Your FREE KNAT Flashcards 2026 – 200+ Cards

PEMDAS: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication/Division (left to right), Addition/Subtraction (left to right).

Math, with 28 questions in 45 minutes — the largest section.

16. Multiply first (3 × 4 = 12), then 6 + 12 - 2 = 16.

3 ÷ 4 = 0.75 = 75%.

1 ÷ 5 = 0.2 = 20%.

0.667… (about 66.7%).

About 33.3% (1 ÷ 3 = 0.333…).

25/100 = 1/4.

Divide numerator by denominator to get a decimal, then multiply by 100.

Write it over 100, then reduce to lowest terms (e.g. 40% = 40/100 = 2/5).

Common denominator 12: 3/12 + 2/12 = 5/12.

Multiply by the reciprocal: 1/2 ÷ 3/4 = 1/2 × 4/3 = 2/3.

Multiply straight across (numerators, then denominators) and simplify.

An equation setting two ratios equal, a/b = c/d; solve by cross-multiplication.

Cross-multiply: 4x = 300, so x = 75.

Multiply diagonally: a/b = c/d ⇒ ad = bc.

fracnew - oldold × 100; divide by the ORIGINAL value.

50 - 40/40 × 100 = 25% increase.

part = (percent ÷ 100) × whole.

0.20 × 150 = 30.

12/50 = 0.24 = 24%.

3x = 15, so x = 5.

Undo operations with inverses to isolate the variable (subtract, then divide, etc.).

2n + 5 = 17, so n = 6.

A positive. (-3 × -4 = 12).

A negative (-3 × 4 = -12).

1 kg = 2.2 lb.

Divide by 2.2: 165 ÷ 2.2 = 75 kg.

1 L = 1000 mL.

1 g = 1000 mg.

1 in = 2.54 cm.

2 kg = 2000 g (move the decimal 3 places right).

King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk: Kilo-Hecto-Deca-base-Deci-Centi-Milli.

Multiply (move the decimal right): kg → g → mg.

° C = (° F - 32) × 5/9.

° F = (° C × 9/5) + 32.

60 minutes (and 60 seconds in a minute).

1300 — add 1200 to PM hours.

A = length × width.

P = 2(length + width).

A = 1/2 × base × height.

Add all values and divide by how many there are.

The middle value when the data are in order (average the two middle values if even count).

The value that appears most often in a data set.

0.75 (the thousandths digit 8 rounds the 4 up).

0.8 = 80%.

0.10 (count two decimal places in the answer).

50%.

Matching units in matching positions avoids the top math error — a mismatched setup.

Take the reciprocal: x⁻¹ = 1/x.

Division — the numerator divided by the denominator.

Divide top and bottom by 4: 2/3.

4/3 (flip numerator and denominator).

12.5% (1 ÷ 8 = 0.125).

Multiply both sides by 6: x = 24.

Multiplication ('20% of 150' means 0.20 × 150).

Read carefully to identify what's given and what's asked, and decide which operation to use.

28 questions in 45 minutes — the largest section.

No — be ready to work arithmetic, fractions, and conversions by hand; memorize key equivalents.

25%.

60% (3 ÷ 5 = 0.6).

0.15 × 200 = 30.

Reducing a fraction to lowest terms.

A whole number greater than 1 with exactly two factors: 1 and itself.

The single most important point the whole passage makes — broader than any one supporting detail.

91 multiple-choice questions across 4 timed sections, about 165 minutes total.

Reading (22 Qs), Writing (21 Qs), Math (28 Qs), and Science (20 Qs).

A percentage for each of the 4 sections plus a composite (average) score; programs set their own required scores.

No. Each program sets its own; a passing composite commonly falls around 65% (roughly 60–70%), some require 70%.

A specific fact or example that backs up the main idea — it covers just one part, not the whole passage.

A conclusion the passage logically supports but does not state outright; it must stay close to the text.

A true supporting detail dressed up as the main idea — pick the choice that covers the whole passage.

Only one small step — reject any choice that adds a new fact the passage never stated.

To inform, persuade, entertain, describe, or instruct.

