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FREE ASE B6 Study Guide 2026: Damage Analysis & Estimating

Every ASE B6 Damage Analysis & Estimating content area — analyzing collision damage, writing accurate estimates, vehicle construction, EV/hybrid and ADAS systems, parts sourcing, and customer relations — taught to the test, with estimating math, worked scenarios, diagrams, and built-in quizzes.

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This free ASE B6 study guide teaches to the certification test — every content area the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence tests, organized the way the exam is built.[1]B6 is the estimator’s certification: it proves you can analyze collision damage, trace the energy path to the hidden damage, and write an accurate, complete repair estimate that follows the manufacturer’s procedures.

The computer-based test has 60 questions (50 scored, 10 unscored research items) and 1 hour 15 minutes of testing time, spread across seven content areas.[2] It is practical: questions are written by working estimators and shop personnel and focus on real damage analysis and estimating decisions, often using the format. This guide is interactive, not a wall of text — each area has a built-in checkpoint quiz, hover-able glossary terms, worked estimating scenarios, and concept questions.

Read this guide content area by content area, test yourself at each checkpoint, then round out your free B6 prep with our practice questions and flashcards.

ASE B6 is one of the 29 ASE certifications — explore our ASE study guides to compare and prep across the whole family.

ASE B6 Exam Snapshot

ASE B6 Damage Analysis & Estimating at a glance (2026)
DetailASE B6 Damage Analysis & Estimating
Questions60 administered (50 scored + 10 unscored research)
Time1 hour 15 minutes of testing
FormatMultiple choice, computer-based by appointment (Prometric)
Content areas7 (Estimating is the largest, ~32%)
Passing scoreScaled score; standard set per test by an expert panel (no fixed %)
Experience~2 years relevant work experience (or 1 year + 2-year degree)
Cost62testfee+62 test fee + 34 registration fee per order (fees can change)
Certification cycleValid 5 years; recertify via the B6 recertification test
Certifying bodyASE (National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence)
ASE B6 by content area (2026 — share of 50 scored questions)
Estimating
16 Qs · 32%
Damage Analysis
13 Qs · 26%
Vehicle Systems (EV/Hybrid/ADAS)
13 Qs · 26%
Vehicle Construction
7 Qs · 14%
Parts ID & Source
5 Qs · 10%
Legal & Environmental
4 Qs · 8%
Customer Relations & Sales
2 Qs · 4%

Estimating, Damage Analysis, and Vehicle Systems together are about 84% of the scored test — master those three first.

Because Estimating, Damage Analysis, and Vehicle Systems together make up about 84% of the scored test, those three areas deserve the most study time.[1] Here is the official distribution of the 50 scored questions:

ASE B6 content areas (2026 — share of 50 scored questions)
Estimating32% · 16 Qs
Damage Analysis26% · 13 Qs
Vehicle Systems (EV/Hybrid/ADAS)26% · 13 Qs
Vehicle Construction14% · 7 Qs
Parts ID & Source10% · 5 Qs
Legal & Environmental8% · 4 Qs
Customer Relations & Sales4% · 2 Qs

This guide teaches all seven content areas— Damage Analysis and Estimating first, since they are the heart of the estimator’s job — as seven study modules.

1 · Damage Analysis

About 26% of the scored test (13 questions).Damage analysis is the estimator’s detective work: confirming the loss, tracing the collision’s energy path, and finding all the damage — including what you cannot see — before any estimate is written.[1]

Damage analysis & blueprinting — find all the damage before you estimate
  1. 1 · Inspect & verifyGather the loss details and walk the vehicle: crush, gaps, cracks, fluid leaks, and the apparent point and direction of impact.
  2. 2 · Pre-repair scanRun an electronic health scan to capture every diagnostic trouble code and flag systems (incl. ADAS) the collision affected.
  3. 3 · Teardown (disassembly)Remove damaged and adjacent parts to expose HIDDEN damage the visual inspection could not see.
  4. 4 · Measure the structureUse a 3-D measuring system to compare length, width, and height points to factory specs and confirm symmetry.
  5. 5 · Document everythingPhotograph and record direct, indirect, inertia, and prior damage — and exclude pre-existing damage.
  6. 6 · Write the repair planBlueprint the job: a complete, accurate estimate following OEM repair procedures before any repairs start.

