- NSCA-CPT
- The NSCA-Certified Personal Trainer credential — an NCCA-accredited certification for trainers working with apparently healthy and special-population clients. Not the same as the CSCS.
- Karvonen (HRR) formula
- Target HR = (intensity % × HRR) + resting HR, where HRR = max HR − resting HR.
- SMART goals (NSCA)
- Specific, Measurable, Action-Oriented, Realistic, Time-bound. The A is Action-Oriented (not Attainable) and R is Realistic.
- RICE
- Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation — the acute soft-tissue injury protocol the NSCA-CPT tests.
- Heart-rate reserve (HRR)
- Maximum heart rate minus resting heart rate (HRmax − HRrest). Karvonen takes a percentage of HRR and adds resting HR back.
- Informed consent
- A signed document confirming the client voluntarily agreed to participate after being told the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits. Not a performance guarantee or payment contract.
- PAR-Q
- Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire — a 7-item self-screening tool done before exercise; a 'yes' answer flags the need for physician clearance.
- Standard pre-participation order
- Informed consent and PAR-Q/health-history screening FIRST, then resting vital signs, body composition, then fitness testing.
- Resting BP contraindication
- Markedly elevated resting blood pressure (e.g. ≥180/110 mmHg) is a contraindication to exercise testing until the client is cleared by a physician.
- BMI
- Body mass index = weight (kg) ÷ height (m)². A quick weight-for-height screen that does not distinguish muscle from fat.
- Waist-to-hip ratio
- A body-composition measure of fat distribution; higher ratios indicate greater health risk.
- Skinfold measurement
- Estimates body-fat percentage from subcutaneous fat thickness at standardized sites using calipers.
- Åstrand-Rhyming test
- A single-stage submaximal cycle-ergometer test at 50 rpm; steady-state HR at a known workload estimates VO₂max.
- VO₂max
- Maximal oxygen uptake — the gold-standard measure of aerobic capacity, estimated by submaximal field and lab tests.
- Rockport walk test
- A submaximal field test: walk 1 mile as fast as possible, then use time and ending HR to estimate VO₂max.
- Estimated HRmax (220 − age)
- A common age-based estimate of maximum heart rate. Read the exam stem for whether a measured HRmax is given instead.
- Macronutrient calorie values
- Carbohydrate 4 cal/g, protein 4 cal/g, fat 9 cal/g, alcohol 7 cal/g (alcohol is not a nutrient).
- Nutrition scope of practice
- Trainers give general healthy-eating guidance only; clinical meal plans and medical nutrition therapy are referred to a registered dietitian.
- Disordered eating (trainer role)
- Recognize the signs and refer the client to a qualified professional — observe and refer, never diagnose or treat.
- Health history form
- A pre-exercise document gathering medical conditions, medications, injuries, and lifestyle to identify risk and inform program design.
- Resting heart rate
- Pulse measured at rest (e.g. radial or carotid); a baseline vital sign and an input to the Karvonen target-HR calculation.
- Girth measurements
- Circumference measurements used to track changes in body size over time without estimating body-fat percentage.
- Physician clearance
- Medical sign-off required before exercise when screening flags elevated risk (e.g. a 'yes' on the PAR-Q or abnormal vital signs).
- Needs analysis
- The systematic evaluation of a client's assessment data, training history, and goals that begins program design.
- Acute variables
- The dials of program design: exercise selection and order, intensity (load), reps, sets, tempo, rest, frequency, and volume.
- SAID principle
- Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands — the body adapts specifically to the type of stress placed on it.
- Progressive overload
- Gradually increasing training demands (load, reps, volume, or complexity) over time so adaptation continues.
- Periodization
- Planned variation of training variables over time to drive continued adaptation and manage fatigue.
- Muscular-endurance loading
- ≥12 reps at ≤67% 1RM with short rest (≤30 s) — high reps, light load.
- Hypertrophy loading (NSCA)
- ~6–12 reps at 67–85% 1RM, 30 s–1.5 min rest (Essentials). Note an alternate framing of 8–20 reps at 50–75% 1RM.
- Maximal-strength loading
- ≤6 reps at ≥85% 1RM with 2–5 min rest between heavy sets — low reps, heavy load, long rest.