To inform — so beware reading a neutral, factual passage as persuasive.

The author's attitude toward the subject, judged from word choice (neutral, critical, enthusiastic, etc.).

A fact can be verified true or false; an opinion is a judgment, often marked by 'best,' 'should,' or 'unfortunately.'

In the first or last sentence of a paragraph.

Scan the passage for keywords from the question to find the exact sentence.

Because, therefore, so, as a result.

However, unlike, but, on the other hand.

First, next, then, finally.

For example, for instance, such as.

A hint in the surrounding sentence — definition, contrast, example, or restatement — that reveals a word's meaning.

Use the surrounding sentence's clue and charge, not the dictionary's first definition.

Find the three options the passage DOES support; the odd one out is the answer.

They're usually wrong unless the passage is equally absolute.

Using outside knowledge — every answer must be supported by the passage itself.

Read the question first, then scan the passage for the relevant spot (about 2 minutes per question).

The 1–2 word subject; the main idea is the full point the passage makes about that topic.

Cut choices that are too broad, too narrow, not stated, or contradicted by the text.

To signal the relationship between ideas (contrast, cause, sequence, example).

Yes — if you can't point to supporting text, don't pick it.

To choose a reasonable-sounding answer that adds information the passage never provided.

Ask what single point all the details together support.

Health, science, and general-interest informational passages.

Word choice (connotation) — positive, negative, or neutral language.

The choice that best captures the whole passage — not one detail and not outside facts.

It reports a composite plus 4 section scores, so one weak section can drag the composite below a cutoff.

22 questions in 45 minutes.

Kaplan — it's the Kaplan Nursing Admission Test.

The average of your four section percentages, reported alongside each section score.

A proctored, computer-based, multiple-choice test.

Evaluative words like 'best,' 'should,' or 'unfortunately.'

The emotional or implied meaning of a word, beyond its dictionary definition.

To restate or wrap up the main idea, sometimes with a final implication.

Affect is usually a verb (to influence); effect is usually a noun (a result). RAVEN: Affect = Verb, Effect = Noun.

A verb must match its subject in number — a singular subject takes a singular verb.

'Is' — the subject is 'box' (singular); ignore the phrase 'of supplies.'

Singular — they take a singular verb.

An incomplete sentence missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought ('Because she studied.').

Two independent clauses joined by only a comma; fix with a period, semicolon, or conjunction.

Two independent clauses jammed together with no punctuation or conjunction.

Use a period, a semicolon, or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction.

A group of words with a subject and verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence.

Its = possessive (its color); it's = it is / it has.

Their = possessive; there = a place; they're = they are.

Than = comparison (taller than); then = time or sequence (and then).

Accept = to receive; except = to exclude / leave out.

Your = possessive; you're = you are.

Fewer = countable items (fewer pills); less = uncountable amount (less water).

Principal = main/chief or a school leader; principle = a rule or belief.

For possession (nurse's) and contractions (don't) — never for plain plurals.

To join two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction.

'Me' — it's the object of 'between,' so use the object pronoun.

Who is a subject; whom is an object (he/who, him/whom).

Mixing forms in a series ('reading, writing, and to study'); fix to matching forms ('…and studying').

A modifier placed far from what it describes, making the sentence unclear; move it next to the right word.

The sentence stating a paragraph's main point, usually first; the rest support it.

A word/phrase (however, therefore, for example) that signals the relationship between ideas.

The clearest, most concise version that fixes the error without adding a new one.

Active voice (the subject does the action) — clearer and more concise.

Yes — don't invent an error that isn't there.

Agreement first, then pronoun case, then confused words, then punctuation.

It separates the intro from the main clause ('After the exam, she rested.').

RAVEN — Remember, Affect is a Verb; Effect is a Noun.

It has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

Split into two sentences, add a semicolon, or use a comma + conjunction (FANBOYS).

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

'Is' — everyone is singular.

A pronoun must match the noun it refers to in number and gender.

When every item uses the same grammatical form (all nouns, all -ing verbs, etc.).

Inside the closing quotation mark in American English.

Saying it clearly in as few words as needed — cut redundancy and wordiness.

