- Octagon (8-sided) sign
- Always a STOP sign — come to a complete stop behind the limit line, yield, then proceed when safe.
- Downward-pointing triangle sign
- YIELD — slow down and give the right-of-way to traffic and pedestrians; stop if necessary.
- Diamond-shaped sign
- A warning sign: alerts you to a hazard or change in road conditions ahead.
- Pennant-shaped sign
- A no-passing zone warning, posted on the left side of the road.
- Round (circular) sign
- A railroad-crossing advance warning sign.
- Pentagon (5-sided) sign
- A school zone or school crossing sign.
- Regulatory sign color
- White with black/red lettering — it states a law you must obey (speed limits, turns, parking).
- Warning sign color
- Yellow with black symbols — warns of hazards or changes ahead.
- Construction/maintenance sign color
- Orange — marks a work zone; slow down and watch for workers.
- Guide sign color
- Green — gives directions, distances, and route information.
- Service sign color
- Blue — shows motorist services like gas, food, lodging, and hospitals.
- Recreation sign color
- Brown — points to parks, campgrounds, and historic or scenic areas.
- Solid red traffic light
- Stop completely behind the limit line; remain stopped until the light turns green.
- Right turn on a red light (California)
- Allowed after a complete stop, unless a sign prohibits it; yield to pedestrians and cross traffic.
- Left turn on red (California)
- Allowed only from a one-way street onto another one-way street, after a stop, unless a sign forbids it.
- Steady yellow light
- The signal is about to turn red — stop if you can do so safely; do not speed up.
- Flashing red light
- Means the same as a STOP sign: stop completely, yield, and go only when safe.
- Flashing yellow light
- Slow down and proceed with caution; you need not stop but watch for cross traffic.
- Red arrow signal
- Stop and stay stopped; you may not turn until a green light or green arrow appears.
- Green arrow signal
- You may turn in the direction of the arrow; oncoming traffic is stopped for you.
- Solid yellow center line
- Separates traffic moving in opposite directions; a solid line means do not cross to pass.
- Broken (dashed) yellow line
- Separates opposing traffic; you may cross to pass when it is safe.
- Double solid yellow lines
- No passing in either direction; you may cross only to turn into a driveway or make a legal U-turn.
- White lane lines
- Separate lanes of traffic moving in the same direction.
- Solid white line
- Marks the edge of the road or discourages lane changes; a broken white line allows lane changes.
- Limit line
- The wide white line across your lane at an intersection — stop behind it, not on or past it.
- Red curb
- No stopping, standing, or parking at any time.
- White curb
- Stop only long enough to pick up or drop off passengers or mail.
- Green curb
- Park for a limited time (shown by a sign or stenciled on the curb).
- Yellow curb
- Stop only to load or unload freight or passengers, within the posted time limit.
- Blue curb
- Parking reserved for a disabled person with a placard or disabled plate.
- Shared center left-turn lane
- The two-way lane in the middle marked by solid and broken yellow lines, used only for left turns or U-turns.
- Bike lane markings
- A lane marked for bicyclists; do not drive in it except to make a turn or park where allowed.
- Yield-line (shark's teeth) markings
- Triangles painted across a lane telling you where to yield, often at a roundabout or crosswalk.
- 'Wrong Way' / 'Do Not Enter' signs
- You are about to drive against traffic — do not proceed; back out or turn around safely.
- Speed-limit sign
- A white regulatory sign showing the maximum legal speed under ideal conditions.
- HOV / carpool lane diamond
- Marks a lane reserved for high-occupancy vehicles during posted hours; enter and exit only at the broken line.
- 'No U-Turn' sign
- U-turns are prohibited at that location.
- Lane-use control arrows
- Painted or overhead arrows showing which direction you must travel from that lane.
- Crosswalk markings
- Lines marking where pedestrians cross; yield to anyone in a crosswalk, even when it is unmarked.
- Horizontal rectangle sign
- Usually a guide or information sign (route or destination).
- Vertical rectangle sign
- Usually a regulatory sign you must obey, such as 'Speed Limit' or 'One Way.'
- Crossbuck sign
- The white X-shaped 'RAILROAD CROSSING' sign — yield to trains; treat it like a yield sign.
