severe infection in the immunocompromised.
- Candida albicans germ tube
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A germ tube extending from the yeast with no constriction at its base presumptively identifies Candida albicans.
- Listeria monocytogenes
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Motile beta-hemolytic Gram-positive rod that grows at 4°C (cold enrichment); catalase-positive.
Laboratory Operations (9)
- Levey-Jennings chart
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Plots daily control values against the mean with ±1, ±2, and ±3 SD bands to reveal trends and shifts in test performance.
- Westgard 1₃s rule
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Reject the run when one control value exceeds ±3 SD; investigate before reporting patient results.
- Westgard 1₂s rule
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A warning (not an automatic rejection) when one value falls between ±2 and ±3 SD; inspect with other multirules.
- Accuracy vs precision
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Accuracy is closeness to the true value; precision is reproducibility of repeats (measured by SD and CV). A method can be precise but inaccurate.
- Proficiency testing
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Blind samples sent to many labs and compared to verify a lab's accuracy against peers; a CLIA requirement for many analytes.
- Delta check
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Compares a patient's current result with a recent prior result; a large unexplained change flags a possible specimen mix-up or error.
- CLIA
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The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments — federal regulations setting minimum quality standards for all U.S. clinical laboratory testing.
- Sensitivity vs specificity
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Sensitivity = the fraction of true positives a test detects; specificity = the fraction of true negatives it correctly identifies.
- Beer's law
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Absorbance is proportional to analyte concentration and path length; the basis of quantitative spectrophotometry.
References
- 1.ASCP Board of Certification (BOC). “Medical Laboratory Scientist, MLS(ASCP) — Examination Content Guideline & Outline.” ASCP.org. ↑
- 2.Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies (AABB). “Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services.” AABB. ↑
- 3.National Institutes of Health / National Library of Medicine. “StatPearls (anemia, coagulation, urinalysis, microbiology identification, immunology).” NIH/NLM. ↑
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