The first word of a sentence and proper nouns (names, places, days, titles).

To introduce a list, an explanation, or a quotation after a complete sentence.

Don't shift tense without reason — keep the same time frame across a sentence or paragraph.

21 questions in 45 minutes.

A period between two closely related independent clauses.

A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb ('She did well').

A word showing relationship in time or space (in, on, between, after).

The left ventricle — it pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the whole body.

It is the cell's 'powerhouse' — the site of cellular respiration, where most ATP (energy) is made.

Body → right atrium → tricuspid → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → lungs → left atrium → mitral → left ventricle → aorta → body.

Left = Bicuspid, Right = Tricuspid — the heart valve mnemonic.

Three — it's the right atrioventricular valve.

The bicuspid (two-cusp) left atrioventricular valve (the L in LAB RAT).

The pulmonary artery — it carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

The pulmonary veins — they carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart.

The body into left and right.

The body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).

The body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior).

Anterior = toward the front (ventral); posterior = toward the back (dorsal).

Medial = toward the midline; lateral = away from the midline.

The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment (temperature, pH, glucose) despite outside change.

A control loop that reverses a change to restore balance, like insulin lowering high blood glucose.

Insulin (from the pancreas); glucagon raises it.

In the alveoli (tiny air sacs).

The diaphragm.

The brain and the spinal cord.

Kidney → ureter → bladder → urethra.

206.

It holds the cell's DNA and controls the cell's activities.

Build proteins (protein synthesis).

Packages, modifies, and ships proteins — the cell's 'post office.'

Digest waste and worn-out cell parts.

A phospholipid bilayer; it is selectively permeable.

Prokaryotes (bacteria) lack a nucleus; eukaryotes (animal/plant) have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

Movement of particles from high to low concentration — passive, no ATP needed.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Moving substances from low to high concentration — requires ATP.

Mitosis → 2 identical diploid cells (growth/repair); meiosis → 4 unique haploid gametes (reproduction).

46 (diploid); gametes have 23 (haploid).

Genetic information flows DNA → RNA → protein.

A pairs with T, and G pairs with C.

Uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).

3:1 (dominant : recessive).

Genotype = the genetic makeup (Bb); phenotype = the observed trait.

The number of protons — it defines the element.

Outer-shell electrons that drive chemical bonding.

A bond formed by transferring electrons, usually between a metal and a nonmetal (e.g. NaCl).

A bond formed by sharing electrons, usually between nonmetals (e.g. H₂O).

0 to 14: below 7 acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic.

Hydrogen ions (H+); a base supplies hydroxide ions (OH-).

7 — neutral.

14.

Change coefficients (the big numbers), never subscripts — required by conservation of mass.

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O →[light] C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

Mainly in the mitochondria (glycolysis starts in the cytoplasm).

In chloroplasts (in plants and algae).

A testable prediction proposed to explain an observation.

The one factor a scientist deliberately changes in an experiment.

The factor measured; it depends on the independent variable.

The group that gets no experimental treatment, used as a baseline for comparison.

Factors held constant so they don't affect the experiment's outcome.

Observe/question → hypothesis → experiment → collect data → analyze → conclude.

Adenosine triphosphate — the cell's main energy-carrying molecule.

The right side (right atrium and right ventricle).

The left side (left atrium and left ventricle).

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Protons + neutrons.

Positive (+1); neutrons are neutral and electrons are negative (−1).

A loop that amplifies a change, such as the surge of contractions during childbirth.

Skeletal = voluntary; smooth = involuntary (organs); cardiac = the heart.

The endocrine system.

20 questions in 30 minutes — the tightest clock on the test.

Anatomy & physiology.

It raises blood glucose (insulin lowers it).

The membrane lets some substances pass while blocking others.

Passive — they need no ATP.

One — the independent variable, while controlling the rest.

Fully dissociating in water (e.g. HCl).

LAB RAT (Left-Bicuspid, Right-Tricuspid) — heart questions appear on nearly every form.

A protein that speeds up (catalyzes) a biochemical reaction without being used up.

The atom.

Deoxyribonucleic acid — the molecule that stores genetic information.