- Stop-ahead / signal-ahead warning
- A yellow warning that a stop sign or traffic signal is coming up — be ready to stop.
- 'Keep Right' sign
- Pass to the right of a divider, island, or obstruction ahead.
- 'No Parking' sign
- You may not leave a parked vehicle there; read posted hours and conditions.
- Two-way-traffic warning sign
- A divided road is ending and you will meet oncoming traffic ahead.
- Reversible-lane control
- Overhead signals (green arrow / red X) show which lanes are open in your direction.
- Flashing red and yellow at the same intersection
- Drivers facing red stop and yield; drivers facing yellow slow and proceed with caution.
- Pavement turn arrows
- Arrows in your lane requiring you to turn or go straight as shown; choose the correct lane early.
- Right-of-way (California)
- The privilege of going first — but it is something you give, not take; yield it to avoid a collision.
- Four-way stop, who goes first
- The first driver to stop goes first; if two arrive together, the driver on the right has the right-of-way.
- Left turn right-of-way
- A driver turning left must yield to oncoming traffic going straight or turning right, and to pedestrians.
- Pedestrian right-of-way
- Yield to pedestrians in any crosswalk, marked or unmarked; never pass a car stopped at a crosswalk.
- Uncontrolled intersection
- With no signs or signals, yield to any vehicle already in the intersection and to the driver on your right.
- T-intersection right-of-way
- Traffic on the through road (the top of the T) has the right-of-way over traffic ending at it.
- Roundabout rule
- Yield to traffic already in the circle and to pedestrians, then enter when there is a gap; travel counterclockwise.
- Entering a road from a driveway
- Yield to all traffic and pedestrians already on the road before entering or crossing it.
- Emergency vehicle approaching
- Pull to the right edge of the road and stop until it passes; clear an intersection first if you are in one.
- Following an emergency vehicle
- Stay at least 300 feet behind any fire engine, ambulance, or police car using its siren or lights.
- Funeral procession
- Yield the right-of-way; do not cut into or interrupt a funeral procession.
- School bus with red lights flashing
- Stop in both directions until the red lights stop flashing, unless a divided highway separates you.
- Default business/residential speed limit
- 25 mph unless otherwise posted.
- Default school-zone speed limit
- 25 mph (or as posted) when children are present near a school.
- Default alley speed limit
- 15 mph.
- Blind intersection speed limit
- 15 mph when you cannot see at least 100 feet in each direction.
- Blind railroad crossing speed limit
- 15 mph within 100 feet if you cannot see the tracks for 400 feet in both directions.
- Two-lane undivided highway speed limit
- 55 mph unless otherwise posted.
- Most freeway speed limit
- 65 mph, or 70 mph where posted.
- Basic Speed Law
- You may never drive faster than is safe for current conditions, regardless of the posted limit.
- Minimum speed law
- You may not drive so slowly that you block the normal, safe flow of traffic; keep right if going slower.
- Turn-signal distance
- Signal continuously for at least 100 feet before turning.
- U-turn across double yellow lines
- Allowed into a driveway or at an intersection where not prohibited, but never where a 'No U-Turn' sign is posted.
- U-turn in a business district
- Make it only at an intersection or where an opening is provided, and only when safe and not prohibited.
- Three-point turn
- A way to reverse direction on a narrow road using forward and reverse; check for traffic in both directions first.
- Stopping at a stop sign
- Make a complete stop behind the limit line or crosswalk; a 'rolling stop' is a violation.
- Carpool (HOV) lane entry
- Enter and exit only where the lane line is broken; crossing the double solid lines is illegal.
- Parking on a hill, facing downhill
- Turn your front wheels toward the curb and set the parking brake.
- Parking on a hill, facing uphill with a curb
- Turn your front wheels away from the curb so the wheel rests against it.
- Parking on a hill with no curb
- Turn your front wheels toward the edge of the road so the car rolls away from traffic.
- Parking distance from a fire hydrant
- Park at least 15 feet away from a fire hydrant.
- Parking near a railroad crossing
- Do not park within 7.5 feet of a railroad track.
- Headlight use (California law)
- Turn on headlights from 30 minutes after sunset to 30 minutes before sunrise, and whenever you use your wipers.
- Provisional license (under 18)
- For the first 12 months you cannot drive 11 p.m.-5 a.m. or carry passengers under 20 without a qualifying adult.