- Power loading
- Low reps (single-effort 1–2, multiple-effort 3–5) at ~75–90% 1RM with 2–5 min rest; emphasis on explosive intent.
- 1RM
- One-repetition maximum — the most weight liftable for one rep. Intensity is often set as a percentage of 1RM and can be estimated from submaximal loads.
- DOMS
- Delayed-onset muscle soreness — muscle pain peaking 24–72 hours after unaccustomed or eccentric-heavy exercise.
- General-fitness loading
- About 8–12 reps at a moderate load — a balanced scheme for the typical apparently-healthy client.
- Training frequency
- How many sessions per muscle group or per week; set by goal, recovery, and the client's experience level.
- Training volume
- Total work performed, often estimated as sets × reps × load; a key driver of hypertrophy and endurance adaptation.
- Reversibility (detraining)
- The 'use it or lose it' principle — fitness adaptations decline when training stops.
- Older-adult programming
- Emphasize balance, function, and gradual progression; manage chronic conditions and prioritize technique.
- Youth resistance training
- Safe and effective with qualified supervision; focus on technique, fun, and bodyweight/light loads.
- Prenatal exercise caution
- Avoid supine work later in pregnancy, modify intensity, prevent overheating, and obtain physician clearance.
- Hypertension exercise caution
- Avoid the Valsalva maneuver and heavy isometrics; cue steady breathing and monitor blood pressure.
- Diabetes exercise caution
- Watch for hypoglycemia, keep carbohydrate available, monitor blood glucose, and check feet/footwear.
- Osteoporosis programming
- Use weight-bearing and resistance exercise to support bone; avoid loaded spinal flexion and high-impact moves.
- Warm-up purpose
- Raises tissue temperature, heart rate, and joint readiness; dynamic movement prepares the body for training.
- Cool-down purpose
- Gradually lowers heart rate and aids recovery; a common place for static stretching to improve range of motion.
- Mental imagery / visualization
- A motivational/coaching technique in which a client rehearses a skill or outcome mentally to build confidence and adherence.
- Positive reinforcement
- Adding a desirable consequence to increase a behavior — a core motivational tool for building exercise adherence.
- Concentric action
- A muscle action in which the muscle shortens while producing force — the lifting phase of a rep.
- Eccentric action
- A muscle action in which the muscle lengthens under load — the controlled lowering phase, and the main driver of DOMS.
- Isometric action
- A muscle action that produces force with no change in muscle length — a held position like a plank.
- Agonist
- The prime mover — the muscle chiefly responsible for a movement (e.g. the hamstrings in a leg curl).
- Antagonist
- The muscle that opposes the prime mover (e.g. the quadriceps during a leg curl).
- Exercise order
- Large-muscle, multi-joint, and power/complex exercises come before small-muscle, single-joint exercises.
- Phosphagen (ATP-PC) system
- Supplies ATP for short, maximal efforts (~0–10 s) from stored ATP and creatine phosphate; anaerobic.
- Glycolytic system
- Breaks down glucose/glycogen for high-intensity work (~10 s–2 min); produces lactate and the muscular 'burn.'
- Oxidative (aerobic) system
- Uses oxygen to break down carbohydrate and fat for sustained, lower-intensity work lasting 2+ minutes.
- Sagittal plane
- Divides the body into left and right; forward/backward motions like a squat or biceps curl occur here.
- Frontal plane
- Divides the body into front and back; side-to-side motions like a lateral raise occur here.
- Transverse plane
- Divides the body into top and bottom; rotational motions like a cable chop occur here.
- Squat cue
- Brace the core, push the knees out over the toes, hips back, chest up; depth and load to the client's ability.
- Deadlift cue
- Neutral spine, bar close to the body, drive through the floor with hips and knees extending together.
- Spotting
- Assisting and protecting a lifter, especially on overhead and over-the-face lifts; communicate the plan before the set.
- RPE / Borg scale
- Rating of Perceived Exertion — a subjective intensity scale (e.g. 6–20 Borg) used to monitor and prescribe effort.
- Static stretching
- Holding a stretch at end range (~30 s); best in the cool-down or to improve range of motion.
- Dynamic stretching
- Controlled movement through full range of motion; used in the warm-up to prepare for training.
- Ballistic stretching
- Bouncing through end range; higher injury risk, reserved for advanced or sport-specific contexts.
