Your FREE Praxis 5038 Flashcards 2026 – 200+ Cards

A category of literary composition defined by shared form, style, or subject — such as poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction — each with conventions that shape reader expectations.

Imaginative prose narrative — including the novel, novella, and short story — that presents invented characters and events, though it may draw on real settings or history.

A genre written to be performed, told through dialogue and stage action; its forms include tragedy, comedy, history, and tragicomedy.

A compressed, often rhythmic genre that uses line, sound, and figurative language to convey meaning, ranging from fixed forms like the sonnet to free verse.

Prose that presents factual content — essays, memoir, biography, speeches, and journalism — and that may still use literary craft to inform or persuade.

A long narrative poem recounting the deeds of a heroic figure in elevated style, often opening in medias res, e.g. Homer's Odyssey and Milton's Paradise Lost.

A short poem expressing the personal thoughts or feelings of a single speaker, such as an ode, elegy, or sonnet, rather than telling an extended story.

A 14-line lyric poem in iambic pentameter; the Italian (Petrarchan) form divides into octave and sestet, the English (Shakespearean) into three quatrains and a couplet.

A narrative poem or song, often in four-line stanzas with a regular rhyme scheme and refrain, that tells a dramatic or tragic story in plain language.

A formal, dignified lyric poem that addresses and celebrates a person, thing, or idea, such as Keats's 'Ode on a Grecian Urn.'

A reflective poem mourning the dead or meditating on loss and mortality, such as Gray's 'Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.'

A Japanese fixed form of three lines totaling 17 syllables (5-7-5), traditionally capturing a single image or moment in nature.

Poetry without regular meter or rhyme scheme that relies on natural speech rhythms, line breaks, and imagery, associated with Walt Whitman and modern poets.

Unrhymed iambic pentameter, the dominant line of English dramatic and narrative poetry used by Shakespeare and Milton.

The regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of verse, measured in repeating units called feet.

A line of five iambs — ten syllables alternating unstressed/stressed (da-DUM) — the most common meter in English verse.

The basic metrical unit of a line, such as the iamb, trochee, anapest, or dactyl, each a fixed pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.

A grouped set of lines in a poem, set off by spacing, functioning much like a paragraph; common types include the couplet, tercet, and quatrain.

The ordered pattern of end rhymes in a poem, labeled with letters (e.g. ABAB CDCD EFEF GG for an English sonnet).

The continuation of a sentence or phrase past the end of a poetic line without terminal punctuation, creating momentum or tension.

A figure of speech that asserts one thing IS another to reveal a likeness, without 'like' or 'as,' e.g. 'Time is a thief.'

A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using 'like' or 'as,' e.g. 'brave as a lion.'

Giving human qualities, actions, or emotions to nonhuman things or abstractions, e.g. 'the wind whispered.'

Deliberate, obvious exaggeration used for emphasis or effect, not meant to be taken literally, e.g. 'I've told you a million times.'

A contrast between expectation and reality; its main types are verbal, situational, and dramatic irony.

Saying the opposite of what is meant, often for sarcastic or humorous effect, e.g. calling a downpour 'lovely weather.'

An outcome that contradicts what was expected, such as a fire station burning down.

A situation in which the audience knows something a character does not, heightening suspense or tension, as in Oedipus Rex.

The use of an object, person, or action to represent a larger abstract idea, e.g. a dove symbolizing peace.

A brief, indirect reference to a person, place, event, or work — often biblical, classical, or historical — that the reader is expected to recognize.

Vivid descriptive language that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch) to create pictures or feelings in the reader's mind.

The author's or speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience, conveyed through diction and detail, e.g. sarcastic, reverent, or somber.

The emotional atmosphere a text creates in the reader, such as ominous, joyful, or melancholy, shaped by setting, imagery, and diction.

The central insight or underlying message about life or human nature that a literary work explores, distinct from its subject or plot.

The perspective from which a story is told — first person, second person, or third person (limited or omniscient) — which shapes what the reader knows.

A point of view in which a character tells the story using 'I' or 'we,' limiting the reader to that narrator's knowledge and possible bias.

A narrative perspective in which an all-knowing narrator reports the thoughts and feelings of multiple characters.

A narrator whose credibility is compromised, so the reader must question or look beyond the account given.

The methods an author uses to reveal a character's personality, through direct statement or indirect means such as actions, speech, and others' reactions.

The central character whose goals and conflict drive the plot, with whom the reader is usually meant to sympathize.

The character, force, or circumstance that opposes the protagonist and creates the central conflict.

A character who contrasts with another, usually the protagonist, to highlight particular traits of that character.

The arranged sequence of events in a narrative, traditionally moving through exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

The opening portion of a narrative that introduces characters, setting, and background needed to understand the story.