- Instruction permit age
- You may apply for an instruction permit at 15½ after passing the written test and starting driver education.
- Supervised practice hours (teens)
- 50 hours of supervised driving, including 10 hours at night, before the drive test.
- Adult license original age
- 18 in California; an adult applicant takes a 36-question written test.
- Seat belt law
- The driver and all passengers must wear a seat belt; children must use an approved child seat as required.
- Child passenger safety seat
- Children under 8 must ride in a car seat or booster in the back seat (unless 4'9" or taller).
- Open container law
- It is illegal to have an open container of alcohol in the passenger area of a vehicle.
- Move Over law
- Move over a lane, or slow down, for a stopped emergency, tow, or Caltrans vehicle showing flashing lights.
- Three attempts rule
- You get three tries to pass the written knowledge test on one application before you must reapply.
- Passing score (California)
- 80% — 38 of 46 on the teen test, about 29 of 36 on the adult test.
- DMV (California)
- The Department of Motor Vehicles — the state agency that licenses drivers and administers the written and drive tests.
- Crossing a sidewalk
- Yield to all pedestrians and bicyclists before crossing a sidewalk to enter or exit a driveway.
- Yielding when merging
- Drivers merging onto a freeway must yield to traffic already on it; match the speed of traffic in the lane.
- One-way street rule
- Drive only in the direction the arrows and signs indicate; enter from the correct side.
- Right turn against a red light at a one-way street
- Allowed after a stop where a sign permits it and it is safe.
- Yielding to a transit bus
- Yield to a public transit bus signaling to re-enter the lane from a bus stop.
- Driving in a bike lane
- Enter a bike lane only to park (where allowed) or within 200 feet of a turn, after yielding to bicyclists.
- Reporting an address change
- Notify the DMV of an address change within 10 days.
- Reporting a collision (SR-1)
- Report a crash to the DMV within 10 days if there is injury, death, or property damage over the state threshold.
- Driving with an expired license
- Illegal; renew before the expiration date shown on your license.
- Original license fee
- $46 in California for an original driver's license (subject to change — verify on dmv.ca.gov).
- Yielding to pedestrians leaving a bus
- Watch for and yield to people crossing in front of a stopped bus.
- Three-second following rule
- Stay at least three seconds behind the vehicle ahead; add seconds in rain, fog, darkness, or when towing.
- BAC limit, 21 and older
- It is illegal to drive at a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.08% or higher.
- BAC limit, commercial drivers
- 0.04% or higher is illegal while operating a commercial vehicle.
- BAC limit, under 21 (Zero Tolerance)
- 0.01% or higher is illegal; it results in a one-year license suspension.
- Implied consent law
- By driving in California you agree to take a chemical test if lawfully arrested for DUI; refusing brings a suspension.
- Points for a typical violation
- Most moving violations and at-fault collisions add 1 point to your driving record.
- Points for a serious violation
- A DUI, hit-and-run, or reckless driving adds 2 points.
- Negligent operator: 4 points
- 4 points in 12 months can make you a negligent operator and suspend your license.
- Negligent operator: 6 points
- 6 points in 24 months can make you a negligent operator.
- Negligent operator: 8 points
- 8 points in 36 months can make you a negligent operator.
- Vehicle Code §12810.5
- The law setting California's negligent-operator point thresholds (4/12, 6/24, 8/36 months).
- How long a 1-point violation stays
- About 36 months on your driving record; serious offenses stay longer (a DUI for 10 years).
- DUI consequences (first offense)
- License suspension, fines, DUI school, possible jail, and an ignition interlock device.
- Defensive driving
- Anticipating hazards and the mistakes of others, and being ready to respond before a collision can happen.
- Scanning ahead
- Look 10-15 seconds (about a block in city, a quarter mile on the highway) down the road for hazards.
- Blind spots
- Areas around your vehicle you cannot see in your mirrors; check them by turning your head before changing lanes.
- Highway hypnosis
- Drowsy, trance-like driving from monotony; prevent it with rest stops, fresh air, and shifting your gaze.
- Stopping distance grows with speed
- It is the sum of reaction distance and braking distance, and it increases sharply as speed rises.
