- Article III of the 1987 Constitution?
- The Bill of Rights — the fundamental civil and political rights of citizens.
- How many norms of conduct under RA 6713?
- Eight (8).
- What does SALN stand for?
- Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth.
- Title of Republic Act No. 6713?
- The Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees.
- When was the present Constitution ratified?
- 1987.
- President's term under the 1987 Constitution?
- Six years, with no re-election.
- How many senators in the Philippine Senate?
- 24, elected nationally.
- Voting age (suffrage) under the Constitution?
- 18 years old.
- National language under the 1987 Constitution?
- Filipino.
- The three branches of government?
- Legislative (makes laws), Executive (enforces), Judicial (interprets).
- Which branch makes the laws?
- The Legislative branch — Congress (Senate + House of Representatives).
- Which branch enforces the laws?
- The Executive branch — the President and the Cabinet.
- Which branch interprets the laws?
- The Judicial branch — the Supreme Court and lower courts.
- The three Constitutional Commissions?
- Civil Service Commission (CSC), COMELEC, and Commission on Audit (COA).
- What agency administers the civil service exam?
- The Civil Service Commission (CSC).
- What is judicial review?
- The Supreme Court's power to declare a law or act unconstitutional.
- Separation of powers means?
- Government authority is divided among the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches.
- 'Public office is a public trust' means?
- Officials are accountable to the people and must serve with integrity and efficiency.
- Which body enforces election laws?
- The Commission on Elections (COMELEC).
- Which body audits government accounts?
- The Commission on Audit (COA).
- Independent body for human rights violations?
- The Commission on Human Rights (CHR).
- RA 9003 is known as?
- The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
- What does RA 9003 require?
- Waste segregation at source, recycling/composting, and sanitary landfills (no open dumps).
- RA 8749 is known as?
- The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.
- RA 9275 is known as?
- The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004.
- RA 9147 protects?
- Wildlife resources, their habitats, and biodiversity (Wildlife Conservation Act).
- RA 10173 is known as?
- The Data Privacy Act of 2012, protecting personal information.
- RA 9710 is known as?
- The Magna Carta of Women, promoting women's rights and equality.
- The 3 R's of solid waste management?
- Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
- Segregation at source means?
- Separating waste into biodegradable, recyclable, and residual at the point it is generated.
- Norm 1 of RA 6713?
- Commitment to public interest — put the public good above personal interest.
- Norm 2 of RA 6713?
- Professionalism — perform duties with excellence, skill, and dedication.
- Norm 3 of RA 6713?
- Justness and sincerity — act with justice, fairness, and honesty.
- Norm 4 of RA 6713?
- Political neutrality — serve everyone fairly, regardless of party.
- Norm 5 of RA 6713?
- Responsiveness to the public — give prompt, courteous, adequate service.
- Norm 6 of RA 6713?
- Nationalism and patriotism — be loyal to the Republic and the Filipino people.
- Norm 7 of RA 6713?
- Commitment to democracy — uphold the Constitution; country above party.
- Norm 8 of RA 6713?
- Simple living — lead a modest life appropriate to one's position and income.
- When must a SALN be filed?
- On entering service, annually thereafter, and on separation from the service.
- Why is the SALN required?
- For transparency — to disclose wealth and check for unexplained wealth or conflicts of interest.
- Under RA 6713, may an official accept gifts?
- No — soliciting or accepting gifts in the course of official duties is prohibited.
- What is due process?
- The guarantee of fair procedure and law before depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property.
- What is equal protection?
- The State must treat persons in similar situations alike, without unfair discrimination.
- What is double jeopardy?
- Protection against being tried twice for the same offense after an acquittal.
- Freedom of religion protects?
- The right to practice any religion without government interference.
- Freedom of the press protects?
- The right to publish, including material critical of government, without censorship.
- Right against self-incrimination?
- No person can be compelled to be a witness against himself.
- Right to bail means?
- An arrested person may secure temporary liberty while awaiting trial, with exceptions.
- What is the writ of habeas corpus tied to?
- A detained person's right to be informed of the charges and to a lawful detention.
- Bill of Rights protection on searches?
- Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures (a warrant is generally required).
- Right to peaceably assemble protects?
- The people's right to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.
- Eminent domain requires?
- Just compensation when private property is taken for public use.
- Who is second in line to the presidency?
- The Vice President.
- House of Representatives members' term?
- Three years.
