Are flashcards effective for the CCT exam?

Yes. Flashcards use active recall — retrieving an answer from memory — which research shows is one of the most effective ways to make information stick, especially in short sessions over several days. That matters for facts like the V1–V6 chest positions, the AV-block signatures, and the 300-150-100-75-60-50 rate sequence.

What topics do the CCT flashcards cover?

Every CCI CCT content area: Rhythm Analysis (the largest), Analyzing the 12-Lead ECG, the Resting ECG (12-/15-lead placement, standardization, artifacts), Pre-Procedural Activities, Stress Tests (Bruce protocol, target heart rate, termination), and Ambulatory Monitoring (Holter, event, telemetry).

Do these flashcards match the current CCI CCT exam?

Yes. Every card is written to the CCI Certified Cardiographic Technician exam content outline — weighted toward Rhythm Analysis (40%) and Analyzing the 12-Lead ECG (22%) — and to official guidance from the AHA and NIH, so you study exactly what the exam tests.

How should I study with these flashcards?

Mix the modes: flip to learn, type to test recall, match for speed, and quiz to check yourself. Spend the most time on Rhythm Analysis and 12-lead interpretation — together they are nearly two-thirds of the exam — and master rhythm recognition and lead placement first.

Are the CCT flashcards free?

Yes — 100% free, all four study modes, no paywall.

The sinoatrial node — the heart's natural pacemaker in the right atrium; fires 60–100/min and starts each normal beat (the P wave).

The atrioventricular node; delays the impulse ~0.1 s so the atria empty before the ventricles contract. Backup rate 40–60/min.

Conduction fibers carrying the impulse from the AV node into the interventricular septum, where it splits into the bundle branches.

Terminal fibers that spread the impulse rapidly through the ventricular muscle, producing the QRS complex. Backup rate 20–40/min.

An electrode is a sensor on the skin; a lead is a calculated electrical view of the heart. A 12-lead ECG uses only 10 electrodes.

The standard resting ECG: 10 electrodes (4 limb + 6 precordial) produce 12 views of the heart's electrical activity.

Precordial (chest) leads

The six chest leads V1–V6 that view the heart in the horizontal plane.

V1 electrode position

4th intercostal space at the right sternal border.

V2 electrode position

4th intercostal space at the left sternal border.

V4 electrode position

5th intercostal space at the left midclavicular line. V3 sits midway between V2 and V4.

V6 electrode position

Left midaxillary line, level with V4 and V5.

The imaginary inverted triangle formed by the right-arm, left-arm, and left-leg electrodes that defines limb leads I, II, and III.

Limb-electrode color codes (AHA)

White = right arm, black = left arm, green = right leg (ground), red = left leg. 'White on right; smoke over fire.'

Ground (right-leg) electrode

A reference electrode that reduces interference; it does not form one of the recorded leads.

V4 mirrored to the RIGHT 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line — used to detect right-ventricular infarction in inferior MI.

Posterior leads V7–V9

Leads placed around the left posterior chest (posterior axillary, midscapular, paraspinal), level with V6, to detect posterior MI.

A standard 12-lead plus extra leads (commonly V4R, V8, V9) to better see the right ventricle and posterior wall.

Calibrating the ECG so a 1-mV signal deflects exactly 10 mm and the paper runs at 25 mm/s, making tracings comparable.

Paper speed (standard)

25 mm/s — so 1 small box = 0.04 s and 1 large box = 0.20 s.

Small box / large box (time)

1 small box = 0.04 s; 1 large box (5 small boxes) = 0.20 s at 25 mm/s.

Clean and dry the skin, remove hair where it blocks an electrode, wipe off oils, and lightly abrade so the gel makes firm contact.

A slow up-and-down drift of the tracing from movement, breathing, or loose/dried electrodes. Fix: re-prep skin, replace electrodes.

Somatic (muscle) tremor artifact

Fuzzy, erratic spikes from shivering, tension, or a Parkinsonian tremor. Fix: warm and relax the patient, reposition the limbs.

AC (60-cycle) interference

Uniform thick fuzz over the trace from nearby electrical equipment or crossed/frayed lead wires. Fix: unplug devices, uncross leads, check grounding.