- Hydroplaning
- Tires riding on a film of water and losing grip; ease off the gas and do not brake hard to recover.
- Driving in fog
- Slow down, increase following distance, and use low-beam headlights (high beams reflect back at you).
- Driving in rain
- Roads are most slippery in the first rain after a dry spell; slow down and increase your space.
- Skid recovery
- Ease off the accelerator and steer in the direction you want the front of the car to go; do not brake hard.
- Brake failure response
- Pump the brake pedal, shift to a lower gear, and use the parking brake gradually; steer to a safe spot.
- Tire blowout response
- Hold the wheel firmly, ease off the gas, and let the car slow before pulling off the road; do not brake hard.
- Hands-free phone law
- Adults may use a phone only hands-free; you may not hold it. Texting while driving is illegal.
- Cell phone rule, under 18
- Drivers under 18 may not use any wireless device while driving, except to call for emergency help.
- Distracted driving
- Anything that takes your eyes, hands, or mind off driving — texting, eating, grooming, or loud passengers.
- Driving while drowsy
- Impairs reaction time like alcohol; pull over and rest rather than relying on coffee or open windows.
- Driving under medication
- Many prescription and over-the-counter drugs impair driving; you can be arrested for DUI of drugs.
- Headlight high beams etiquette
- Dim high beams within 500 feet of an oncoming vehicle and 300 feet when following another car.
- Speed on wet or icy roads
- Reduce speed well below the posted limit; bridges and overpasses freeze first.
- Aggressive driving / road rage
- Avoid it by not reacting to others; do not make eye contact, and give angry drivers room.
- Anti-lock brakes (ABS)
- Apply firm, steady pressure and steer; do not pump ABS brakes.
- Covering the brake
- Resting your foot over the brake (not the gas) near hazards so you can stop faster.
- Escape-path cushion
- Keep space on at least one side of your vehicle so you have somewhere to go in an emergency.
- Fatigue countermeasures
- Stop every two hours, share driving, and never drive when you would normally be asleep.
- Right-of-way is given, not taken
- Even when rules favor you, yield to prevent a crash — defensive drivers avoid being 'dead right.'
- Speeding and stopping distance
- Doubling your speed roughly quadruples your braking distance.
- Signaling intentions early
- Use signals and brake lights to communicate so other drivers can predict your moves.
- Night driving
- Reduce speed so you can stop within the distance your headlights light up; clean your windshield and lights.
- Standard drink and impairment
- It takes about one hour to process one standard drink; only time sobers you, not coffee or a shower.
- Field of vision and speed
- The faster you drive, the narrower your field of vision becomes — slow down to see more.
- Two-second side cushion in heavy traffic
- Stagger your position so you aren't boxed in by vehicles on all sides.
- Reaction distance
- How far the car travels in the time it takes you to recognize a hazard and start braking.
- Effects of alcohol on driving
- It slows reaction time, blurs vision, and impairs judgment and coordination, even below the legal limit.
- Drowsy-driving warning signs
- Frequent yawning, drifting from your lane, and missing exits — pull over and rest.
- Following a large vehicle
- Increase your following distance so you can see around it and it can see you.
- Speed adjustment in work zones
- Slow down and be ready for sudden stops; fines for violations are doubled.
- Mirror and head-check routine
- Check mirrors, signal, then look over your shoulder before every lane change.
- Two-second rule vs three-second rule
- Use at least three seconds in California; add more time as speed or conditions worsen.
- Three-feet bicycle law
- Leave at least three feet of space when passing a bicyclist going the same direction; slow and wait if you can't.
- Bicyclist rights
- Bicyclists have the same rights and responsibilities as drivers and may use a full lane when needed.
- Sharing a lane with a motorcycle
- Give a motorcycle a full lane; never share a lane or crowd it.
- Motorcycle in your blind spot
- Motorcycles are small and easy to miss; check mirrors and head-check before changing lanes.
- Lane splitting (California)
- Motorcyclists may legally ride between lanes of slow or stopped traffic; watch for them.
- Large truck blind spots ('No-Zones')
- Areas beside, behind, and in front of big trucks where the driver can't see you; avoid lingering there.
- Passing a large truck
- Pass quickly and don't cut back in until you can see the whole truck in your mirror.
