FREE CDL Hazmat Study Guide 2026: H Endorsement Test, All 7 Topics

This free CDL Hazmat study guide covers what the H endorsement knowledge test asks. It is organized in 7 modules that follow the knowledge areas federal rules set for the endorsement. You learn the rules themselves, shipping papers, placards, loading, parking, and emergencies, and each rule is checked against the current federal regulations and a state CDL manual’s hazardous materials section.^[1][7]

This guide is interactive and ends every module with a checkpoint quiz you take, while dotted terms open definitions and the tables quiz you back.

When a topic needs more reps, you can send it to our free practice test and flashcards.

You need the H endorsement to drive a commercial motor vehicle carrying hazardous materials in an amount that requires placards. That also applies to any quantity of a select agent or toxin listed in 42 CFR part 73.

Getting it takes a knowledge test, with no skills test. You must pass with at least 80 percent correct, a federal rule for every CDL knowledge test. Your state sets how many questions the test has.

A TSA security threat assessment is required before the state can issue the endorsement.^[2][3][4]

CDL Hazmat Test Snapshot

What the Hazmat Test Covers

Federal rules list what you must know as an H endorsement applicant in 4 groups plus a catch-all for other operating practices. State CDL manuals teach the same content in their hazardous materials section, and this guide’s 7 modules follow that list.

• Regulations: Hazardous Materials Table, shipping papers, marking, labeling, placarding, packaging, definitions, reporting accidents, tunnels and railroad crossings
• Handling: forbidden materials, loading and unloading, cargo segregation, buses and hazmat, attending the vehicle, parking, routes, cargo tanks, safe havens
• Emergency equipment: protecting the public, fires, loading and unloading, tank vehicles
• Emergency response: different types of accidents, driving near a fire, smoking, special rules for Division 1.1 and 1.2 explosives^[1]

Module 1 · Rules, Responsibilities & the HME

This module explains why the hazmat rules exist and what the shipper, carrier, and you as the driver each handle.

You will learn how to read the Hazardous Materials Table. It also covers getting and keeping the H endorsement with a TSA threat assessment and training, plus security plans and security awareness.

1.1 Why the Rules Exist & Who Does What

The state CDL manual gives the hazmat rules 3 goals.

• Contain the material
• Communicate the risk
• Assure safe drivers and equipment

Contain means the rules tell shippers how to package safely and tell drivers how to load, transport and unload. These are called containment rules.

Communicate means shippers warn drivers and others about the risk with:

• hazard labels on packages
• shipping papers
• emergency response information
• placards

Safe drivers and equipment includes the H endorsement test and vehicle inspection before and during each trip.

The shipper classifies the material, packages it, marks and labels it, and prepares and certifies the shipping paper. The shipper must give the motor carrier the required placards before or when offering the material.

The only time the shipper need not supply them is when the carrier’s vehicle already shows the required placards. No motor carrier may transport hazmat unless the required placards are on the vehicle.

The carrier must:

• check that the shipper correctly described, marked, labeled and prepared the shipment
• refuse improper shipments
• report accidents and incidents

As the driver, you must:

• make sure the shipper identified, marked and labeled the material
• refuse leaking packages and shipments
• placard the vehicle when loading if required
• keep shipping papers and emergency response information in the proper place

Breaking the rules can bring fines and jail.^[7][8]

1.2 The Hazardous Materials Table

The Hazardous Materials Table lists the materials regulated as hazmat in transportation.

For each entry the table gives:

• proper shipping name
• hazard class or division or the word Forbidden
• ID number
• packing group
• labels
• special provisions
• packaging and quantity limits

If you see Forbidden in the class column, the material may not be offered or transported.

The symbols in column 1 tell you how to read that line.

• + fixes the proper shipping name, hazard class and packing group even if the material does not meet that class definition
• A means regulated only by aircraft, unless it is a hazardous substance or hazardous waste
• W means only by vessel, same exception
• D is the name for domestic transport
• I is the name for international transport
• G means a technical name must be added in parentheses

The exception for a hazardous substance or hazardous waste applies to both A and W.