- PNF stretching
- Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation — contract-relax techniques (often partner-assisted) for the greatest ROM gains.
- Plyometric training
- Explosive jump/reactive training using the stretch-shortening cycle; emphasizes a controlled landing and short ground contact.
- Machine vs. free weight
- Machines guide the path and aid stability/beginners; free weights demand more stabilization and balance.
- Cueing
- Clear, concise instructions (verbal, visual, or tactile) that guide correct technique; correct one fault at a time.
- Knee valgus correction
- Cue the knees out over the toes ('spread the floor'); regress load or range if the fault persists, then strengthen hip abductors.
- Kettlebell swing
- A hip-hinge ballistic exercise; power comes from explosive hip extension, not the arms or a squat.
- Multi-joint exercise
- An exercise crossing two or more joints (squat, deadlift, press, row); performed early in a session.
- Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
- A facility's written plan for medical emergencies — who calls 911, who retrieves the AED, and where emergency equipment is.
- Heat stroke
- A medical emergency defined by ALTERED mental status plus a very high core temperature — call 911 and begin rapid whole-body cooling.
- Heat exhaustion
- Heavy sweating, weakness, and nausea with the client still alert and oriented — treat with rest, cooling, and hydration.
- Adult CPR compressions
- 100–120 compressions per minute on the lower half of the sternum, allowing full chest recoil between compressions.
- AED use
- Power on, attach pads, let it analyze; ensure everyone is 'clear' before any shock, then resume compressions immediately.
- Negligence
- A breach of the standard of care — failing to act as a reasonably prudent, similarly trained professional would — that causes harm.
- Standard of care
- What a reasonably prudent, similarly trained professional would do in the same situation; the benchmark for negligence.
- Scope of practice
- The boundary of what a trainer may do (screen, assess, coach, general nutrition) vs. what must be referred out (diagnose, treat, prescribe).
- Liability waiver
- A signed agreement in which the client acknowledges and assumes certain risks of participation; risk-management documentation.
- Confidentiality
- Protecting client records and private health information. Trainers generally aren't HIPAA 'covered entities,' but must safeguard privacy.
- Valsalva maneuver
- Forced exhalation against a closed airway during heavy lifting; briefly spikes blood pressure, so it is cautioned for at-risk clients.
- Heat acclimatization
- Gradual adaptation to exercising in heat over roughly 10–14 days; reduces heat-illness risk.
- Overtraining signs
- Persistent fatigue, performance decline, mood changes, poor sleep, and elevated resting HR — reduce load and prioritize recovery.
- First action: unresponsive client
- Confirm the scene is safe and check responsiveness; if unresponsive and not breathing normally, activate EMS and start CPR.
- Refer out
- The correct response when a scenario involves diagnosis, treatment, rehab, or a prescriptive diet — stay in scope and document.
- Equipment safety
- Inspect and maintain equipment; remove hazards like frayed cables or wet floors before training rather than working around them.
- Liability insurance
- Professional coverage that protects a trainer against claims; a core risk-management practice.
- Documentation
- Recording sessions, incidents, and consent forms; protects the client and the trainer and supports the standard of care.
- Health-risk stratification
- Classifying a client as low, moderate, or high risk from age, signs/symptoms, and risk factors to decide whether medical clearance and supervision are needed before exercise.
- Coronary artery disease risk factors
- Family history, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose, obesity, physical inactivity, and age — counted to gauge cardiovascular risk during screening.
- Stages of Change model
- Transtheoretical model: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance — match coaching strategy to the client's readiness.
- Rapport
- The trust and connection between trainer and client that supports honest disclosure during consultation and long-term adherence.
- Active listening
- Fully attending to the client — paraphrasing, clarifying, and reflecting — to understand goals and barriers during consultation.
- Open-ended question
- A consultation question that invites a detailed response rather than yes/no, eliciting goals, history, and motivation.
- Sit-and-reach test
- A field test of low-back and hamstring flexibility; the client reaches forward along a box from a seated, long-sit position.
- YMCA bench-press test
- A muscular-endurance test counting repetitions at a fixed cadence and standardized load (e.g. 80 lb men, 35 lb women) until failure.
- Push-up test
- A muscular-endurance field test counting maximum push-ups; men use the standard position and women a modified knee position by NSCA norms.