The turning point of greatest tension or emotional intensity in a narrative, after which the conflict moves toward resolution.

The struggle between opposing forces that drives a plot, whether external (character vs. character, nature, or society) or internal (character vs. self).

The time, place, and social context in which a story unfolds, which can shape mood, character, and theme.

A narrative technique of beginning a story in the middle of the action, with earlier events revealed later through flashback or exposition.

An interruption in chronological order that shifts the narrative to an earlier event to provide context or motivation.

Hints or clues an author plants early in a text to suggest events that will occur later.

A story that contains another story within it, where an outer narrative 'frames' an inner tale, as in The Canterbury Tales.

A narrative in which characters and events stand for abstract ideas or moral qualities, conveying a second, symbolic meaning, e.g. Animal Farm.

A genre or technique that uses humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize and expose human folly or social vices, as in Swift's 'A Modest Proposal.'

A recurring image, idea, object, or pattern that runs through a work and supports its theme.

The repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words, e.g. 'wild and woolly,' used for emphasis or musicality.

A word that imitates the natural sound it denotes, such as 'buzz,' 'clang,' or 'hiss.'

A figure of speech combining two contradictory terms for effect, e.g. 'deafening silence' or 'bittersweet.'

A statement that seems self-contradictory yet reveals an underlying truth, e.g. 'less is more.'

The earliest era of English literature (c. 450-1066), marked by oral, alliterative verse and the heroic epic Beowulf.

The 16th-17th century flowering of English literature, including Shakespeare, Marlowe, and the sonneteers, marked by humanism and dramatic innovation.

A late-18th- to mid-19th-century movement prizing emotion, imagination, nature, and the individual, with poets such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, and Shelley.

A 19th-century American movement led by Emerson and Thoreau emphasizing intuition, individualism, nature, and the inherent goodness of people.

A 19th-century movement depicting ordinary life and characters truthfully and without idealization, exemplified by Mark Twain and Henry James.

An early-20th-century movement that broke with tradition through fragmentation, stream of consciousness, and experimentation, including Eliot, Joyce, and Woolf.

A 1920s flowering of African American art and literature centered in Harlem, with writers such as Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston.

A narrative technique that renders the continuous, associative flow of a character's thoughts and impressions, associated with Joyce and Woolf.

A literary theory holding that meaning arises from the interaction between text and reader, so the reader's experience shapes interpretation.

The careful, sustained analysis of a short passage's language, structure, and devices to draw supported interpretations of meaning.

Specific quotations, paraphrases, or details drawn directly from a text and cited to support a claim or interpretation.

A reasoned conclusion a reader draws by combining textual clues with prior knowledge, going beyond what is stated explicitly.

A restatement of a passage's full meaning in one's own words, generally about the same length as the original, with attribution.

A condensed restatement of a text's main ideas in one's own words, shorter than the original and omitting minor details.

The most important point an informational text develops about its topic, supported by key details throughout the passage.

The art of effective or persuasive speaking and writing, including an author's deliberate choices to inform, move, or convince an audience.

The organizational pattern of an informational text, such as cause-effect, problem-solution, compare-contrast, chronological, or descriptive.

A flaw in reasoning that weakens an argument, such as a straw man, slippery slope, ad hominem, or post hoc error.

A word naming a person, place, thing, or idea; nouns may be common or proper, concrete or abstract, and singular or plural.

A word that takes the place of a noun or noun phrase (its antecedent), such as he, they, which, or themselves.

A word expressing an action, occurrence, or state of being; verbs carry tense, voice, mood, and number.

A word that modifies a noun or pronoun by describing or limiting it, answering which, what kind, or how many.

A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, telling how, when, where, or to what degree, often ending in -ly.

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word, such as in, on, beneath, during, or because of.

A word that joins words, phrases, or clauses; coordinating (FANBOYS), subordinating (because, although), or correlative (either/or).

A word or phrase expressing sudden emotion, set off by a comma or exclamation point, such as 'Wow!' or 'Oh, no.'

The noun or pronoun that performs the action or is described by the predicate; the 'who' or 'what' a sentence is about.

The part of a sentence containing the verb and stating what the subject does or is.

A group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate and functions as a single part of speech, e.g. a prepositional or participial phrase.

A group of words containing a subject and a predicate; it may be independent (a complete thought) or dependent (subordinate).

A clause that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought, able to stand alone as a sentence.

A clause with a subject and verb that does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone, e.g. 'because she left early.'

A sentence consisting of a single independent clause with one subject-verb relationship.

A sentence joining two or more independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction and comma, or with a semicolon.

A sentence containing one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

A sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number — singular subjects take singular verbs, plural take plural.