Proper shipping names are in Roman type. Words in italics are not part of the proper shipping name.

UN numbers are recognized internationally and domestically. NA numbers are not recognized outside the United States.

Packing group means degree of danger:

• Great danger is PG I
• Medium danger is PG II
• Minor danger is PG III

Those three levels run from great danger down to minor danger. Class 2, Class 7 and Division 6.2 have no packing groups.

Appendix A to the table lists hazardous substances and their reportable quantities (RQ).^[9][10]

1.3 The H Endorsement: TSA Check & Training

Getting the H endorsement and TSA check

The endorsement code H is on the CDL. Code X means tank vehicle and hazmat combined.

A state may not issue, renew, upgrade or transfer an H endorsement unless TSA finds you are not a security risk, or you hold a valid TWIC.

The TSA security threat assessment has these parts:

• fingerprint-based criminal history check
• intelligence-related check
• immigration status check
• final determination

Disqualifying crimes count if convicted within 7 years of applying, or released from prison within 5 years. Some crimes disqualify permanently, and a waiver process exists.

States must renew H endorsements every 5 years or less, so the threat assessment repeats at least that often. The state notifies you at least 60 days before the endorsement expires.

Training you must complete

Since February 7, 2022, a first-time H applicant completes the hazmat theory curriculum from a provider on the FMCSA Training Provider Registry before taking the state knowledge test. This is part of Entry-Level Driver Training.

There are no minimum training hours. The trainee needs an overall score of at least 80 percent on the theory assessment. Drivers who held the H endorsement before February 7, 2022 do not need this training for it.

A separate rule says every hazmat employee gets training from the employer:

• general awareness
• function-specific
• safety
• security awareness

A new hazmat employee may work under direct supervision of a trained employee for up to 90 days while finishing training. Recurrent training is required at least once every 3 years, and the employer keeps training records for the preceding 3 years.^{[4][5][6][11]}

1.4 Security Plans & Security Awareness

Every hazmat employee gets security awareness training. It covers the security risks of hazmat transport and how to recognize and respond to possible security threats.

If you are a new hazmat employee, you receive this training within 90 days of employment.

Some shippers and carriers must have a written security plan. This applies for example for:

• any quantity of Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosives
• Division 1.4, 1.5 or 1.6 in a quantity that requires placards
• any quantity of a material poisonous by inhalation
• Division 4.3 in a quantity that requires placards
• any quantity of organic peroxide Type B, temperature controlled
• select agents or toxins
• large bulk quantities of some materials, such as Division 2.1 gas; large bulk = more than 3,000 kg (6,614 lb) of solids or 3,000 L (792 gallons) of liquids or gases in one packaging

The plan must cover at least these three topics:

• personnel security
• unauthorized access
• en route security

The plan is in writing and is reviewed at least once a year. Employees covered by the plan get in-depth security training on it.^[11][12][13]

Module 2 · Hazard Classes & Shipping Papers

This module covers the hazard classes and divisions and how a hazmat shipment is described on the shipping paper. You will also learn the shipper’s certification, the emergency response information, and where you keep the papers as the driver. It also covers hazardous waste and other special entries.

2.1 Classes 1, 2 & 3

Hazardous materials fall into 9 hazard classes. Some classes split into divisions.

Class 1 is explosives with divisions. The division tells you what kind of blast or fire risk the load carries:

• 1.1 has a mass explosion hazard, and it affects almost the entire load at once
• 1.2 has a projection hazard, with no mass explosion hazard
• 1.3 has a fire hazard with a minor blast or projection hazard
• 1.4 has a minor explosion hazard, with effects largely confined to the package
• 1.5 holds very insensitive explosives, with a mass explosion hazard but very unlikely to go off
• 1.6 holds extremely insensitive articles, with no mass explosion hazard

Class 2 is gases with 3 divisions. The division tells you if the gas burns, sits under pressure, or can poison you by breathing it:

• 2.1 is flammable gas
• 2.2 is non-flammable compressed gas
• 2.3 is gas poisonous by inhalation

Class 3 is flammable liquid. It has a flash point of not more than 60 °C (140 °F).