The first deflection — atrial depolarization (the atria contracting). Upright in lead II in normal sinus rhythm.

Ventricular depolarization; tall and narrow, normally < 0.12 s. A wide QRS suggests a ventricular origin or bundle branch block.

Ventricular repolarization (the ventricles recovering). Atrial repolarization is hidden inside the QRS.

Start of the P wave to start of the QRS; normal 0.12–0.20 s. Reflects AV conduction time.

Start of the QRS to end of the T wave; rate-dependent. A prolonged QT raises the risk of torsades de pointes.

The flat line between the QRS and the T wave. Elevation suggests injury/MI; depression suggests ischemia.

QRS duration (normal)

Less than 0.12 s (under 3 small boxes). Widening points to a ventricular origin or a bundle branch block.

The net/average direction of the heart's depolarization in the frontal plane, estimated mainly from leads I and aVF.

300 method (heart rate)

For a regular rhythm: rate = 300 ÷ number of large boxes between two R waves (300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50).

1500 method (heart rate)

For a regular rhythm (most precise): rate = 1500 ÷ number of small boxes between two R waves.

6-second method (heart rate)

For an irregular rhythm: count the QRS complexes in a 6-second strip and multiply by 10.

Elevation ≥ 1 mm in two contiguous leads (without Q waves) suggests acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) — escalate.

Tombstone ST elevation

A broad, dome-shaped ST elevation merging with the T wave — a marker of acute, extensive STEMI.

A slurred upstroke of the QRS with a short PR interval — the hallmark of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pre-excitation.

Bifid (notched) P wave

A widened, M-shaped P wave (P mitrale) that suggests left atrial enlargement.

A small deflection after the T wave; prominent U waves suggest hypokalemia, and an inverted U wave can indicate ischemia.

Tall, tented, symmetric T waves — a classic early ECG sign of hyperkalemia.

Regular, 60–100/min, with one upright P wave before every QRS and normal intervals.

A sinus rhythm at a rate slower than 60/min.

A sinus rhythm at a rate faster than 100/min.

PAC (premature atrial contraction)

An early beat from an ectopic atrial focus with an abnormal P wave; usually benign.

Your FREE CCT Flashcards 2026 – 100+ Cards

Realistic, CCI-aligned CCT flashcards — flip, match, type, and quiz yourself on rhythms, 12-lead ECG, stress tests, and Holter, all at the Certified Cardiographic Technician level.

How well do you know them?

