- Bloom's taxonomy levels
- Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create (low to high order).
- Certifying body for the CNE
- The National League for Nursing (NLN).
- Total CNE exam items
- 150 multiple-choice items.
- CNE scored vs pretest items
- 130 scored + 20 unscored pretest items per form.
- CNE time limit
- 3 hours.
- CNE delivery format
- Computer-based at an assessment center.
- CNE passing standard
- A criterion-referenced cut score set by a modified Angoff study; no fixed %.
- CNE exam fee
- $425 NLN members / $525 non-members (same to retest; verify on nln.org).
- CNE certification period
- 5 years; renew by continuing education or re-examination.
- What the CNE certifies
- Excellence in the academic nurse educator role (classroom + lab teaching).
- CNE vs CNEcl
- CNE = academic educator (classroom/lab); CNEcl = academic CLINICAL educator (clinical setting).
- CNEn
- Certified Nurse Educator Novice — the NLN credential for new/aspiring academic educators.
- Largest CNE content area
- Facilitate Learning — about 36% (47 of 130 scored items).
- Smallest CNE content area
- Engage in Scholarship — about 5% (7 scored items).
- Number of NLN nurse-educator competencies
- Eight — they are the CNE's eight content areas.
- CNE basic eligibility
- Active RN license + a graduate degree in nursing with an education focus (or 9+ graduate nursing-education credits) + qualifying educator experience.
- How CNE items are framed
- As teaching scenarios — recognize the underlying education principle, not a clinical action.
- The three domains of learning
- Cognitive (knowing), psychomotor (doing), affective (feeling/values).
- Cognitive domain
- Knowledge and intellectual skills (the 'head'); organized by Bloom's taxonomy.
- Psychomotor domain
- Physical skills and procedures (the 'hands'); imitation to mastery.
- Affective domain
- Attitudes, values, and professional identity (the 'heart'); Krathwohl's hierarchy.
- Krathwohl's affective hierarchy
- Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organizing, Characterizing.
- Bloom's revised vs original
- 1956 used nouns (Knowledge...Evaluation at top); 2001 revision uses verbs with Create at top.
- Bloom's lowest level
- Remember — recall of facts (list, define, identify).
- Bloom's highest level
- Create — produce something new (design, construct, develop).
- Verb for 'Apply' (Bloom's)
- use, implement, demonstrate, solve.
- Verb for 'Analyze' (Bloom's)
- differentiate, compare, organize, prioritize.
- Verb for 'Evaluate' (Bloom's)
- appraise, critique, judge, justify.
- Behaviorism
- Learning as observable behavior shaped by stimulus, response, and reinforcement (Skinner, Pavlov).
- Cognitivism
- Learning as internal mental processing — attention, memory, and organizing into schemas.
- Constructivism
- Learners actively build understanding on prior knowledge (Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner).
- Social learning theory (Bandura)
- Learning by observing and modeling others — basis of role-modeling and demonstration.
- Vygotsky's zone of proximal development
- The gap between what a learner can do alone and with guidance; teach within it via scaffolding.
- Scaffolding
- Temporary support given to learners that is gradually removed as competence grows.
- Active learning
- Engaging students in doing and reflecting (cases, simulation, discussion) rather than passive listening.
- 'Guide on the side' vs 'sage on the stage'
- The educator facilitates reasoning (guide) rather than just transmitting facts (sage).
- Flipped classroom
- Students learn content before class so class time is used for active application.
- Problem-based learning (PBL)
- Self-directed inquiry driven by real, ill-structured problems; builds higher-order thinking.
- Concept map
- A visual that connects and organizes concepts to show relationships; aids understanding/analysis.
- Simulation
- Safe, realistic practice of skills and clinical judgment; targets all three learning domains.
- Debriefing
- Guided reflection after simulation/clinical that turns experience into learning (affective + cognitive).
- Best teaching strategy for clinical reasoning
- Unfolding case studies and simulation (Apply/Analyze), not lecture.
- Lecture — best use
- Efficient delivery of new content to large groups (Remember/Understand level).