- Who heads the Civil Service Commission?
- The Chairperson of the CSC.
- Who appoints CSC Commissioners?
- The President, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments.
- What is the supreme law of the land?
- The 1987 Constitution.
- Peace and human rights value the State upholds?
- Resolving disputes through dialogue and protecting human dignity (no torture).
- Commitment to public interest example?
- Declining a gift from a bidding contractor to avoid a conflict of interest.
- Political neutrality example?
- Serving every citizen equally regardless of status or political belief.
- Simple living example?
- Living modestly even when one's salary could afford luxury.
- Subject-verb agreement rule?
- The verb matches the true subject in number, ignoring phrases in between.
- 'The list of applicants ___ posted' — is or are?
- IS — the subject is the singular 'list,' not 'applicants.'
- Synonym of DILIGENT?
- Hardworking, industrious.
- Antonym of ABUNDANT?
- Scarce.
- Synonym vs antonym?
- A synonym means nearly the same; an antonym means the opposite.
- Synonym of CANDID?
- Frank, honest.
- Antonym of TEDIOUS?
- Engaging, interesting.
- Synonym of PRUDENT?
- Careful, sensible.
- Antonym of PRUDENT?
- Reckless, rash.
- Synonym of TERSE?
- Concise, brief.
- Antonym of GENEROUS?
- Stingy, selfish.
- Synonym of OBSOLETE?
- Outdated, antiquated.
- How do you solve a word analogy?
- Name the relationship in the first pair, then apply the same one to the second pair.
- PEN : WRITER :: BRUSH : ?
- PAINTER — the link is tool to user.
- What is the main idea?
- The central point a paragraph makes, supported by all of its details.
- Main idea vs supporting detail?
- The main idea is the general point; a supporting detail is one specific fact.
- What is an inference?
- A conclusion drawn from what a passage implies, not what it states directly.
- Past perfect tense marks?
- An action completed before another past action ('had finished before he arrived').
- Are 'each' and 'every' singular or plural?
- Singular — they take a singular verb.
- Is 'neither...nor' singular or plural?
- Usually singular; the verb agrees with the nearer subject.
- Correct spelling: accomodate or accommodate?
- Accommodate — double c and double m.
- 'To throw in the towel' means?
- To give up or surrender.
- 'To hit the nail on the head' means?
- To be exactly right about something.
- 'A blessing in disguise' means?
- Something that seems bad but turns out to be good.
- Paragraph organization: where is the topic sentence?
- Often first (or last) — it states the general point the rest support.
- Signal words for ordering steps?
- First, Next, Then, Finally — they reveal the sequence.
- Pronoun-antecedent agreement?
- A pronoun must match its antecedent in number and gender.
- Sentence completion: how to choose the word?
- Use signal words ('because' = cause, 'although' = contrast) to fit the logic.
- Effect of 'Because the roads were damaged...'?
- The cause demands a matching result — e.g. goods were 'difficult to deliver.'
- Synonym of METICULOUS?
- Thorough, careful, precise.
- Antonym of TRANSPARENT?
- Opaque; (figuratively) secretive.
- Synonym of AMENABLE?
- Agreeable, cooperative.
- Antonym of EXPAND?
- Contract, shrink.
- Synonym of LUCID?
- Clear, easy to understand.
- Synonym of FRUGAL?
- Thrifty, economical.
- Antonym of HUMBLE?
- Arrogant, proud.
- Synonym of VIGILANT?
- Watchful, alert.
- Antonym of OPTIONAL?
- Mandatory, required.
- Synonym of COMPLY?
- Obey, conform.
- Subject joined by 'and' takes which verb?
- Usually a plural verb.
- Collective noun ('committee') verb?
- Usually singular when acting as one unit.
- Misplaced modifier — what's the fix?
- Place the modifier next to the word it describes to avoid confusion.
- How do you find a percentage of a number?
- Convert the percent to a decimal and multiply (25% of 80 = 0.25 × 80 = 20).
- What is 25% of 80?
- 20.
- What is 'percent'?
- A part out of 100 ('per hundred').
- How do you find what percent x is of y?
- Divide x by y and multiply by 100.
- Percent increase formula?
- (change ÷ original) × 100.
- Fraction 1/2 as a percent?
- 50%.
- Fraction 1/4 as a percent?
- 25%.
- Fraction 3/4 as a percent?
- 75%.
- Fraction 1/5 as a percent?
- 20%.