CCT Flashcards

SA node: The sinoatrial node — the heart's natural pacemaker in the right atrium; fires 60–100/min and starts each normal beat (the P wave).
AV node: The atrioventricular node; delays the impulse ~0.1 s so the atria empty before the ventricles contract. Backup rate 40–60/min.
Bundle of His: Conduction fibers carrying the impulse from the AV node into the interventricular septum, where it splits into the bundle branches.
Purkinje fibers: Terminal fibers that spread the impulse rapidly through the ventricular muscle, producing the QRS complex. Backup rate 20–40/min.
Electrode vs. lead: An electrode is a sensor on the skin; a lead is a calculated electrical view of the heart. A 12-lead ECG uses only 10 electrodes.
12-lead ECG: The standard resting ECG: 10 electrodes (4 limb + 6 precordial) produce 12 views of the heart's electrical activity.
Precordial (chest) leads: The six chest leads V1–V6 that view the heart in the horizontal plane.
V1 electrode position: 4th intercostal space at the right sternal border.
V2 electrode position: 4th intercostal space at the left sternal border.
V4 electrode position: 5th intercostal space at the left midclavicular line. V3 sits midway between V2 and V4.
V6 electrode position: Left midaxillary line, level with V4 and V5.
Einthoven's triangle: The imaginary inverted triangle formed by the right-arm, left-arm, and left-leg electrodes that defines limb leads I, II, and III.
Limb-electrode color codes (AHA): White = right arm, black = left arm, green = right leg (ground), red = left leg. 'White on right; smoke over fire.'
Ground (right-leg) electrode: A reference electrode that reduces interference; it does not form one of the recorded leads.
Right-sided lead V4R: V4 mirrored to the RIGHT 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line — used to detect right-ventricular infarction in inferior MI.
Posterior leads V7–V9: Leads placed around the left posterior chest (posterior axillary, midscapular, paraspinal), level with V6, to detect posterior MI.
15-lead ECG: A standard 12-lead plus extra leads (commonly V4R, V8, V9) to better see the right ventricle and posterior wall.
Standardization: Calibrating the ECG so a 1-mV signal deflects exactly 10 mm and the paper runs at 25 mm/s, making tracings comparable.
Paper speed (standard): 25 mm/s — so 1 small box = 0.04 s and 1 large box = 0.20 s.
Small box / large box (time): 1 small box = 0.04 s; 1 large box (5 small boxes) = 0.20 s at 25 mm/s.
Skin preparation: Clean and dry the skin, remove hair where it blocks an electrode, wipe off oils, and lightly abrade so the gel makes firm contact.
Wandering baseline: A slow up-and-down drift of the tracing from movement, breathing, or loose/dried electrodes. Fix: re-prep skin, replace electrodes.
Somatic (muscle) tremor artifact: Fuzzy, erratic spikes from shivering, tension, or a Parkinsonian tremor. Fix: warm and relax the patient, reposition the limbs.
AC (60-cycle) interference: Uniform thick fuzz over the trace from nearby electrical equipment or crossed/frayed lead wires. Fix: unplug devices, uncross leads, check grounding.
P wave: The first deflection — atrial depolarization (the atria contracting). Upright in lead II in normal sinus rhythm.
QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization; tall and narrow, normally < 0.12 s. A wide QRS suggests a ventricular origin or bundle branch block.
T wave: Ventricular repolarization (the ventricles recovering). Atrial repolarization is hidden inside the QRS.
PR interval: Start of the P wave to start of the QRS; normal 0.12–0.20 s. Reflects AV conduction time.
QT interval: Start of the QRS to end of the T wave; rate-dependent. A prolonged QT raises the risk of torsades de pointes.
ST segment: The flat line between the QRS and the T wave. Elevation suggests injury/MI; depression suggests ischemia.
QRS duration (normal): Less than 0.12 s (under 3 small boxes). Widening points to a ventricular origin or a bundle branch block.
Electrical axis: The net/average direction of the heart's depolarization in the frontal plane, estimated mainly from leads I and aVF.
300 method (heart rate): For a regular rhythm: rate = 300 ÷ number of large boxes between two R waves (300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50).
1500 method (heart rate): For a regular rhythm (most precise): rate = 1500 ÷ number of small boxes between two R waves.
6-second method (heart rate): For an irregular rhythm: count the QRS complexes in a 6-second strip and multiply by 10.
ST-segment elevation: Elevation ≥ 1 mm in two contiguous leads (without Q waves) suggests acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) — escalate.