- Evidence on learning 'styles'
- Matching instruction to visual/auditory/kinesthetic style has little research support.
- Better than matching learning styles
- Use multiple, varied modalities and match the method to the content.
- Accommodating diverse learners
- Adapt for differing backgrounds, languages, abilities, and generations; provide reasonable accommodations.
- Purpose of educational technology
- It should serve a clear objective (LMS, simulation, audience response) — not be added for novelty.
- Affective-domain teaching strategies
- Reflection, role-modeling, discussion of values — not more skills drill.
- Why use return demonstration
- It assesses psychomotor learning by having the student perform the skill back.
- Gagné's nine events of instruction
- A sequence (gain attention → inform objective → ... → enhance retention/transfer) for designing instruction.
- Andragogy
- Knowles's theory of how adults learn.
- Pedagogy
- The teaching of children; contrasted with andragogy.
- Andragogy: self-concept
- Adults are self-directed, not dependent on the teacher.
- Andragogy: experience
- Adults bring a rich reservoir of experience to use as a learning resource.
- Andragogy: readiness
- Adults are ready to learn what is relevant to their life and work roles.
- Andragogy: orientation
- Adults are problem-centered (immediate use), not subject-centered.
- Andragogy: motivation
- Adults are mostly internally motivated.
- Andragogy: need to know
- Adults need to know WHY they are learning something.
- Teaching implication of andragogy
- Build on experience, start with real problems, explain relevance, give learners choice.
- Socialization (nursing education)
- Internalizing the values, norms, and professional identity of nursing.
- How educators support socialization
- Role-modeling, mentoring, constructive feedback, reflection, and a safe environment.
- Benner's novice-to-expert stages
- Novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert.
- Benner: novice learner
- A beginner who relies on rules; needs structure and clear expectations.
- Supporting the at-risk student
- Identify early, meet privately/non-judgmentally, make a concrete plan, refer to resources, document.
- Professional boundaries with learners
- Maintain appropriate teacher-student boundaries and treat all learners equitably.
- Role of reflection in development
- Helps learners build self-awareness, professional identity, and clinical judgment.
- Generational diversity in learners
- Recognize differing expectations/preferences across generations; adapt without stereotyping.
- Mentoring vs advising
- Mentoring = a developmental relationship; advising = guidance on academic decisions/progress.
- Adult learner's need for relevance
- Tie new content to an immediate, role-relevant problem or need.
- Formative assessment
- Low-stakes assessment DURING instruction to give feedback and adjust teaching.
- Summative assessment
- High-stakes assessment at the END to judge achievement (usually graded).
- Formative vs summative metaphor
- Formative = the cook tastes the soup; summative = the guest tastes the soup.
- Formative assessment examples
- One-minute paper, quiz, exit ticket, audience-response questions.
- Summative assessment examples
- Final exam, OSCE, course grade, the NCLEX.
- Reliability
- The consistency of a measurement across administrations, items, or raters.
- Validity
- The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
- Reliability vs validity rule
- A test must be reliable to be valid, but a reliable test can still be invalid.
- Which matters more, validity or reliability?
- Validity — measuring the right thing is more important than mere consistency.
- Content validity
- How well a test's items match the blueprint and objectives; key for classroom exams.
- Construct validity
- Whether a test measures the abstract trait/construct it claims to.
- Criterion validity
- How well test scores correlate with an external criterion (concurrent or predictive).
- Item analysis
- Statistical review of how each test item performed.
- Difficulty index (p-value)
- Proportion of students who answered an item correctly; higher = easier.
- Discrimination index
- How well an item separates high-scoring from low-scoring students.
- Negative discrimination index
- Red flag — stronger students did worse; usually a mis-keyed or flawed item; review it.
- Distractor analysis
- Checking whether each wrong option attracted any students.
- Non-functioning distractor
- An option chosen by no one; revise it so the item measures better.
- KR-20 / Cronbach's alpha
- Measures of internal-consistency reliability of a test.
- Table of specifications
- A test blueprint mapping items to content areas and cognitive levels.