- Fraction 1/3 as a percent?
- About 33.3%.
- How do you solve a proportion?
- Cross-multiply: if 3/4 = x/20, then 4x = 60, so x = 15.
- What is a ratio?
- A comparison of two quantities (e.g. 3 to 4).
- How do you split a total in a ratio?
- Add the parts, divide the total by the sum, then multiply by each share.
- Work problem: finishes in 4 hrs does how much per hour?
- 1/4 of the job per hour.
- Two workers (4 hrs and 6 hrs) combined rate?
- 1/4 + 1/6 = 5/12 of the job per hour; total time = 12/5 = 2.4 hrs.
- Average (mean) formula?
- Sum of the values ÷ the number of values.
- What is the median?
- The middle value when the numbers are arranged in order.
- Number series 3, 6, 9, 12 — next?
- 15 (add 3 each time — arithmetic).
- Number series 2, 4, 8, 16 — next?
- 32 (double each time — geometric).
- Number series 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 — next?
- 36 (perfect squares: 6²).
- Number series 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 — next?
- 13 (Fibonacci — sum of the two before).
- Number series 81, 27, 9, 3 — next?
- 1 (divide by 3 each time).
- Number series 5, 10, 20, 40 — next?
- 80 (×2).
- Number series 4, 9, 16, 23, 30 — next?
- 37 (differences +5, +7, +9, +11…).
- Arithmetic series — defining feature?
- A constant difference between consecutive terms.
- Geometric series — defining feature?
- A constant ratio between consecutive terms.
- Order of operations (PEMDAS)?
- Parentheses, Exponents, Multiply/Divide, Add/Subtract.
- How do you add fractions?
- Find a common denominator, add the numerators, then simplify.
- How do you compare fractions?
- Cross-multiply or convert to a common denominator (or to decimals).
- What is a prime number?
- A number greater than 1 divisible only by 1 and itself (2, 3, 5, 7, 11…).
- Mean of 4, 8, 6, 2?
- 5 (sum 20 ÷ 4).
- What is 15% of 200?
- 30.
- Convert 0.2 to a fraction?
- 1/5.
- Convert 3/5 to a percent?
- 60%.
- Sum of angles in a triangle?
- 180 degrees.
- Area of a rectangle?
- Length × width.
- Perimeter of a rectangle?
- 2 × (length + width).
- Number series 7, 14, 28, 56 — next?
- 112 (×2).
- Number series 100, 90, 81, 73 — next?
- 66 (subtract 10, 9, 8, 7…).
- Number series 2, 5, 11, 23 — next?
- 47 (double and add 1).
- DOCTOR : HOSPITAL :: TEACHER : ?
- SCHOOL — the link is worker to workplace.
- What is a syllogism?
- A logical argument whose conclusion follows from its premises.
- When is a syllogism valid?
- When the conclusion must be true whenever the premises are true.
- All mammals are warm-blooded; whales are mammals. So?
- All whales are warm-blooded (valid).
- Does 'All A are B' mean 'All B are A'?
- No — that is the invalid converse.
- Negation of 'All applicants submitted'?
- At least one applicant did NOT submit (not 'no applicant did').
- Deductive reasoning?
- From general rules to a guaranteed specific conclusion.
- Inductive reasoning?
- From specific observations to a probable general pattern.
- Deductive vs inductive — which is guaranteed?
- Deductive — if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
- What is the contrapositive?
- 'If P then Q' becomes 'If not Q then not P' — and it is valid.
- 'If signed, then valid; this is not valid.' So?
- It was not signed (contrapositive).
- What is an assumption in an argument?
- An unstated premise the argument needs in order to hold.
- Logical sequencing — how to start?
- Place fixed clues first, then use relative clues ('left of', 'between').
- Lina left of Mae, Mae left of Nita — order?
- Lina, Mae, Nita — so Lina is leftmost.
- What is data sufficiency?
- Deciding whether the given clues are enough to answer the question.
- Common analogy relationship types?
- Tool-to-user, part-to-whole, cause-and-effect, worker-to-workplace.
- Premise vs conclusion?
- A premise is an assumed-true statement; the conclusion follows from the premises.
- 'Some' statements — what do they allow?
- At least one (possibly all), so 'some A are B' allows 'some B are A.'
- Whenever the alarm rings the office evacuates; it was NOT evacuated. So?
- The alarm did not ring (contrapositive).