The rule that a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number, gender, and person.

The form a pronoun takes by function: subjective (I, he, they), objective (me, him, them), or possessive (my, his, their).

The form of a verb that indicates the time of an action — past, present, or future — including simple, progressive, and perfect aspects.

A sentence construction in which the subject performs the action, e.g. 'The committee approved the plan.'

A construction in which the subject receives the action, with the doer in a 'by' phrase or omitted, e.g. 'The plan was approved.'

A word or phrase that describes or limits another element; misplaced or dangling modifiers cause confusion about what is being described.

A modifier that has no clear word to describe in the sentence, e.g. 'Walking to school, the rain began' — the rain isn't walking.

Using the same grammatical form for items in a series or comparison, e.g. 'reading, writing, and editing,' to maintain balance.

An error joining two independent clauses with only a comma; fix it with a period, semicolon, or coordinating conjunction.

Two or more independent clauses joined with no punctuation or conjunction, requiring separation or proper linking.

An incomplete sentence punctuated as a complete one, missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought.

A punctuation mark that separates items in a series, sets off introductory and nonessential elements, and joins clauses with a conjunction.

A punctuation mark that links two closely related independent clauses or separates list items that contain internal commas.

A punctuation mark introducing a list, explanation, or quotation after a complete independent clause.

A punctuation mark showing possession (the dog's leash) or marking omitted letters in a contraction (can't).

The conventions of written language — spelling, capitalization, and punctuation — that govern correctness on the page.

The study of a word's origin and historical development, tracing how its form and meaning have changed over time.

The study of the structure of words and how meaningful parts — roots, prefixes, and suffixes — combine to form them.

The base part of a word that carries its core meaning, e.g. the Latin 'spect' (to look) in inspect, spectator, and respect.

A morpheme added to the beginning of a root to alter its meaning, e.g. 'un-' (not) or 're-' (again).

A morpheme added to the end of a root to change its meaning or part of speech, e.g. '-less' or '-tion.'

The literal, dictionary definition of a word, independent of emotional associations.

The emotional or cultural associations a word carries beyond its literal meaning, e.g. 'thrifty' vs. 'stingy.'

Information in surrounding words or sentences that helps a reader infer the meaning of an unfamiliar word.

Language that departs from literal meaning to create effect or comparison, such as metaphor, simile, and hyperbole.

Language that means exactly what it says, with words used in their ordinary, factual sense.

An author's choice of words and phrasing, which shapes tone, clarity, and meaning.

The level of formality in language suited to a context or audience, ranging from formal to casual or intimate.

The widely accepted variety of English used in formal and academic settings, governed by conventional grammar and usage.

A regional or social variety of a language with distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, such as Appalachian or Southern English.

One of two or more words pronounced alike but differing in meaning and often spelling, e.g. 'their,' 'there,' and 'they're.'

The recursive stages writers move through — prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing — rather than a single linear pass.

The planning stage of writing in which a writer generates and organizes ideas through brainstorming, outlining, freewriting, or mapping.

The stage of composing a first version of a text, focusing on getting ideas down rather than on polish.

Reworking a draft's content and organization — adding, cutting, reordering, and clarifying ideas — distinct from surface editing.

Correcting surface-level errors in grammar, usage, spelling, punctuation, and mechanics late in the writing process.

The final check for typographical and formatting errors before a text is published or submitted.

Writing whose aim is to inform or explain, presenting facts and ideas clearly and objectively.

Writing that tells a story or recounts events, real or imagined, usually in a meaningful sequence with characters and conflict.

Writing that advances a debatable claim and supports it with logical reasoning and evidence to convince an audience.

Writing aimed at moving an audience to think or act a certain way, often combining logic with emotional and ethical appeals.

Writing that uses sensory detail and precise language to create a vivid picture of a person, place, or thing.

A category of writing defined by its primary aim — narrative, expository, argumentative, or descriptive.

The persuasive strategies a writer uses to influence an audience: ethos, pathos, and logos.

A rhetorical appeal to the speaker's credibility, character, or authority to earn the audience's trust.

A rhetorical appeal to the audience's emotions to build sympathy, urgency, or motivation.

A rhetorical appeal to logic and reason, using facts, statistics, and sound argument to persuade.

The context of a communication act — its writer, audience, purpose, message, and occasion — that shapes effective choices.

The writer's overall goal for a text — to inform, persuade, entertain, or express — which guides content and tone.

The intended readers or listeners of a text, whose knowledge, needs, and expectations shape a writer's choices.

A clear, arguable sentence stating the central claim or controlling idea of an essay, usually near the start.

A sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph and connects it to the thesis.

The quality of a text in which ideas connect logically and flow smoothly, aided by transitions and clear organization.