Teardown before estimating is what turns guesses into a 100% accurate repair plan — most hidden damage is found here, not in the parking lot.

Direct, Indirect & Inertia Damage

The single most-tested damage-analysis idea is classifying damage by where it sits relative to the impact. is at the point of impact and obvious; shows up away from the impact as energy travels through the structure; and comes from heavy parts that keep moving after the vehicle stops.

Three kinds of collision damage → where to look for each
Direct (primary) damageAT the point of impact — the colliding object's contact area. Usually the most obvious crush.Example: Crushed bumper reinforcement and collapsed front rails after a frontal hit.
Indirect (secondary) damageAWAY from impact — collision energy travels through the structure along load paths.Example: Buckled floor pan, popped spot welds, and misaligned door gaps far from the hit.
Inertia damageAt heavy components that keep moving after the vehicle suddenly stops.Example: Broken engine, transmission, or battery mounts even though those parts were not contacted.

Follow the energy path: direct damage is obvious, but indirect and inertia damage are where estimates miss money — and where supplements come from.

Teardown, Hidden Damage & Blueprinting

Much of the real damage is — a crushed bumper reinforcement behind an intact cover, a bent rail behind a bolt-on fender. It only shows up during , the structured disassembly that exposes and documents everything. Doing that up front — the job — is what produces a complete, accurate estimate instead of a string of .

Structural Measuring & Symmetry

For structural damage, the eye is not enough. compares length, width, and height control points to factory specs, using a and and checking left-to-right symmetry. That is how you confirm and quantify the classic structural conditions:

Structural damage conditions you confirm with measuring
ConditionWhat it means
Mash (collapse)A section is shortened front-to-rear by the impact
SagA frame/rail section is bent below its normal height
SwayA section is pushed sideways, left or right of centerline
TwistOne corner is high and the diagonal corner low — not flat
DiamondOne side rail is driven rearward, throwing the structure out of square

Checkpoint · Area 1 · Damage Analysis

Question 1 of 10

In damage analysis, what is the significance of paint cracking or flaking at the impact site?

2 · Estimating

About 32% of the scored test (16 questions) — the single biggest area. Estimating is where damage analysis becomes a document: the right operation for each part, the right labor at the right rate, paint and materials, sublet, and the customer’s share — following the manufacturer’s repair procedures.[1][4]

How a collision estimate is built, line by line
  1. 1 · Identify each partOEM, aftermarket, recycled (LKQ), or reconditioned — verified by VIN and build date.
  2. 2 · Choose the operationR&R (replace), R&I (remove & reinstall), or repair — and add not-included operations.
  3. 3 · Apply labor by typeBody, refinish, structural/frame, and mechanical labor — each at its own rate.
  4. 4 · Add paint & materialsRefinish time × the paint-and-materials rate, with blend and overlap handled correctly.
  5. 5 · Add sublet & calibrationAlignment, glass, and ADAS calibration sent out and billed back as sublet line items.
  6. 6 · Total itSum parts, labor, paint/materials, sublet, and tax — then subtract the customer's deductible.

Estimating is about 32% of the test — know what each operation includes and what it does not.

R&R, R&I & Included Operations

The most common estimating errors are choosing the wrong operation or double-charging. installs a new part; removes an undamaged part for access and puts it back. Each labor time also has (built in) and (added separately).

R&R vs. R&I vs. included vs. not-included operations
R&R — Remove & ReplaceThe part is removed and a NEW part installed. Time includes installing the replacement.
R&I — Remove & InstallAn UNDAMAGED part is removed for access, then reinstalled — not replaced. Less time than R&R.
Included operationAlready built into the labor time — NOT billed separately (e.g. the clips/bolts to R&R a panel).
Not-included operationNOT in the published time — must be ADDED (corrosion protection, blend, ADAS calibration, setup & measure).

The classic exam trap: charging a not-included operation as if it were included, or paying overlap twice. Know which is which.

Labor, Refinish, Blend & Overlap

Estimates separate labor by type — body, refinish, structural/frame, and mechanical — each at its own rate. Refinish time covers prime, seal, color, and clear; replacing a panel adds refinish time over repairing an existing one. color into an adjacent panel is estimated as blend time, not a full refinish, and is deducted when adjacent panels are refinished together so setup and clear time are not paid twice.