Tombstone ST elevation: A broad, dome-shaped ST elevation merging with the T wave — a marker of acute, extensive STEMI.
Delta wave: A slurred upstroke of the QRS with a short PR interval — the hallmark of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pre-excitation.
Bifid (notched) P wave: A widened, M-shaped P wave (P mitrale) that suggests left atrial enlargement.
U wave: A small deflection after the T wave; prominent U waves suggest hypokalemia, and an inverted U wave can indicate ischemia.
Peaked T waves: Tall, tented, symmetric T waves — a classic early ECG sign of hyperkalemia.
Normal sinus rhythm: Regular, 60–100/min, with one upright P wave before every QRS and normal intervals.
Sinus bradycardia: A sinus rhythm at a rate slower than 60/min.
Sinus tachycardia: A sinus rhythm at a rate faster than 100/min.
PAC (premature atrial contraction): An early beat from an ectopic atrial focus with an abnormal P wave; usually benign.
Atrial flutter: Organized 'sawtooth' flutter (F) waves at an atrial rate ~250–350/min, often with a regular ventricular response.
Atrial fibrillation: An 'irregularly irregular' rhythm with no true P waves — only a chaotic baseline — because the atria quiver instead of contracting.
Paroxysmal SVT (PSVT): A fast, narrow-complex supraventricular tachycardia with an abrupt onset and termination.
Junctional rhythm: A rhythm from the AV junction; the P wave is inverted, hidden, or after the QRS, with a narrow QRS at ~40–60/min.
PVC (premature ventricular contraction): An early, wide, bizarre QRS with no preceding P wave. Frequent or multifocal PVCs are more concerning.
Bigeminy: A pattern of grouped beating in which every other beat is a PVC (normal beat–PVC, repeating).
Ventricular tachycardia (VT): Three or more wide-complex ventricular beats in a row at a fast rate — a life-threatening emergency to escalate at once.
Non-sustained VT (NSVT): A run of VT lasting < 30 seconds that self-terminates; raises the risk of sustained VT and sudden cardiac death.
Ventricular fibrillation (VF): A chaotic, quivering baseline with no organized QRS — a shockable, life-threatening rhythm requiring CPR.
Torsades de pointes: A polymorphic VT with QRS complexes that twist around the baseline; associated with a prolonged QT interval.
Asystole: A flat line with no electrical activity — cardiac standstill. Treated with CPR, not a shock.
First-degree AV block: A consistently prolonged PR interval (> 0.20 s) with every P wave conducted; usually benign.
Second-degree AV block, Mobitz I (Wenckebach): The PR interval progressively lengthens until a QRS is dropped, then the cycle repeats.
Second-degree AV block, Mobitz II: Intermittent dropped QRS complexes with a constant PR interval; high risk of progressing to complete block.
Third-degree (complete) AV block: Complete dissociation — the P waves and QRS complexes march independently with no relationship.
Bundle branch block: A wide QRS (≥ 0.12 s) from delayed conduction down a bundle branch; RBBB shows 'rabbit ears' (rSR') in V1.
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW): Pre-excitation via an accessory pathway: a short PR interval and a delta wave on the QRS upstroke.
Cardiac stress test: An exercise (or pharmacologic) ECG that records the heart's response to increasing workload to detect ischemia.
Bruce protocol: The standard treadmill protocol; speed and grade increase every 3 minutes through progressive stages.
MET (metabolic equivalent): A unit of resting oxygen consumption (~3.5 mL O₂/kg/min) used to express exercise workload during a stress test.
Target heart rate (THR): Predicted maximum HR = 220 − age; a common exercise endpoint is ~85% of that maximum.
Double (rate-pressure) product: Heart rate × systolic blood pressure — an index of myocardial oxygen demand during exercise.
Hypotensive response to exercise: A fall in systolic BP below baseline during exercise — an abnormal, concerning sign that warrants stopping the test.
Stress-test termination (absolute): Stop now for: ST elevation, a BP drop > 10 mmHg with ischemia, severe angina, sustained VT, poor perfusion, or patient request.
Pharmacologic stress test: Uses a drug (e.g., adenosine, dobutamine) to stress the heart when a patient cannot exercise adequately.
Holter monitor: A portable ECG worn continuously for 24–48 hours (or longer) to catch intermittent arrhythmias during daily activity.
Event (loop) recorder: A monitor worn for weeks to years that records the rhythm around symptomatic events; the patient activates it (or it auto-triggers).
Telemetry: Continuous wireless ECG monitoring of an admitted patient, displayed at a central station for real-time review.
Holter symptom diary: The log the patient keeps of symptoms and activities so events can be correlated with the recorded tracing.