- NCLEX-style item level
- Written at application/analysis — clinical reasoning/prioritization, not recall.
- Good multiple-choice stem
- Complete, clear, positively worded; one objective; no negatives if avoidable.
- Item-writing: length cue
- Don't make the correct answer the longest option — it gives the answer away.
- Item-writing: 'all of the above'
- Avoid — partial knowledge lets students answer; it weakens measurement.
- Item-writing: distractors
- Make them plausible, homogeneous, and similar in length and grammar.
- Norm-referenced grading
- Compares a student to other students (grading on a curve).
- Criterion-referenced grading
- Compares a student to a fixed standard/criterion, not to peers.
- Rubric
- A scoring guide listing criteria and performance levels for consistent, transparent grading.
- Analytic vs holistic rubric
- Analytic scores each criterion separately; holistic gives one overall judgment.
- OSCE
- Objective Structured Clinical Examination — station-based assessment of clinical/communication skills.
- Clinical evaluation tools
- Rubrics, direct observation, simulation debriefs, portfolios, concept maps, written work.
- Formative vs summative clinical feedback
- Formative = ongoing coaching; summative = the clinical grade.
- Test-blueprint purpose
- Ensures the exam is content-valid and matches what was taught at the right depth.
- Well-written learning objective
- Learner-centered, specific, and measurable, with an action verb at a Bloom's level.
- ABCD objective format
- Audience, Behavior (measurable verb), Condition, Degree of performance.
- SMART objective
- Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.
- Unmeasurable objective verbs to avoid
- 'know,' 'understand,' 'appreciate' — they can't be observed or assessed.
- Constructive alignment
- Objectives, teaching activities, and assessments all match in level/content.
- Curriculum
- The planned sequence of learning experiences designed to achieve program outcomes.
- Conceptual framework
- The organizing structure of values, concepts, and theories a curriculum is built on.
- ADDIE model
- Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate — a looping instructional-design cycle.
- ADDIE: Analyze
- Assess learner, societal, and professional needs; identify the gap.
- ADDIE: Evaluate
- Measure outcomes and feed results back into the next cycle.
- Curriculum alignment standards
- Align to AACN Essentials, state board rules, and the program mission.
- Program outcome examples
- NCLEX pass rate, graduation/retention rates, employer and graduate surveys, certification rates.
- Program evaluation
- Systematic data collection on whether a program meets its mission and outcomes.
- 'Closing the loop'
- Using evaluation findings to make improvements, not just for compliance.
- Accreditation
- External peer review of a program against published standards.
- CCNE
- Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education — accredits baccalaureate/graduate nursing programs.
- ACEN
- Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing — accredits nursing programs at all levels.
- NLN CNEA
- The NLN Commission for Nursing Education Accreditation — an NLN nursing accreditor.
- Why accreditation matters
- Assures quality; required for many roles and for federal financial aid eligibility.
- Horizontal vs vertical curriculum organization
- Horizontal = within a level; vertical = progression across levels (simple to complex).
- Course objective vs program outcome
- Course objective = one course; program outcome = the graduate of the whole program.
- AACN Essentials
- AACN's competency-based framework for nursing education curricula.
- Lewin's change model
- Unfreeze, Change (move), Refreeze.
- Lewin: unfreeze
- Create readiness/motivation by reducing the forces holding the status quo.
- Lewin: change/move
- Implement the new behavior with support, training, and a clear vision.
- Lewin: refreeze
- Stabilize and reinforce the new way so it becomes the norm and doesn't regress.
- Force-field analysis
- Lewin's weighing of driving forces vs restraining forces for a change.
- Best way to advance change (force-field)
- Reduce the restraining forces (more effective than just adding pressure).
- Kotter's 8-step change model
- An 8-step process (create urgency ... anchor change) for leading organizational change.
- Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations
- Adopter categories: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards.
- Transformational leadership
- Inspires/motivates toward a shared vision; linked to positive outcomes.
- Transactional leadership
- Leads via rewards and punishments (exchange), not shared vision.
- Change champion
- A respected person who advocates for and helps drive a change.