- Partial curl-up test
- A timed or cadence-based field test of abdominal muscular endurance counting curl-ups to a set distance.
- Vertical jump test
- A field test of lower-body power measuring the difference between standing reach and jump-and-touch height.
- 3-minute step test
- A submaximal aerobic field test using a fixed step cadence; recovery heart rate after stepping estimates cardiovascular fitness.
- Goniometer
- An instrument that measures a joint's range of motion in degrees during a flexibility assessment.
- Test order (assessment sequencing)
- Run non-fatiguing tests first — resting measures, body composition, then flexibility, then cardiovascular, with power/strength and muscular endurance arranged so one test doesn't compromise the next.
- Hydrostatic weighing
- Underwater weighing that estimates body composition from body density; a laboratory criterion method.
- Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
- Estimates body composition by passing a small current through the body; accuracy depends on controlled hydration and conditions.
- Essential vs. storage fat
- Essential fat is required for normal physiologic function; storage fat is the adipose tissue accumulated around organs and beneath the skin.
- Android vs. gynoid fat pattern
- Android (apple, abdominal) fat distribution carries higher metabolic and cardiovascular risk than gynoid (pear, hip/thigh) distribution.
- Pulse palpation sites
- Radial (wrist) and carotid (neck) are the common sites for counting heart rate; press the carotid gently to avoid slowing the pulse.
- Korotkoff sounds
- The sounds heard through a stethoscope during blood-pressure measurement; their onset marks systolic and their disappearance marks diastolic pressure.
- Resting blood pressure classification
- Normal is below 120/80 mmHg; elevated and stage 1–2 hypertension categories rise from there, guiding referral and exercise caution.
- Goal setting (short- vs. long-term)
- Long-term outcome goals are supported by short-term process goals and behavioral milestones that keep the client motivated and on track.
- Baseline assessment
- Initial measurements taken before training to establish a reference point for tracking progress and re-testing.
- Self-efficacy
- A client's belief in their ability to perform a behavior; building it through small wins improves exercise adherence.
- Anthropometry
- The measurement of body size and proportions — height, weight, girths, and skinfolds — used in assessment.
- Exercise selection
- Choosing exercises that match the client's goals, experience, equipment, and movement needs while balancing muscle groups.
- Repetition maximum continuum
- The relationship in which lighter loads allow more reps (endurance) and heavier loads allow fewer reps (strength/power).
- Estimating training load from a rep max
- A submaximal multiple-RM test (e.g. 10RM) is used with a percentage table to estimate 1RM and set working loads for beginners safely.
- Rest interval
- Recovery time between sets; longer for strength/power (2–5 min) and shorter for hypertrophy/endurance to drive the targeted adaptation.
- Repetition velocity (tempo)
- The speed of the lifting, lowering, and pause phases; controlled tempo aids technique while explosive intent develops power.
- Beginner program guidelines
- Start with 2–3 full-body sessions per week, ~8–12 reps at moderate load, simple multi-joint exercises, and a focus on technique.
- Total-body workout split
- Training all major muscle groups each session; suits beginners and those training fewer days per week.
- Upper/lower split
- Dividing sessions into upper-body and lower-body days, allowing more volume per region with adequate recovery.
- Push/pull/legs split
- Organizing training by movement pattern — pushing, pulling, and lower-body days — to balance volume and recovery.
- Superset
- Two exercises performed back-to-back with little rest, often for opposing muscle groups, to save time and increase density.
- Circuit training
- Moving through a series of stations with minimal rest; blends resistance and cardiovascular conditioning and saves time.
- Linear periodization
- Gradually increasing intensity while decreasing volume across successive training phases over weeks to months.
- Undulating (nonlinear) periodization
- Varying intensity and volume frequently — daily or weekly — to expose the client to different loading within a short span.
- Macrocycle, mesocycle, microcycle
- Nested periodization timeframes — a full training year, a block of weeks, and a single week — used to organize variation.
- FITT principle
- Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type — the variables manipulated when prescribing cardiovascular exercise.
- Cardiorespiratory training frequency
- General guidance of moderate aerobic activity most days, totaling about 150 minutes per week for health benefits.
- Interval training
- Alternating higher-intensity work bouts with recovery periods to improve fitness and allow greater total work.
- Continuous (steady-state) training
- Sustained, constant-intensity aerobic exercise; builds an aerobic base and suits beginners.