How estimate operations are priced
OperationHow it's handled
R&R (replace)Labor includes installing the NEW part; add not-included steps separately
R&I (access)Less time than R&R — the undamaged part is removed and reinstalled
Refinish (replace panel)Full refinish time; more than a repaired existing panel
BlendPartial refinish into an adjacent panel — blend time, not full refinish
OverlapDeduct duplicated setup/clear time when adjacent panels go together
SubletAlignment, glass, ADAS calibration sent out and billed back

Deductible, Betterment & Total Loss

Three insurance numbers show up constantly. The is the customer’s out-of-pocket share. charges the customer for the improvement when a worn item is replaced new. And a vehicle is a when repairing it is no longer economical — measured by the against the , or by a state percentage of ACV.

Two B6 money calculations: total loss & betterment
Total Loss Formula (TLF)

A vehicle is a total loss when:

Repair cost + Salvage value ≥ ACV

Example: ACV $9,000, salvage $2,500. Repairs over $6,500 (9,000 − 2,500) total it.

Betterment (proration)

When a worn item is replaced new, the customer pays for the improvement:

Customer share = part price × (used-up %)

Example: a new tire is $200 and the old tire had 40% tread left (60% used). Customer betterment ≈ $120 (200 × 0.60).

ACV is replacement cost minus depreciation. Many states instead use a flat percentage of ACV (often 70–80%) as the total-loss threshold.

Estimating Systems & Supplements

Estimators write in computerized estimating systems (CCC, Mitchell, Audatex) that pull OEM parts and standardized labor times. When teardown reveals more damage, a updates the estimate. Throughout, the estimate must follow the manufacturer’s repair procedures — including required not-included steps such as pre- and post-repair scans and ADAS calibration.[4]

Checkpoint · Area 2 · Estimating

Question 1 of 10

When estimating the repair cost of a vehicle with aluminum panels, what factor must be considered in comparison to steel panels?

3 · Legal & Environmental Practices

About 8% of the scored test (4 questions). A collision shop is a regulated workplace handling hazardous materials. B6 expects you to know the basic rules for waste, refrigerant, customer authorization, and warranty.[5]

Hazardous Waste & Refrigerant

Used motor oil and vehicle batteries must be recycled, not trashed; paint waste is hazardous and improper disposal risks water contamination. A/C refrigerant cannot be ventedunder the Clean Air Act — it must be recovered with approved equipment by a Section 609-certified technician. OSHA’s Hazard Communication standard requires a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for every shop chemical (SDS replaced the older MSDS term).

Get written authorization to repair before work begins; performing unauthorized repairs can make the shop liable. Under federal emissions-warranty rules, certain parts (such as a catalytic converter) must be replaced free if they fail within the warranty period. The shop must also protect customer information from unauthorized access.

Checkpoint · Area 3 · Legal & Environmental Practices

Question 1 of 10

What is the primary legal requirement for a repair facility when handling air conditioning refrigerant?

4 · Vehicle Construction

About 14% of the scored test (7 questions). You cannot analyze damage or write a correct estimate without knowing how the vehicle is built — what carries the load, and which materials can be repaired versus replaced.[1][4]

Unibody vs. Frame & the Safety Cage

Most modern cars use construction, where the body is the structure; full-size trucks and large SUVs often use with a separate ladder frame. Either way, engineered collapse to absorb impact energy and protect a rigid occupant safety cage of pillars, rockers, and rails. Know your A-, B-, and C-pillars when documenting damage.

Steels, Aluminum & Joining

Material choice drives the repair decision. Mild steel can be straightened with heat, but like boron and hot-stamped steel get their strength from heat treatment, so heating to straighten them ruins their crash performance — they are usually replaced, often by at an approved location. Aluminum is lighter but needs separate tools, a clean area, and rivets or adhesive; galvanized steel needs its zinc coating restored after welding.

Material → repair implication
MaterialRepair implication
Mild steelFormable; usually straightened with heat and force
High-strength steel (HSS)Limited heat; follow OEM limits when straightening
Ultra-high-strength / boron / hot-stampedStrength is heat-treated — usually REPLACE, don't heat
Galvanized steelRestore the zinc coating after welding/grinding (corrosion)
AluminumSeparate tools + clean area; rivets/adhesive; improves fuel economy

Checkpoint · Area 4 · Vehicle Construction

Question 1 of 10

What type of vehicle frame is commonly used in full-size pickup trucks and SUVs?