A combustible liquid is separate from Class 3. It has a flash point above 60 °C (140 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F), and meets no other class definition. Gasoline is Class 3, Packing Group II.^[14][15][10]

2.2 Classes 4 to 9 & Limited Quantities

You will face Classes 4 through 9 on the test. You need to match each division to its meaning.

Class 4 covers solids and other materials that can catch fire.

• Flammable solid (Division 4.1)
• Spontaneously combustible material (Division 4.2)
• Dangerous when wet (Division 4.3) (gives off flammable or toxic gas in contact with water)

Class 5 covers materials tied to burning and peroxides.

• Oxidizer (Division 5.1) (can cause or increase burning of other materials, generally by giving off oxygen)
• Organic peroxide (Division 5.2)

Class 6 covers health hazards that are not gases.

• Poisonous (toxic) material other than a gas (Division 6.1)
• Infectious substance (Division 6.2)

Class 7 is radioactive material. Class 8 is corrosive material, which damages skin or corrodes steel or aluminum. Class 9 is miscellaneous hazardous material that meets no other class definition, such as elevated temperature materials and hazardous substances.

Limited quantity means the most of a material that may use a specific labeling or packaging exception. Packages shipped this way carry a black-and-white square-on-point limited quantity mark instead of the usual name and ID number markings.^[16][17][10]

2.3 The Shipping Paper & Basic Description

Basic description order

A shipping paper is the document that describes the hazmat. A carrier may not accept or haul hazmat without a properly prepared one.

The basic description must stay in this order:

• ID number
• proper shipping name
• hazard class or division
• packing group

One example is UN1203, Gasoline, 3, PG II. Subsidiary hazard class goes in parentheses right after the primary class. Packing group uses Roman numerals and may be preceded by PG.

Other required entries

You will also see these entries on the paper:

• Total quantity with the unit of measure, for example 200 kg
• Bulk packages described with a description such as 1 cargo tank
• Parentheses with the technical name for n.o.s. entries marked G in the table
• Numbered pages in order on multi-page papers, with the total on the first page, for example Page 1 of 4 pages
• English printing with no codes or abbreviations unless the rules allow them
• Display of an emergency response telephone number

On a paper that also lists non-hazardous items, hazmat entries must meet one of these rules:

• Listed first
• Printed in a contrasting color
• Marked with an X in a column headed HM

RQ may replace the X.^[18][19][23]

2.4 Certification, ER Information & the 24-Hour Number

Shipper certification

The shipper’s certification is a signed statement that the materials are properly classified, described, packaged, marked and labeled, and in proper condition for transportation. An initial carrier may not accept hazmat without the certification.

No certification is needed in these 2 cases:

• material rides in a cargo tank supplied by the carrier
• shipper hauls its own material as a private carrier

Those 2 exceptions never apply to hazardous waste.

Emergency response information and phone number

Emergency response information must include:

• basic description and technical name
• immediate health hazards
• fire or explosion risks
• immediate precautions after an accident
• fire-fighting methods
• initial handling of spills or leaks with no fire
• preliminary first aid

It must be printed in English and usable away from the package, for example on the shipping paper or a separate document such as the ERG cross-referenced to it. The carrier keeps it the same way as the shipping paper, immediately accessible to you as the driver.

The emergency response telephone number must be monitored at all times while the material is in transportation, including storage. It must be answered by someone who knows the material’s hazards and response, or has immediate access to such a person. An answering service, answering machine or beeper that needs a call back does not meet the rule.^[20][21][22]

2.5 Where Papers Go; Waste, RQ & Special Entries

Keep hazmat shipping papers separate from other papers. Tab them or keep them on top.

Emergency response information stays with the shipping paper.

Shippers keep a copy of each shipping paper for 2 years after the carrier accepts it. Carriers keep a copy for 1 year.