- Talk test
- A simple intensity gauge — if a client can speak but not sing, effort is roughly moderate; inability to talk signals vigorous intensity.
- Caloric balance
- The relationship between energy intake and expenditure; a sustained deficit drives fat loss and a surplus supports weight gain.
- Flexibility program guidelines
- Stretch major muscle groups to mild tension on most days, holding static stretches ~15–30 s after warm-up or in the cool-down.
- Asthma exercise caution
- Encourage an extended warm-up, ensure rescue-inhaler access, and be alert to cold or dry air and known triggers.
- Arthritis programming
- Favor low-impact, pain-free range of motion; train during low-symptom periods and avoid aggravating inflamed joints.
- Obesity programming
- Prioritize low-impact, joint-friendly activity, gradual progression, and combined aerobic plus resistance training with achievable goals.
- Pregnancy exercise benefits
- Appropriate exercise supports healthy weight, mood, and fitness; avoid supine positions after the first trimester and contact sports or fall risks.
- Recovery and rest days
- Scheduled lighter days or days off that allow tissue repair and adaptation; preventing overtraining is part of program design.
- Re-assessment timing
- Re-testing fitness measures periodically (e.g. every 4–8 weeks) to evaluate progress and adjust the program.
- Adherence strategies
- Goal setting, social support, variety, convenient scheduling, and self-monitoring that keep clients consistent over time.
- Balance training
- Exercises challenging stability — single-leg stances, unstable surfaces — to improve proprioception, especially in older adults.
- Core training rationale
- Strengthening the trunk musculature to stabilize the spine and pelvis and transfer force during whole-body movement.
- Specificity of cardiovascular training
- Aerobic gains are greatest in the trained mode and muscles, so select activity that matches the client's goals.
- Anatomical position
- Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms forward — the reference posture for describing movement and anatomy.
- Flexion and extension
- Flexion decreases the joint angle and extension increases it; both occur in the sagittal plane around a frontal axis.
- Abduction and adduction
- Abduction moves a limb away from the midline and adduction toward it; both occur in the frontal plane.
- Pronation and supination
- Forearm rotation turning the palm down (pronation) or up (supination); transverse-plane movements at the radioulnar joint.
- Synergist muscle
- A muscle that assists the prime mover or stabilizes a joint so the intended movement occurs efficiently.
- Stabilizer muscle
- A muscle that contracts to hold a body part steady so the prime movers can act against a fixed base.
- Closed kinetic chain exercise
- Movement with the distal segment fixed against a surface (squat, push-up); typically multi-joint and weight-bearing.
- Open kinetic chain exercise
- Movement with the distal segment free to move (leg extension, biceps curl); often isolates a single joint.
- Bench press technique
- Five points of contact, retracted scapulae, controlled lowering to the chest, and a spotter for over-the-face loading.
- Overhead press technique
- Brace the core, keep a neutral spine, press the bar over the midline without excessive lumbar arch; spot from behind at the wrists.
- Bent-over row technique
- Hinge at the hips with a neutral spine, pull to the lower chest/upper abdomen, and avoid rounding the back under load.
- Lat pulldown technique
- Pull the bar to the upper chest with a tall torso and slight lean; avoid pulling behind the neck to protect the shoulders.
- Lunge technique
- Step into a stride, lower until both knees reach about 90°, keep the torso upright, and track the front knee over the foot.
- Romanian deadlift technique
- A hip hinge with soft knees, neutral spine, and the bar close to the legs; loads the hamstrings and glutes through the lowering phase.
- Five points of contact (bench)
- Head, upper back, and buttocks on the bench plus both feet flat on the floor — the stable base for supine pressing.
- Spotting overhead lifts
- Stand close behind the lifter, spot at the wrists or forearms (not the elbows), and be ready to guide the bar to safety.
- Spotting over-the-face lifts
- Use an alternated (mixed) grip near the bar's center on lifts like the bench press, ready to help rack the bar.
- Number of spotters
- Heavy or awkward free-weight lifts may require two or more spotters; communicate the lift-off and rep count beforehand.
- Breathing during lifting
- Generally exhale through the sticking point (exertion) and inhale during the lowering phase; avoid breath-holding for at-risk clients.
- Pronated grip
- An overhand grip with the palms facing down or away from the body, used in pulldowns and many pressing exercises.