- FINGER : HAND :: TOE : ?
- FOOT — part to whole.
- HOT : COLD :: UP : ?
- DOWN — antonyms / opposites.
- Invalid converse example?
- From 'All cats are animals,' concluding 'All animals are cats.'
- What is a valid deduction's guarantee?
- A true set of premises guarantees a true conclusion.
- How to test an analogy answer?
- Make a sentence of the link and check it fits both pairs in the same direction.
- Argument 'hire clerks because backlog grows' assumes?
- That hiring clerks will actually reduce the backlog.
- BIRD : FLY :: FISH : ?
- SWIM — object to its characteristic action.
- SEED : PLANT :: EGG : ?
- BIRD (or chicken) — early stage to mature form.
- Validity vs truth?
- Validity is about logical form; truth is about whether the statements match reality.
- If no rule fits a series, what do you try?
- A second-level difference, a 'double-and-add' rule, or alternating operations.
- Word association: how to pick the related word?
- Find the strongest, most specific relationship between the words.
- Synonym of ZEALOUS?
- Enthusiastic, eager.
- Antonym of CONCEAL?
- Reveal, expose.
- Synonym of ADHERE?
- Stick to, comply with.
- Antonym of TEMPORARY?
- Permanent.
- Synonym of IMPARTIAL?
- Fair, unbiased, neutral.
- Antonym of IMPARTIAL?
- Biased, prejudiced.
- Synonym of DETER?
- Discourage, prevent.
- Synonym of CONCISE?
- Brief, to the point.
- Antonym of CONCISE?
- Wordy, verbose.
- Synonym of NEGLIGENT?
- Careless, neglectful.
- 'Beat around the bush' means?
- To avoid getting to the point.
- 'Once in a blue moon' means?
- Very rarely.
- 'Cut corners' means?
- To do something cheaply or carelessly to save time/money.
- 'Hold your horses' means?
- Wait; be patient.
- Homophone they're / their / there — 'their' means?
- Possessive — belonging to them.
- Affect vs effect — which is usually the verb?
- 'Affect' is usually the verb; 'effect' is usually the noun.
- Its vs it's — which is the contraction?
- 'It's' = 'it is'; 'its' is possessive.
- Fewer vs less — which for countable items?
- 'Fewer' for countable items; 'less' for uncountable quantity.
- Who vs whom — 'whom' replaces?
- The object of a verb or preposition.
- Run-on sentence — what is it?
- Two independent clauses joined without proper punctuation or a conjunction.
- What is a topic sentence?
- The sentence that states the main idea a paragraph develops.
- Synonym of SUBSTANTIAL?
- Considerable, significant.
- Antonym of ACCURATE?
- Inaccurate, erroneous.
- Synonym of DILIGENCE?
- Careful, persistent effort.
- Correct spelling: recieve or receive?
- Receive — 'i before e except after c.'
- Correct spelling: seperate or separate?
- Separate.
- What is 10% of 250?
- 25.
- What is 50% of 90?
- 45.
- What is 1/4 of 100?
- 25.
- Convert 0.75 to a fraction?
- 3/4.
- Convert 40% to a fraction?
- 2/5.
- What is 12 × 12?
- 144.
- What is √81?
- 9 (since 9 × 9 = 81).
- Number series 1, 3, 6, 10, 15 — next?
- 21 (triangular numbers; differences +2,+3,+4,+5,+6).
- Number series 2, 6, 12, 20, 30 — next?
- 42 (differences +4,+6,+8,+10,+12).
- Number series 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 — next?
- 16 (differences +1,+2,+3,+4,+5).
- Number series 3, 9, 27, 81 — next?
- 243 (×3).
- Average of 10, 20, 30?
- 20.
- Profit = ?
- Selling price minus cost price.
- Simple interest formula?
- Interest = principal × rate × time.
- What is a multiple of 6?
- Any number 6 divides evenly (6, 12, 18, 24…).
- What is a factor of 12?
- A number that divides 12 evenly (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12).
- LCM of 4 and 6?
- 12.
- GCF of 12 and 18?
- 6.
- Decimal 0.125 as a fraction?
- 1/8.
- What is 3/4 + 1/4?
- 1 (whole).
- Mixed number 2 1/2 as a decimal?
- 2.5.
- Ratio 2:4 simplified?
- 1:2.
- If 4 pens cost 20, what does 1 pen cost?
- 5 (unit rate = total ÷ quantity).