Hazardous waste copies are kept 3 years.

Where to keep shipping papers

You follow one rule at the controls and another rule when you step away. Both rules keep the papers easy to find.

• Within reach while wearing the seat belt at the controls, and either readily visible to someone entering the cab or in a holder on the inside of the driver’s door
• In the driver’s door holder or on the driver’s seat when away from the controls

Hazardous waste and special entries

Hazardous waste travels on an EPA Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest. The shipper prepares it and the initial carrier signs and dates it.

Carry the manifest like a shipping paper. The waste goes to the designated facility, which signs for it.

The proper shipping name of a hazardous waste starts with the word Waste unless the name already includes it.

Some loads need extra words in the description:

• Material in Appendix A in one package at or above its reportable quantity as a hazardous substance, with RQ on the shipping paper and on the package next to the proper shipping name
• Poison-Inhalation Hazard or Toxic-Inhalation Hazard words and the hazard zone after the description for poisonous by inhalation materials
• HOT right before the proper shipping name for elevated temperature liquid unless the name already says so^{[23][19][24][25]}

Module 3 · Labels, Markings & Placards

This module covers how a hazard is shown outside the package and vehicle. You will look at labels and markings on packages.

You will also look at placards on the vehicle: Table 1, Table 2, the 1,001-pound rule, DANGEROUS, exceptions, and where placards and ID numbers go.

3.1 Labels & Markings

Labels are diamond-shaped hazard warning labels on packages. You find which one to use in the table’s label column, and the first code shown is the primary hazard.

Put the label on the same surface as the proper shipping name marking and near it. Never place it on the bottom.

Primary and subsidiary labels display the hazard class or division number in the bottom corner. When both are required they sit next to each other.

Markings on a non-bulk package include:

• proper shipping name and ID number
• name and address of the consignor or consignee

Other markings stay on the package where they apply:

• RQ
• Inhalation Hazard
• orientation arrows
• the limited quantity mark

Placards are larger diamond signs on the vehicle or bulk packaging. They go on each side and each end.

A label is on the package, a marking is the words and numbers on it, and a placard is on the vehicle.

No package may carry a marking such as RQ or a hazmat name unless it holds that material or its residue. If labels are missing or do not match the shipping paper, the shipment is not correctly prepared. Refuse it until the shipper fixes it.^[26][27][7]

3.2 Table 1, Table 2 & the 1,001-lb Rule

Table 1 needs placards in any amount

Table 1 materials require placards in any amount. If you haul these, you placard even for a very small load.

• EXPLOSIVES 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 for Divisions 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3
• POISON GAS for Division 2.3
• DANGEROUS WHEN WET for Division 4.3
• ORGANIC PEROXIDE for Division 5.2 organic peroxide Type B, liquid or solid, temperature controlled
• POISON INHALATION HAZARD for Division 6.1 material poisonous by inhalation
• RADIOACTIVE for Class 7 with a Radioactive Yellow III label

Table 2 and the 1,001-pound rule

Table 2 covers all other classes. The list includes:

• 1.4, 1.5, 1.6
• 2.1, 2.2
• Class 3, combustible liquid
• 4.1, 4.2
• 5.1, other 5.2, other 6.1
• 6.2, Class 8, Class 9

Division 6.2 has no placard. For the rest of Table 2, the 1,001-pound rule controls when placards are needed.

Table 2 placards are not required on a vehicle with less than 1,001 lb (454 kg) aggregate gross weight of Table 2 materials. To find aggregate gross weight, add every Table 2 package on the vehicle, all classes together, packaging included.

Non-bulk packages holding only the residue of a Table 2 material are left out of the count. The 1,001-pound exception never applies to bulk packagings. You placard bulk in any amount.

A CLASS 9 placard is not required for domestic transportation, but a Class 9 bulk packaging still shows its ID number.^[28]

3.3 DANGEROUS, Subsidiary Placards & Exceptions

DANGEROUS and subsidiary placards

A vehicle with non-bulk packages of 2 or more Table 2 categories may show DANGEROUS instead of the separate Table 2 placards. That choice has one weight limit tied to the loading facility.