5 · Vehicle Systems Knowledge (Electric, Hybrid & ADAS)

About 26% of the scored test (13 questions) — tied for second-largest. Modern collision work means high-voltage hybrids and EVs, supplemental restraint systems, and sensor-based driver-assistance systems. Safety and calibration dominate this area.[4]

Hybrid/EV High-Voltage Safety

On hybrids and EVs, orange cabling marks high-voltage circuits that can be lethal. Before any collision work, a qualified technician in rated PPE follows the OEM procedure to remove the and then waits the specified time for capacitors to discharge.

Safely de-powering a hybrid or EV before collision work (do this IN ORDER)
  1. 1 · Identify the HV vehicleBadging, a charge port, orange HV cabling, and the VIN tell you it has a high-voltage system.
  2. 2 · Find the OEM procedureGet the correct disabling steps from the maker's service information — never guess.
  3. 3 · Qualified tech + PPEOnly a trained HV technician wearing rated insulating gloves and PPE may disable the system.
  4. 4 · Remove the service disconnectPull the manual service plug / open the HV disconnect to isolate the traction battery.
  5. 5 · Wait for capacitor dischargeWait the OEM-specified time (often several minutes) so capacitors fully discharge before touching HV parts.
  6. 6 · Verify zero voltageConfirm the orange HV circuits are de-energized before beginning collision work.

Orange = high voltage = potentially lethal. The wait-for-discharge step is the one most often skipped — and most often tested.

Airbags & Restraint Systems

The — airbags, seatbelt pretensioners, and their crash sensors — supplements the seatbelts. After a deployment, sensors, modules, and single-use components are inspected and replaced as directed by the OEM so the system protects in a future crash.

ADAS, Scanning & Calibration

features — lane keeping, automatic emergency braking, blind-spot warning — rely on cameras and radar that must be recalibrated after many repairs. A finds the faults and a post-repair scan verifies the fix; is done statically with targets or dynamically by driving, and is a not-included, often sublet, line item.

When ADAS calibration is typically required
Repair eventWhy calibration is needed
Windshield / forward-camera replacementCamera aim changes — lane and collision systems
Front bumper / grille R&R (radar)Radar aim for adaptive cruise & automatic braking
Rear/side panel work (blind-spot radar)Blind-spot and cross-traffic sensors disturbed
Wheel alignment / suspension changeSensor reference angle shifts
Pre- & post-repair scanConfirm which systems need calibration; verify no codes remain

Checkpoint · Area 5 · Vehicle Systems Knowledge

Question 1 of 10

What is the primary function of an Engine Control Unit (ECU) in modern vehicles?

6 · Parts Identification & Source Determination

About 10% of the scored test (5 questions).Choosing the right part — by type and by exact fit — affects price, safety, fit, and the customer’s right to choose.[1]

OEM, Aftermarket, Recycled & Reman

parts are new factory parts; parts come from other makers and must be verified to fit; parts are used parts salvaged from another vehicle; and parts are rebuilt to spec, useful when a new OEM part is unavailable. Each is flagged on the estimate.

VIN, Build Date & Interchange

The decodes the exact specifications needed to source the correct part — but because specifications can change mid-model-year, the production (build) date must also be checked. Part interchange numbers and cross-reference guides identify equivalent or substitutable parts.

Checkpoint · Area 6 · Parts Identification & Source

Question 1 of 10

When identifying a replacement part for a vehicle's suspension system, which factor is critical for ensuring compatibility?

7 · Customer Relations & Sales Skills

About 4% of the scored test (2 questions) — the smallest area. Estimating is a customer-facing job, so B6 includes how you communicate, handle objections, and build trust.[1]

Communication, Objections & Trust

When a customer questions cost, lead with value and quality rather than discounting, and explain the estimate in plain language. Handle a complaint by actively listening and acknowledging the concern first.

When a customer compares prices with a competitor, focus on your unique benefits. Consistent quality — not the lowest price — is what builds long-term loyalty.

Customer situations and the best response
SituationBest response
Objects to repair costExplain the value and quality of the work, not just discount
Upset about a delayGive a clear, honest explanation for the delay
Comparing your price to a competitorFocus on the unique benefits and value of your service
A difficult complaintListen actively and acknowledge the concern first
Non-technical customerSimplify the explanation; avoid jargon

Checkpoint · Area 7 · Customer Relations & Sales Skills

Question 1 of 10

In automotive service sales, what is the most effective method to handle a customer's objection to the cost of repairs?