- Truck stopping distance
- Trucks need much more room to stop; never cut in front of one and brake suddenly.
- Pedestrian with a white cane or guide dog
- Always yield; a person who is blind has the absolute right-of-way.
- School crossing guard
- Obey the crossing guard's signals and stop for children crossing.
- Light-rail / streetcar
- Yield to trains and streetcars; never stop on the tracks, and watch for trains in both directions.
- Railroad crossing rule
- Never start across until you can clear it completely; never drive around a lowered gate; watch for a second train.
- Stopping behind a bus
- Be ready for pedestrians crossing in front of a stopped bus; do not pass on the right side.
- Work-zone driving
- Slow down, merge early, watch for workers and equipment, and obey flaggers; fines are doubled.
- Slow-moving vehicle emblem
- An orange triangle marks a vehicle going under 25 mph (farm equipment); slow down and pass with care.
- Mountain / downgrade driving
- Shift to a lower gear to save your brakes; the vehicle going uphill has the right-of-way on a narrow road.
- Animals on the road
- Slow down; if a large animal is in your path, brake firmly and stay in your lane rather than swerving.
- Driving through deep water
- Avoid flooded roads; if you must, go slowly and test your brakes by tapping them afterward.
- Dust storm or heavy smoke
- Pull completely off the road, turn off your lights, and keep your foot off the brake until it clears.
- Earthquake while driving
- Pull over away from overpasses, power lines, and buildings, and stay in the vehicle until shaking stops.
- Merging onto a freeway
- Use the acceleration lane to reach the speed of traffic, then merge into a gap; yield to traffic on the freeway.
- Exiting a freeway
- Signal early, move into the exit (deceleration) lane, and slow down only after you leave the through lane.
- Freeway carpool-lane entry
- Enter and leave the HOV lane only where the line is broken.
- If your vehicle breaks down
- Pull completely off the road, turn on hazard lights, and stay buckled in until help arrives if traffic is heavy.
- Roundabout with multiple lanes
- Choose your lane before entering, signal your exit, and yield to traffic already circulating.
- Sharing the road with pedestrians
- At intersections, expect pedestrians; make eye contact and yield even when they cross against the light.
- Turning near light-rail tracks
- Never make a turn in front of an approaching train; obey rail-crossing signals and gates.
- Headlights in tunnels
- Turn on your low-beam headlights when entering a tunnel.
- Sun glare
- Use your sun visor and sunglasses, increase following distance, and keep your windshield clean.
- Truck runaway / escape ramp
- An escape lane filled with gravel for trucks whose brakes fail; do not park there.
- Passing on a two-lane road
- Pass only when a broken yellow line is on your side and you can see far enough to return safely.
- Sharing the road with horses
- Slow down and pass wide and slowly; sudden noise or movement can spook a horse and rider.
- Construction flagger
- A flagger's hand signals override signs and signals; follow them exactly.
- Green-painted bike lane
- Highlights where bicyclists ride; do not stop or drive in it except to turn.
- Yielding to buses re-entering traffic
- Yield to a transit bus signaling to pull back into the lane from a stop.
- Passing stopped roadside vehicles
- Move over or slow down for any vehicle stopped with flashing lights, not just emergency vehicles.
- Sharing the road with large RVs
- Give them extra room; they are long, swing wide on turns, and have large blind spots.
- Driving near pedestrians at night
- They are hard to see — slow down, use your low beams, and scan crosswalks and curbs.
- Bicyclist making a left turn
- A bicyclist may signal and move into the left-turn lane; give them room and do not crowd them.
- Following distance behind a motorcycle
- Allow extra space — motorcycles can stop quickly and may be hidden by other vehicles.
- Passing a wide or oversized load
- Wait for a clear, straight stretch and pass with extra clearance; the load may shift or be longer than it looks.
- Driving past schools at dismissal
- Expect children darting between parked cars; slow to the posted school-zone limit and stay alert.
- Sharing the road with emergency responders on foot
- Slow down and give space to police, firefighters, or tow operators working at the roadside.
- Pedestrian using a wheelchair or mobility device
- Yield and give plenty of room; they have the same right-of-way as any pedestrian.
- Crossing a sidewalk over a bike path
- Stop and yield to cyclists and pedestrians on a shared-use path before crossing it.