• 2,205 lb (1,000 kg) or more aggregate gross weight of one category loaded at one loading facility: that category’s own placard is required

You check that aggregate gross weight category by category. If one category reaches that amount at one loading facility, you must show its own placard.

DANGEROUS never replaces a Table 1 placard. An ID number may never be shown on a DANGEROUS, RADIOACTIVE or EXPLOSIVES placard or on a subsidiary placard.

These subsidiary placards are still required:

• POISON INHALATION HAZARD or POISON GAS for a material poisonous by inhalation, in addition to its other placards
• DANGEROUS WHEN WET for a material with a dangerous when wet subsidiary hazard

Other subsidiary placards are allowed even when not required. You may display them with the required placards.

Placard exceptions

Some mixed or repeated hazards call for fewer placards:

• More than 1 Class 1 division: show only the lowest division number
• FLAMMABLE may replace COMBUSTIBLE on a cargo tank or portable tank
• NON-FLAMMABLE GAS not needed if the vehicle already shows FLAMMABLE GAS or OXYGEN placards
• OXIDIZER not needed for Division 5.1 on a vehicle placarded EXPLOSIVES 1.1 or 1.2
• Domestic: POISON INHALATION HAZARD not needed when POISON GAS is displayed; POISON not needed when POISON INHALATION HAZARD or POISON GAS is displayed^[28][29][32]

3.4 Placard Placement & Bulk ID Numbers

Where placards go

Placards go on each side and each end of the vehicle, bulk packaging or freight container. The front placard may be on the front of the tractor instead of, or as well as, the front of the trailer.

Each placard stays readable from the direction it faces. Words and ID numbers read horizontally, left to right.

• Clear of ladders, pipes, doors and tarps
• Away from dirt and water thrown by the wheels where practicable
• At least 3 inches from other markings such as advertising

Placards are square-on-point, at least 9.84 inches (250 mm) on each side. The carrier keeps them clean and undamaged.

You never display a placard that does not match a hazmat on board. You also never display any sign that could be confused with a placard.

Bulk ID numbers and empty tanks

Bulk packagings show the material’s ID number from column 4. The number appears in one of these places:

• On an orange panel
• On the placard
• On a plain white square-on-point display

Placement of the ID number depends on size. Bulk of 1,000 gallons or more shows the ID number on each side and each end. Smaller bulk shows it on 2 opposing sides.

An emptied bulk packaging keeps its markings and placards. They stay on until the packaging is cleaned of residue and purged of vapors, or refilled with a non-hazardous material.^{[28][30][31][32]}

Module 4 · Loading, Unloading & Segregation

This module covers loading and unloading hazmat packages. You will learn the rules for all classes, plus extra rules for Class 1 explosives. It also covers the segregation table for which materials may not ride together, and loading rules for gases, flammables, poisons, radioactives and corrosives.

4.1 General Loading & Unloading Rules

Load safely

Set the parking brake (handbrake) before loading or unloading. Take other precautions so the vehicle cannot move.

• Secure every package so it cannot shift in transit, including shifting caused by movement between packages
• Position packages with valves or fittings so those valves or fittings are not damaged
• Hold packages with orientation arrows in the position the arrows show
• Choose tools that will not damage packages, and use no hooks

Check for leaking or damaged containers while you work. Do not transport leaking packages.

Fire and heat rules

Many products get more dangerous when heated. Load hazmat away from heat sources.

No smoking is allowed on or around the vehicle while loading or unloading Class 1, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5 or Division 2.1 materials. Keep fire away and stop bystanders from smoking or carrying flame.

Class 1, Class 4 and Class 5 go in a closed cargo space. The only alternatives are listed here.