- Why refreezing matters
- Without it, people revert to the old way once the initial push ends.
- Lewin model best fit
- Planned, deliberate change (e.g., a new grading rubric or curriculum).
- Educator as change agent
- Leads change in the classroom, program, and institution and models it for others.
- Servant leadership
- Leadership focused on serving and developing others' growth and needs.
- Continuous quality improvement (CQI)
- An ongoing, data-driven cycle of evaluating and improving teaching and outcomes.
- PDSA cycle
- Plan-Do-Study-Act — a structured loop for testing and adopting improvements.
- Reflective practice
- Deliberate examination of one's own teaching to learn from it and improve.
- Reflection-in-action (Schon)
- Thinking on your feet and adjusting WHILE teaching.
- Reflection-on-action (Schon)
- Reviewing and analyzing teaching AFTER it has happened.
- When reflection becomes CQI
- Only when it leads to a concrete change — not when it stays a private thought.
- Peer review of teaching
- A structured input where colleagues observe and give feedback on teaching.
- Student course evaluations
- Learner feedback used as one input to improving a course.
- Three parts of the faculty role
- Teaching, scholarship, and service.
- Self-evaluation
- The educator's own appraisal of their teaching as part of CQI.
- Professional development (educator)
- Ongoing learning to stay current as both a nurse and a teacher.
- Classic CQI exam pattern
- An educator who self-examines and redesigns their teaching when students misunderstand a concept.
- Benchmark
- A reference standard against which outcomes are compared in quality improvement.
- Boyer's four scholarships
- Discovery, Integration, Application, Teaching.
- Scholarship of Discovery
- Original research that builds new knowledge — the traditional scholarship.
- Scholarship of Integration
- Connecting and synthesizing knowledge across disciplines.
- Scholarship of Application
- Using knowledge to address real problems in practice/community (engagement).
- Scholarship of Teaching
- The systematic study and improvement of teaching and learning (SoTL).
- SoTL
- Scholarship of Teaching and Learning — a researchable question, evidence, and PUBLIC dissemination.
- SoTL vs course evaluation
- SoTL is made public/peer-reviewed; routine course evaluation alone is NOT scholarship.
- Why Boyer's model matters
- It legitimized teaching, integration, and application as scholarship beyond research alone.
- Evidence-based teaching
- Grounding teaching decisions in the best available education/nursing research.
- Dissemination of scholarship
- Sharing work via publishing, presenting at conferences, and mentoring others.
- Research integrity
- Honest conduct, proper attribution, and protection of human subjects in scholarship.
- IRB
- Institutional Review Board — reviews research to protect human subjects.
- Good teaching vs scholarly teaching vs SoTL
- Good teaching is effective; scholarly teaching uses evidence; SoTL studies and shares it publicly.
- Shared governance
- The structure (committees, bylaws) through which faculty share decision-making.
- Who 'owns' curriculum decisions
- Traditionally the faculty, exercised through governance bodies.
- FERPA
- Federal law protecting the privacy of student education records.
- ADA (in education)
- Requires reasonable accommodations for students with documented disabilities.
- Due process (academic)
- Fair, consistent procedures in academic and disciplinary decisions.
- Academic integrity
- Honesty and ethical conduct in teaching, learning, and scholarship.
- Promoting academic integrity
- Clear expectations, teaching citation, cheat-resistant assessments, consistent honor-code enforcement.
- Incivility
- Rude, disruptive, or disrespectful behavior between students or faculty.
- Addressing incivility
- Model civility, set norms early, intervene promptly, and build a culture of respect.
- Tenure track
- A faculty appointment leading to tenure (long-term job security after review).
- Faculty service
- Committee work, mentoring colleagues, and contributing to the program and profession.
- Mission alignment
- Acting in line with the institution's and program's mission and culture.
- Mentoring new faculty
- Supporting, including, and developing new colleagues — counters exclusion/incivility.
- Plagiarism
- Using others' work without proper attribution; a breach of academic integrity.
- Just culture (academic/practice)
- Balances accountability with learning from errors rather than blame.