The grammatical and lexical linking within a text — through pronouns, repetition, and transitions — that ties sentences together.

The quality of a paragraph or essay in which every sentence supports a single main idea, with no irrelevant material.

A word or phrase (however, therefore, in addition) that signals the relationship between ideas and guides the reader.

The arrangement of ideas in a text — such as chronological, spatial, order of importance, or compare-contrast — to serve the purpose.

The opening section of an essay that hooks the reader, provides context, and states the thesis.

The closing section of an essay that restates the thesis, synthesizes the main points, and leaves the reader with a final thought.

The use of details, examples, evidence, and reasoning to support and elaborate a main idea fully.

The facts, examples, data, quotations, or expert testimony a writer uses to support a claim.

An opposing viewpoint a writer acknowledges and addresses to strengthen an argument's credibility.

A writer's response to a counterargument that refutes or limits the opposing view.

Acknowledging the validity of part of an opposing view before countering it, which builds credibility.

The systematic inquiry of forming a question, gathering and evaluating sources, taking notes, synthesizing, and documenting findings.

A focused, debatable question that guides an inquiry and shapes what sources and evidence a writer seeks.

A firsthand or original record of an event or idea, such as a letter, interview, data set, speech, or literary work itself.

A work that analyzes, interprets, or comments on primary sources, such as a critical essay, review, or textbook.

The trustworthiness of a source, judged by the author's authority, accuracy, currency, purpose, and bias.

Judging whether a source is reliable, relevant, and appropriate by examining authorship, evidence, currency, and possible bias.

A source's or author's slant or prejudice that can distort information; recognizing it is essential to evaluating sources.

The unethical use of another's words or ideas without proper credit, presenting them as one's own.

A formal reference crediting a source, given in the text and in a works-cited or reference list, that lets readers locate it.

The Modern Language Association documentation system used in the humanities, with in-text parenthetical author-page citations and a Works Cited page.

A brief reference within the body of a paper — in MLA, the author's last name and page number in parentheses — pointing to a full entry.

The alphabetized list of full source entries at the end of an MLA paper, documenting every source cited in the text.

Restating a source's idea in one's own words and sentence structure while still citing the source, to avoid plagiarism.

The exact words of a source reproduced within quotation marks and credited with a citation.

Combining ideas and evidence from multiple sources into a coherent argument or explanation in one's own framework.

A scoring guide listing the criteria and performance levels used to evaluate writing or other student work consistently.

Ongoing, low-stakes assessment used during instruction to monitor learning and guide teaching, such as drafts or exit tickets.

An evaluation at the end of a unit or course that measures cumulative learning against standards, such as a final essay or exam.

A one-on-one conversation between teacher and student about a piece of writing to give targeted feedback and set goals.

Specific, actionable response to student work that identifies strengths and areas to improve, supporting revision.

Temporary instructional support — models, prompts, or guided steps — that helps students reach skills they can't yet perform alone.

An instructional strategy in which the teacher demonstrates a skill or thinking process for students to imitate.

A process in which students read and respond to one another's writing to offer feedback and suggestions for revision.

A model piece of writing students study to learn craft techniques they can apply in their own work.

The oral communication strand of ELA that develops students' ability to present ideas clearly and to comprehend and respond to others.

Fully attending to a speaker, processing the message, and responding thoughtfully, rather than passively hearing.

A spoken delivery of information or argument to an audience, judged on content, organization, delivery, and use of visuals.

The vocal elements of a presentation — volume, pace, pitch, articulation, and pauses — that affect how a message is received.

Body language, gestures, eye contact, and facial expression that convey meaning alongside or apart from spoken words.

A structured format for academic conversation, such as a Socratic seminar, that ensures equitable, evidence-based participation.

A student-led discussion built on open-ended questioning of a text, fostering critical thinking and collaborative interpretation.

The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create messages across print, digital, and visual media, including detecting bias and intent.

A text that combines two or more modes — words, images, sound, or video — to communicate meaning.

The responsible, ethical, and safe use of technology and online information, including respecting copyright and privacy.

A writer's understanding of the conventions, structure, and expectations of a particular type of writing, used to meet audience needs.

The distinctive personality, style, and perspective a writer conveys through word choice, tone, and sentence rhythm.

The deliberate selection of precise, vivid, and appropriate words to convey meaning and tone effectively.

The rhythm and flow of writing created by varying sentence length and structure so prose reads smoothly aloud.

Tailoring content, process, or product to students' varied readiness, interests, and learning needs.

The instructional principle that reading and writing reinforce each other, so studying texts strengthens students' own composition.

An arguable assertion that a writer advances and supports with reasons and evidence; it forms the backbone of an argumentative text.