• Every package made fire and water resistant
• The full load covered with a fire and water resistant tarp

Cargo heaters follow separate rules by class. With Class 1, the heater must be made inoperable by draining or removing its fuel tank and disconnecting its power. With Class 3 or Division 2.1, a heater is allowed only if it meets strict conditions.^[33][7]

4.2 Class 1 Explosives

Loading Class 1 safely

Turn your engine off before you load or unload any Class 1 explosives. The one exception is an engine running a pump on a multipurpose bulk truck.

Handle every package with care. You protect the load and the cargo body this way:

• Skip bale hooks and other metal tools
• Lift and place packages, without throwing, dropping or rolling (barrels and kegs may be rolled)
• Keep packages away from sparks and hot exhaust
• Check the cargo body for inward-projecting bolts, screws, nails or other sharp parts

For Divisions 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3, the floor must be tight. It must be lined with non-metallic material or non-ferrous metal (metal with no iron).

Damage checks and mix rules

Never transport damaged explosive packages. Refuse any package showing dampness or an oily stain.

Do not transfer Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 between vehicles on a public road except in an emergency. In an emergency, set out red warning reflectors, flags or electric lanterns.

Division 1.1 or 1.2 may not ride in a combination in these cases:

• More than 2 cargo-carrying vehicles in the combination
• A marked or placarded cargo tank in the combination
• Initiating explosives (Division 1.1A) on the other vehicle
• Radioactive Yellow III packages on the other vehicle
• Division 2.3 Hazard Zone A or B on the other vehicle
• Division 6.1 PG I Hazard Zone A on the other vehicle
• Hazmat in a portable tank on the other vehicle

Detonators may ride with Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 only in approved packaging or loading methods.^[34][7]

4.3 The Segregation Table

The segregation table shows which hazard classes may not share a vehicle or storage area. You check the two classes against each other and follow the mark in that box.

• X means may not be loaded, transported or stored together
• O means may not be loaded together unless separated so that, if packages leaked, the materials could not mix
• blank means no restriction

Division 1.1 and 1.2 explosives have an X with almost every other class. You should expect to keep them away from most other hazards.

Some pairs are named in the rule itself.

• Division 4.2 never with Class 8 liquids
• Division 6.1 PG I Hazard Zone A never with Class 3, Class 8 liquids, or Divisions 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1 or 5.2
• cyanides never with acids when mixing would make hydrogen cyanide
• Class 8 corrosive liquids never above or next to Class 4 or Class 5, even when separated

There is one exception marked note A. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate fertilizer may ride with Division 1.1 or 1.5 despite the X.

When a package needs a subsidiary label, apply that class’s segregation too if it is stricter. Different Class 1 divisions are separated by a compatibility table, not the main table.^[35]

4.4 Gases, Poisons, Radioactives & Corrosives

Gas Cylinders and Poison Loads

Class 2 cylinders must be restrained upright or lying down. They must be in racks, or in boxes or crates so they cannot shift, overturn or fall off.

Without racks, the floor must be essentially flat. You must never carry Division 2.3 and 6.1 in packagings that are connected to each other.

Never carry this package in the cab or sleeper berth:

• POISON
• POISON GAS
• POISON INHALATION HAZARD

Do not load POISON packages with food or animal feed unless overpacked or separated as the rules require.

Radioactive, Corrosive and Wet Hazards

For Class 7, the total transport index of all packages in one vehicle may not exceed 50. Exclusive use shipments are excepted.

The transport index is printed on the Radioactive Yellow II and Yellow III labels. You add them up to get the total for the vehicle.

Keep Yellow II and Yellow III packages at minimum distances from people, animals and undeveloped film. The total transport index sets those distances.

For Class 8, nitric acid of 50 percent or more concentration is never loaded above other packages. Protect storage batteries so other cargo cannot fall on them or short the terminals.

Keep Class 4 and Class 5 that become dangerous when wet dry during loading and in transit. Load materials that self-heat with enough ventilation.^{[40][36][37][38][7]}

Module 5 · Bulk Packaging & Cargo Tanks

This module covers bulk packaging, including cargo tanks, portable tanks and other large containers. You will learn how a cargo tank is loaded, unloaded and attended. It also explains bulk definitions, outage, tank driving hazards and markings.