- Supinated grip
- An underhand grip with the palms facing up or toward the body, used in biceps curls and chin-ups.
- Alternated (mixed) grip
- One hand pronated and one supinated; improves bar security on heavy deadlifts and for spotting over-the-face lifts.
- Neutral spine
- Maintaining the natural curves of the spine during lifting to distribute load safely and protect the back.
- Bracing the core
- Tightening the abdominal and trunk muscles to create intra-abdominal pressure that stabilizes the spine under load.
- Full range of motion
- Moving a joint through its complete safe arc during an exercise to develop strength across the range and preserve mobility.
- Self-myofascial release
- Using a foam roller or ball to apply pressure to soft tissue; may improve perceived mobility before training.
- Type I muscle fibers
- Slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant fibers suited to endurance and posture; recruited at lower intensities.
- Type II muscle fibers
- Fast-twitch fibers that produce greater force and power but fatigue quickly; recruited for heavy and explosive efforts.
- Size principle of recruitment
- Motor units are recruited from smallest (low force) to largest (high force) as effort increases.
- Stretch-shortening cycle
- A rapid eccentric loading followed immediately by a concentric action that stores and releases elastic energy — the basis of plyometrics.
- Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
- The elevated oxygen uptake after exercise as the body restores resting conditions; greater after intense work.
- Lactate threshold
- The exercise intensity at which blood lactate rises sharply; training can shift it higher and improve endurance performance.
- Steady state
- The point in aerobic exercise where oxygen supply meets demand and heart rate plateaus at a given workload.
- Eccentric loading and DOMS
- The lengthening phase produces high tension and microtrauma, making eccentric-heavy work the leading cause of delayed soreness.
- Cable column exercises
- Pulley-based movements that maintain constant tension and allow training in multiple planes, including rotation.
- Resistance band training
- Elastic resistance that increases tension as the band stretches; portable and useful for beginners and rehabilitation-style work.
- Step-up technique
- Place the whole foot on the box, drive through the heel to stand tall, and control the descent; height matches the client's ability.
- Hip-hinge pattern
- Pushing the hips back with minimal knee bend and a neutral spine; the foundation of deadlifts, swings, and good-mornings.
- Plank exercise
- An isometric core hold maintaining a straight line from head to heels with a braced trunk and neutral spine.
- Push-up technique
- Hands about shoulder-width, body in a straight line, lower the chest under control, and keep the core braced throughout.
- Tactile cueing
- Light touch that guides a client to the correct position or muscle, used appropriately and with the client's consent.
- Chain of survival
- The sequence improving cardiac-arrest survival: early recognition and EMS activation, early CPR, rapid defibrillation, and advanced care.
- Rescue breathing ratio
- In adult CPR with a barrier device, deliver 30 compressions to 2 breaths, each breath given over about one second to make the chest rise.
- Choking response (conscious adult)
- Ask if they are choking; if they cannot cough, speak, or breathe, deliver abdominal thrusts (Heimlich) until the object clears or they go unresponsive.
- Hypoglycemia response
- For a diabetic client who is shaky, sweaty, or confused, stop exercise and give fast-acting carbohydrate if they can safely swallow.
- Warning signs to stop exercise
- Chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, or confusion — stop and activate emergency care.
- Sprain vs. strain
- A sprain is an overstretched or torn ligament; a strain is an overstretched or torn muscle or tendon.
- Hyponatremia
- Dangerously low blood sodium from overhydration during prolonged exercise; prevent it by avoiding excessive plain-water intake.
- Dehydration signs
- Thirst, dark urine, dry mouth, fatigue, and rising heart rate; address with fluids and by adjusting exercise intensity.
- Hydration during exercise
- Encourage fluids before, during, and after activity; water suffices for most sessions, with electrolytes considered for prolonged effort.
- Duty of care
- A trainer's legal obligation to act reasonably to protect a client from foreseeable harm during supervised exercise.
- Assumption of risk
- A legal concept in which a client knowingly accepts the inherent risks of an activity, often documented through a waiver.
- Incident report
- Written documentation completed promptly after an injury or emergency, recording facts, actions taken, and witnesses.
- Facility safety inspection
- Routine checks of equipment, flooring, and walkways to identify and remove hazards before clients train.