Two patient identifiers: Confirm identity with at least two identifiers (full name + date of birth) against the order and wristband — never the room number.
Informed consent: Explaining the procedure, its purpose, and any risks so the patient understands and agrees before the test begins.
Medication review: Checking the patient's medications before a study because drugs (e.g., beta-blockers, digoxin) can alter heart rate and rhythm.
Skin sensitivity test: Checking for an allergic reaction to electrode adhesive before applying long-term (Holter) monitoring electrodes.
Scope of practice: The CCT acquires and recognizes cardiographic tracings but does not diagnose or treat; recognizing and escalating a dangerous rhythm is in scope.
Vasovagal reaction: A drop in heart rate and blood pressure (pallor, sweating, faintness); lay the patient flat and elevate the legs, monitor vitals.
HIPAA: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act — federal law protecting patients' protected health information (PHI).
Standard precautions: Treat every patient's blood and body fluids as potentially infectious: hand hygiene, gloves, and cleaning equipment between patients.
Hyperkalemia ECG changes: Tall, peaked T waves first, then a widening QRS, a flattening P wave, and eventually a sine-wave pattern.
Hypokalemia ECG changes: Flattened T waves, ST depression, and prominent U waves.
Pericarditis ECG: Diffuse (widespread) ST-segment elevation with PR-segment depression across many leads.
Low-voltage QRS: Small QRS complexes in all leads (gain too low, obesity, effusion, or COPD); first verify standardization and increase the gain.
Half standardization: Setting the gain to 5 mm/mV (instead of 10 mm/mV) when complexes are too tall to fit the paper.
Limb-lead reversal: Swapped arm electrodes that produce an inverted P-QRS-T in lead I — recheck placement before re-recording.
Aberrant conduction: An SVT conducted with a wide QRS that can mimic VT; when in doubt, treat a wide-complex tachycardia as VT.
Sinus arrhythmia: A normal variant in which the rate speeds up with inspiration and slows with expiration; P waves and intervals are normal.
Idioventricular rhythm: A slow (20–40/min), wide-complex escape rhythm driven by the ventricles when higher pacemakers fail.
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT): A fast, narrow-complex rhythm originating at or above the AV node (atria or junction).
Q wave (pathologic): A wide/deep initial negative QRS deflection indicating prior (old) myocardial infarction.
T-wave inversion: A flipped (negative) T wave that can indicate myocardial ischemia or strain.
Contiguous leads: Leads that view the same region of the heart (e.g., II, III, aVF = inferior); changes in two contiguous leads localize an MI.
Anterior MI leads: Changes in V1–V4 localize an anterior (LAD-territory) myocardial infarction.
Inferior MI leads: Changes in leads II, III, and aVF localize an inferior myocardial infarction.
Crash cart / emergency readiness: Emergency equipment (defibrillator, oxygen, medications) that must be available and ready during stress testing.
Rate-related ST changes: ST-segment depression that appears with exercise and resolves with rest, suggesting demand ischemia (a positive stress test).
Lead I, II, III (bipolar limb leads): Bipolar leads from Einthoven's triangle: I = LA−RA, II = LL−RA, III = LL−LA.
Augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL, aVF): Unipolar limb leads viewing the heart from the right shoulder (aVR), left shoulder (aVL), and feet (aVF).
R-on-T phenomenon: A PVC that lands on the preceding T wave; it can trigger VT or VF.
Couplet / triplet: Two PVCs in a row (couplet) or three in a row (triplet, a short run of VT).
Multifocal PVCs: PVCs of differing shapes arising from more than one ventricular site — more concerning than uniform PVCs.
Compensatory pause: The fully compensatory pause that follows a PVC, so the next normal beat lands on time.
Calibration mark: The rectangular standardization pulse printed on the strip confirming 1 mV = 10 mm of deflection.
Defibrillation vs. cardioversion: Defibrillation is an unsynchronized shock for VF/pulseless VT; cardioversion is a synchronized shock for organized rhythms.
Artifact vs. true rhythm: Before treating a 'lethal' rhythm, check the patient and look for artifact (movement, loose lead) — a flat line may be a detached electrode.
Heart rate ranges (quick reference): Bradycardia < 60/min, normal 60–100/min, tachycardia > 100/min.
Recovery phase (stress test): Monitoring after exercise stops; ischemic ST changes and arrhythmias often appear during recovery, so monitoring continues.