5.1 Cargo Tank Loading, Unloading & Attendance

Stay With the Tank

A qualified person must attend a cargo tank at all times while it is loaded or unloaded. The person loading the tank is responsible for attendance.

Attending means all of these things.

• Stay within 25 feet of the cargo tank
• Remain alert
• Maintain an unobstructed view of the tank and delivery hose as far as practicable

Qualified means all of these things. You need to know both meanings.

• Knowledge of the nature of the hazmat
• Instruction on emergency procedures
• Authorization to move the cargo tank and the means to do it

Unloading a combustible liquid has its own rule. The person must stay within 150 feet of the tank and within 25 feet of the hose.

Before You Drive Away

Before driving a cargo tank with hazmat in any amount, check closures and valves. All manhole closures must be closed and secured, and all valves must be closed and free of leaks. The checks apply even to a small load.

For flammable liquids, turn the engine off during loading or unloading unless it runs a pump. For bonding, when loading through an open filling hole, connect the bond wire before opening the filling hole and keep it on until the last filling hole is closed.

For compressed gas, follow these steps.

• Keep liquid discharge valves closed except during loading and unloading
• Turn the engine off after transfer and before unhooking the hose if the engine runs the pump
• Unhook all connections before moving the tank^[33][39][7]

5.2 Bulk Packaging, Outage & Tank Handling

Bulk packaging means there is no intermediate form of containment. It meets one of these sizes.

• more than 119 gallons (450 L) for a liquid
• more than 882 lb (400 kg) and more than 119 gallons for a solid
• gas receptacle with water capacity over 1,000 lb (454 kg)

Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) are bulk packages too. A cargo tank is bulk packaging permanently attached to the vehicle.

It is also a cargo tank if it is loaded and unloaded without being removed. A portable tank is not permanently attached.

It is loaded or unloaded off the vehicle, then put on for transport. Specification cargo tanks show retest date markings.

You need the tank vehicle endorsement (N) for tanks with an individual capacity over 119 gallons and aggregate 1,000 gallons or more. Tank vehicles have a high center of gravity and are easy to roll over.

Liquid moving in a partly full tank pushes the vehicle. This is called liquid surge, and baffles reduce front-to-back surge.

Outage (ullage) is how much a packaging falls short of being liquid full, usually in percent. It leaves room for liquid to expand when it warms.^[10][7][55]

Module 6 · Driving & Parking Rules

This module covers the driving and parking rules for placarded vehicles.

You will learn the rules for railroad crossings and routes, for parking and attendance, and for smoking, fueling, fires, fire extinguishers and tires. You will also review documents and duties on the road.

6.1 Railroad Crossings & Routes

Stopping at railroad crossings

For a required stop, you must stop no closer than 15 feet and no farther than 50 feet from the tracks. While stopped, listen and look both ways, and cross only when no train is coming.

Before you cross, pick a gear that lets you finish crossing without shifting. Never shift gears on the tracks.

This stop applies to:

• Vehicles placarded for most classes
• Any amount of Division 2.3 chlorine
• Every cargo tank used for hazmat, loaded or empty

No stop is needed:

• Where a police officer or flagman waves you across
• Under a green traffic signal that allows crossing
• At an abandoned crossing marked as abandoned
• On an industrial or spur crossing marked Exempt
• In a business district, at streetcar crossings or industrial switching tracks

Choosing hazmat routes

If you drive a placarded vehicle, avoid heavily populated areas, crowds, tunnels, narrow streets and alleys unless there is no practicable alternative or a reasonable detour is needed. Convenience is not a reason.

You must follow state and local hazmat route rules and permits. Check those rules before the trip.

For Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3, the carrier prepares a written route plan and gives the driver a copy. The driver may prepare it when the trip starts away from the carrier’s terminal.