- What is the mode of a data set?
- The value that appears most often.
- Area of a triangle?
- One-half × base × height.
- Number series 5, 7, 10, 14, 19 — next?
- 25 (differences +2,+3,+4,+5,+6).
- What is 20% of 20% of 100?
- 4 (20% of 100 = 20; 20% of 20 = 4).
- KEY : LOCK :: PASSWORD : ?
- ACCOUNT (or computer) — opens / grants access.
- LIBRARY : BOOKS :: BANK : ?
- MONEY — place to its contents.
- CANDLE : WAX :: TIRE : ?
- RUBBER — object to material.
- HUNGRY : EAT :: TIRED : ?
- SLEEP — condition to its remedy.
- WRITER : PEN :: CARPENTER : ?
- HAMMER (or saw) — worker to tool.
- Valid: 'No A are B; x is an A.' Conclusion?
- x is NOT a B.
- 'Some employees are managers' — does it mean all?
- No — 'some' means at least one, not all.
- What is a counterexample?
- A single case that proves a general claim false.
- Order: Ben taller than Ana, Ana taller than Cy. Tallest?
- Ben.
- If P implies Q, and Q is false, what about P?
- P is false (contrapositive: not Q → not P).
- Circular reasoning is?
- Using the conclusion itself as a premise (begging the question).
- DAY : NIGHT :: WAR : ?
- PEACE — opposites.
- THERMOMETER : TEMPERATURE :: CLOCK : ?
- TIME — instrument to what it measures.
- What is the conclusion of an argument?
- The claim the premises are meant to support.
- Necessary vs sufficient condition?
- Necessary must be present; sufficient guarantees the result on its own.
- If all clues give one unique order, the data is?
- Sufficient.
- DRIVER : CAR :: PILOT : ?
- AIRPLANE — operator to vehicle.
- Series 1, 4, 9, 16 follows which rule?
- Perfect squares (1², 2², 3², 4²).
- 'If it rains, the ground is wet. Ground is wet.' Can we conclude it rained?
- No — that is affirming the consequent (invalid).
- WORD : SENTENCE :: NOTE : ?
- SONG (or melody) — part to whole.
- What is the preamble of the Constitution?
- The introductory statement of the people's aims in adopting it.
- 'Sovereignty resides in the people' appears where?
- In the Declaration of Principles (Article II) of the 1987 Constitution.
- Fundamental duty of citizens to the State?
- To defend the State (and honor the flag and Constitution).
- What is the right to suffrage?
- The right of qualified citizens to vote.
- RA 6713 promotes which constitutional principle?
- That public office is a public trust.
- Penalty for failing to file a SALN?
- Administrative and/or criminal liability under RA 6713.
- Which official heads the Executive branch?
- The President.
- Smallest local government unit?
- The barangay.
- What does COMELEC supervise?
- Elections and the enforcement of election laws.
- Conflict of interest under RA 6713?
- When a personal interest could improperly influence official duties.
- Right to form unions and associations?
- Guaranteed, for purposes not contrary to law.
- Magna Carta of Women is which RA?
- RA 9710.
- What does RA 9147 protect?
- Wildlife resources and their habitats.
- Right to a speedy trial protects against?
- Undue delay in the disposition of a case.
- Right to counsel means?
- An accused person is entitled to a lawyer's assistance.
- What is the Commission on Human Rights' role?
- To investigate human rights violations.
- Segregating trash at home supports which law?
- RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act).
- Planting trees in a watershed supports?
- Protecting a balanced and healthful ecology (environmental policy).
- Dumping chemicals in a river violates?
- RA 9275 (the Clean Water Act).
- Responsiveness to the public means?
- Prompt, courteous, and adequate service to citizens.
- Justness and sincerity norm requires?
- Acting with justice, fairness, and honesty in service.
- Professionalism norm requires?
- Performing duties with excellence, skill, and dedication.
- Nationalism and patriotism norm requires?
- Loyalty to the Republic and promoting Filipino interests.
- Whistleblowing on a corrupt colleague upholds?
- Commitment to public interest and accountability.
- Avoiding extravagant spending of public funds shows?
- Commitment to public interest (economical use of resources).
- Citizenship rules are in which article?
- Article IV of the 1987 Constitution.
- Who exercises judicial review?
- The Supreme Court.
- Constitution may be amended by?
- Congress as a constituent assembly, a constitutional convention, or people's initiative.