To find us again, just search “Career Employer CCT”

By Career EmployerUpdated Sep 13, 2026

100+ free CCT flashcards — 4 ways to study

CCT Flashcard of the DayNew daily

The classic card. Do you know this one?

Click Study Flashcards above to open the flashcard hub — hundreds of CCT cards you can flip, match, type, or quiz yourself on. Every card is drawn from the CCI Certified Cardiographic Technician content areas, so you study exactly what the exam tests.^[1] Pair them with our free practice questions and study guide.

CCT Flashcard Study Modes

Four modes run off the same 110 cards. Flip is for quiet review, one side at a time. Match is a timed race pairing terms with definitions. Type shows the definition and asks you to key the term back, so a front like Bundle of His has to come from memory. Quiz turns the same cards into multiple choice.

Free CCT flashcards from Career Employer — active recall for the CCI Certified Cardiographic Technician exam

Why Flashcards Work for the CCT Exam

Rhythm Analysis is the largest slice of the deck at 34 cards, matching the 40% the exam gives this area. The cards drill conduction anatomy and rhythm names side by side, so you move from SA node and Purkinje fibers to pattern terms such as Bigeminy, Atrial flutter, and Asystole in the same sitting.

Analyzing the 12-Lead ECG holds 32 cards against an official 22%. These fronts are waveform and interval vocabulary, the language you need before you can read a tracing: P wave, ST segment, and PR interval sit next to less common items like Delta wave and U wave, plus the card for 15-lead ECG.

Performing the Resting ECG carries 21 cards for a 14% weight, and the terms lean toward technique and artifact. Expect distinctions such as Electrode vs. lead, recording problems like Wandering baseline and Limb-lead reversal, and patient events you need to name, including Vasovagal reaction and Low-voltage QRS.

Stress Testing has 11 cards and Pre-Procedural Activities has 8, and each is worth 10%. The stress cards cover protocol and measurement language, including Bruce protocol, MET (metabolic equivalent), and Double (rate-pressure) product. The pre-procedural cards cover patient handling and rules of the job, such as Informed consent, Two patient identifiers, and Scope of practice.

Ambulatory Monitoring is the smallest group at 4 cards, in line with its 4% weight. It defines the devices and the documentation around them, with fronts like Holter monitor, Event (loop) recorder, and Holter symptom diary.

That matters on the CCT, where facts like the V1–V6 chest positions, the AV-block signatures, the Bruce-protocol stages, and the 300-150-100-75-60-50 rate sequence must be instantly available. Used alongside our practice questions and study guide, flashcards turn review time into measurable progress.

CCT Flashcards by Topic

The cards are organized by the CCI CCT content areas. Weight your study toward the heaviest ones — Rhythm Analysis (40%) and Analyzing the 12-Lead ECG (22%) are nearly two-thirds of the exam:^[1]

CCI CCT content areas and their weight
CCI CCT content area	Weight
Performing Rhythm Analysis	40%
Analyzing the 12-Lead ECG	22%
Performing the Resting ECG (12-/15-lead)	14%
Conducting Pre-Procedural Activities	10%
Performing Stress Tests	10%
Performing Ambulatory Monitoring	4%

How to Get the Most Out of These Flashcards

Start with rhythm. Rhythm Analysis is 34 cards and 40% of the scored content, so the hours you spend there move your score more than any other domain in this deck.
Type-drill the look-alikes. Terms that blur together under pressure, such as Bigeminy and Multifocal PVCs, are worth typing from the definition until the wording comes back without hesitation.
Use Match for the short anatomy fronts. Conduction terms like SA node, AV node, and Bundle of His are quick pairs, and the timer forces recognition speed instead of slow reasoning.
Move to the practice test once recall holds. When Quiz scores stay high across Analyzing the 12-Lead ECG and Performing the Resting ECG, switch to full-length questions and use the study guide for gaps.
Keep the cadence small. Work one domain per session rather than all 110 cards at once, then close each session with a short mixed Flip pass over the domain you finished last time.

CCT Flashcards FAQ

Hundreds of free CCT flashcards, organized across the CCI Certified Cardiographic Technician content areas — from cardiac conduction and 12-lead placement through ECG interpretation, rhythm recognition, stress testing, and Holter/ambulatory monitoring. They're free to use with no account required.

References

1.Cardiovascular Credentialing International (CCI). “Certified Cardiographic Technician (CCT) — credential & exam content outline.” cci-online.org. ↑
2.American Heart Association (AHA). “Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram.” AHA.org. ↑
3.National Institutes of Health / National Library of Medicine. “StatPearls (ECG, cardiac conduction, arrhythmias, stress testing, lead placement).” NIH/NLM. ↑

Career Employer

Career Employer is the ultimate resource to help you get started working the job of your dreams. We cover topics from general career information, career searching, exam preparation with free study materials, career interviewing, and becoming successful in your career of choice.

All Posts

Career Employer’s Editorial Process

Here at Career Employer, we focus a lot on providing factually accurate information that is always up to date. We strive to provide correct information using strict editorial processes, article editing, and fact-checking for all of the information found on our website. We only utilize trustworthy and relevant resources. To find out more, make sure to read our full editorial process page here.