How to Use This Study Guide

A study guide is a map, not the whole territory — use it alongside hands-on shop experience and our free tools. Because Estimating, Damage Analysis, and Vehicle Systems are about 84% of the scored test, spend the most time there and on the “why” behind each operation. Read every item carefully, judging each statement on its own before you answer.

A study loop that actually works
  1. 1

    Read a content area here

    Work through one area at a time — start with Damage Analysis and Estimating, the heart of the job.

  2. 2

    Take the checkpoint

    The quick check at the end of each area exposes what didn't stick.

  3. 3

    Drill the gaps

    Send your weak area straight into the free practice questions and flashcards.

  4. 4

    Test under exam conditions

    Take full, timed practice sets and review every miss — especially the estimating and damage-classification reasoning.

How to read a “Technician A / Technician B” question

Many ASE B6 items give two technicians’ statements and ask who is right. Judge each statement separately as true or false, then map to the answer:

A. Technician A onlyStatement A is correct AND statement B is wrong.
B. Technician B onlyStatement B is correct AND statement A is wrong.
C. Both A and BBoth statements are correct on their own.
D. Neither A nor BBoth statements are wrong.

The trap is letting a true statement A make you ignore a false statement B. Evaluate both before you choose.

ASE B6 Concept Questions

Common damage-analysis and estimating concepts the B6 test actually measures — at least one per content area. Tap any card for a short, exam-ready answer backed by an authoritative source, then test yourself on them as flashcards.

ASE B6 Glossary

Quick definitions for the terms you’ll see most across the ASE B6 Damage Analysis & Estimating test:

Actual cash value (ACV)
The replacement cost of the vehicle minus depreciation — what a comparable vehicle is worth at the time of loss.
ADAS
Advanced driver-assistance systems — camera and radar features such as lane keeping, automatic braking, and blind-spot warning that often require calibration after repairs.
Aftermarket part
A part made by a company other than the OEM; selection depends on proper fit and function for the specific vehicle.
ASE B6
The ASE Damage Analysis and Estimating certification test, part of the Collision Repair and Refinish (B-series) program from the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence. It certifies a technician's knowledge of analyzing collision damage and writing accurate repair estimates.
Betterment
A charge to the customer when replacing a worn item leaves the vehicle better than before the loss; the cost is prorated by the part's used-up life.
Blend
Tapering new color into an adjacent existing panel so the repair is invisible; estimated as blend time, not full refinish.
Blueprinting
Thorough disassembly and inspection that produces a complete repair plan and a 100% accurate estimate before repairs begin.
Body-over-frame
Construction with a separate ladder frame carrying the drivetrain and a bolted-on body, common on full-size trucks and large SUVs.
Calibration
Aligning an ADAS sensor to specification after repair, done statically with targets in the shop or dynamically by driving the vehicle.
Centerline
The fore-aft reference line down the middle of the vehicle used to check side-to-side (width) symmetry during measuring.
Crumple zone
An area engineered to collapse and absorb impact energy in a collision, protecting the occupant compartment.
Datum plane
An imaginary reference plane below the vehicle from which height (Z) measurements are taken on a measuring system.
Deductible
The portion of a covered loss the insured pays out of pocket; the insurer pays the remainder.
Diamond damage
A structural condition in which one side rail is driven rearward relative to the other, throwing the structure out of square.
Direct damage
Damage that occurs at the point of impact, where the colliding object first contacts the vehicle — usually the most obvious crush.
Hidden damage
Collision damage that cannot be seen during the initial visual inspection and is only revealed after parts are removed during teardown.
High-voltage service disconnect
A manual service plug or switch that disconnects the high-voltage battery from a hybrid or EV so it can be worked on safely.
Included operation
A task already built into a published labor time that is not billed separately, such as the clips and bolts to R&R a panel.
Indirect damage
Damage that occurs away from the point of impact as collision energy travels through the structure, producing buckles, popped welds, and misaligned gaps.
Inertia damage
Damage caused by heavy components (engine, transmission, battery) continuing their motion after the vehicle suddenly stops, stressing or breaking their mounts.
Mash
A structural condition in which a section of the vehicle is collapsed (shortened) front-to-rear by the impact.
Not-included operation
A task not built into the published labor time that must be added as its own line item, such as corrosion protection, blend, or ADAS calibration.
OEM part
A new Original Equipment Manufacturer part made by or for the vehicle maker, matching factory fit, finish, and specifications.
Overlap
Shared labor when adjacent panels are replaced or refinished together; the duplicated time is deducted so it isn't paid twice.
Paint and materials rate
A per-refinish-hour dollar allowance covering paint, clear, primer, and consumables, used instead of itemizing every material.
Pre-repair scan
An electronic scan before repair that reads diagnostic trouble codes to reveal hidden faults and flag systems needing attention.
R&I (Remove and Install)
An estimate operation in which an undamaged part is removed for access and then reinstalled — not replaced — taking less time than R&R.
R&R (Remove and Replace)
An estimate operation in which a part is removed and a new part installed in its place; the labor time includes installing the replacement.
Recycled (LKQ) part
A used part of Like Kind and Quality salvaged from another vehicle, such as a used door shell.
Remanufactured part
A used part rebuilt to original specifications, appropriate when a new OEM part is unavailable or to control cost.
Sag
A structural condition in which a section of frame or rail is bent below its normal height.
Salvage value
The amount a damaged or totaled vehicle is worth for its parts or scrap.
Sectioning
Cutting and joining a replacement panel at a manufacturer-approved location instead of replacing the whole part.
Sublet operation
Work sent out to another specialty shop — such as wheel alignment, glass, or ADAS calibration — and billed back on the estimate.
Supplement
An addition to the original estimate written when more damage or operations are discovered after repairs begin.
Supplemental Restraint System (SRS)
The airbag and related restraint system that supplements the seatbelts to protect occupants in a crash.
Sway
A structural condition in which a section of the structure is pushed sideways, left or right of centerline.
Teardown
The structured disassembly of damaged and adjacent parts to expose and document all damage before writing the complete repair plan.
Technician A / Technician B
The signature ASE question format presenting two statements; you decide whether A only, B only, both, or neither is correct.
Three-dimensional measuring
Measuring a vehicle's length, width, and height control points against factory specifications to find structural misalignment the eye cannot detect.
Total loss
When repair cost (with salvage or a percentage of ACV) reaches the point that repairing the vehicle is no longer economical.
Total Loss Formula (TLF)
A method declaring a total loss when repair cost plus salvage value is greater than or equal to the vehicle's ACV.
Twist
A structural condition in which one corner of the vehicle is high and the diagonal corner low, so the structure is no longer flat.
Ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS)
Very strong steel (such as boron or hot-stamped steel) used in pillars and reinforcements that usually must be replaced, not heated or straightened.
Unibody
A design in which the body panels and structure form one integrated load-bearing unit instead of a separate frame — used by most modern cars.
VIN (Vehicle Identification Number)
The 17-character code that decodes a vehicle's specifications and build data, used to source the correct parts.

Free ASE B6 Study Materials & Resources

Everything you need to prepare for the ASE B6 test is free here — no paywall, no sign-up. This guide is the foundation; pair it with the rest of our free B6 study materials for active recall, timed practice, and last-minute review:

  • ASE B6 Practice Test — exam-style questions across all seven content areas, with explanations.
  • ASE B6 Flashcards — active-recall decks for the terms, operations, and estimating math you must know cold.

ASE B6 Study Guide FAQ

The ASE B6 Damage Analysis and Estimating test has 60 multiple-choice questions and 1 hour and 15 minutes of testing time. Of the 60, 50 are scored and 10 are unscored research questions ASE is trying out for future tests; they are not identified, so answer every question.

References

  1. 1.ASE (National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence). “B6 Damage Analysis & Estimating Certification Test.” ASE.
  2. 2.ASE. “Collision Repair & Refinish Certification Tests (B-Series).” ASE.
  3. 3.ASE. “Dates, Fees & Test Times.” ASE.
  4. 4.I-CAR (Inter-Industry Conference on Auto Collision Repair). “Repairability Technical Support — Estimating & Damage Analysis.” I-CAR.
  5. 5.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Auto Body Refinishing — National Emission Standards (6H Area Source Rule).” U.S. EPA.

Sources for the concept answers

Every answer in the ASE B6 concept questions above is drawn from an authoritative primary source:

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