For placarded radioactive loads, the carrier picks a route that minimizes radiological risk and tells the driver. Highway route controlled quantities use preferred routes such as Interstate highways.^[41][42][54]

6.2 Parking & Attendance

Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 explosives

If you haul Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3, the vehicle is attended at all times by the driver or a qualified carrier representative. You may leave it unattended only in these places.

• On carrier, shipper or consignee property with an informed bailee who has it in view
• In a safe haven

A safe haven is an area approved in writing by local, state or federal government for parking unattended explosives vehicles. Parking rules for explosives are strict.

• Park off and more than 5 feet from the traveled road, never on it or within that space
• Stay more than 300 feet from a bridge, tunnel, dwelling or place where people work or gather, except briefly when operation requires it
• Get consent of the person in charge before parking on private property, who knows what is on board

Other hazmat, attendance and warning devices

If you carry other hazmat and stop on a public street or shoulder, the driver attends it, except while doing duties needed to operate the vehicle. Do not park it on or within 5 feet of the traveled road except briefly when work requires it.

Attended means you meet one of these conditions.

• On the vehicle, awake, not in the sleeper berth
• Within 100 feet with an unobstructed view

This rule covers every hazmat vehicle, explosives or not. Never park it within 300 feet of an open fire.

If you stop on the road, use reflective triangles or red electric lights. Fusees and flares are banned in some cases.

• No fusees or flares on explosives vehicles
• Same ban for a cargo tank used for Class 3 or Division 2.1, loaded or empty^{[43][44][52][47]}

6.3 Smoking, Fueling, Fires & Tires

Smoking, fueling and fires

You must follow the 25-foot smoking rule around certain placarded vehicles. You may not smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe on the vehicle or within 25 feet of it.

• Class 1, Class 3 and Class 5 loads
• Division 2.1, Division 4.1 and Division 4.2 loads
• An empty tank vehicle that was placarded for Class 3 or Division 2.1

During fueling, the engine must be off. A person must control the fuel flow at the nozzle.

Do not drive near an open fire. You may proceed only if you can pass safely without stopping.

Extinguisher and tires

The power unit of a placarded vehicle carries a fire extinguisher. It must be rated 10 B:C or more.

Check every tire at the beginning of each trip. Check every tire again each time the vehicle is parked.

• Flat, leaking or underinflated tire: fix it before driving, except to reach the nearest safe place
• Overheated tire: remove it at once and place it a safe distance from the vehicle, then do not drive until the cause is fixed^{[45][53][52][47][46]}

6.4 Documents & Duties En Route

You must carry the shipping papers and emergency response information at all times. Keep them where the rules require.

If you haul Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3, your carrier must also give you a copy of the hazmat driving and parking rules and written instructions for an accident or delay. Those instructions cover:

• people to call, with phone numbers
• nature of the explosives
• precautions for fires, accidents and leaks

You sign a receipt for those instructions. The carrier keeps it 1 year.

As an explosives driver, you must have, know and follow:

• shipping papers
• written emergency instructions
• written route plan
• copy of the hazmat driving rules

Inspect your vehicle before and during each trip. Officers may stop you and check:

• shipping papers
• placards
• H endorsement
• your knowledge of the load

Every rule still applies while you are working on tires:

• checking tires
• repairing tires
• replacing tires

If a package leaks on the road, do not keep driving to find a phone or help:

• park
• keep people away
• call for help

If you haul chlorine in cargo tanks, carry an approved gas mask. Also carry an emergency kit for leaks in dome cover plate fittings.^[48][23][7]

Module 7 · Emergencies & the ERG

This module covers what to do when something goes wrong. You will learn to use the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG2024) for leaks, spills, fires and crashes. It also covers rules for specific hazard classes and the reports that follow.

7.1 Using the ERG2024

The Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) is for first responders during the first phase of a transportation incident involving hazmat. The current edition is ERG2024.

Emergency responders look up the material by its ID number or proper shipping name from the shipping paper. That is why these entries on the shipping paper must be right.

You can think of the colors as sections with different jobs.

• Yellow pages: index by 4-digit ID number
• Blue pages: index by material name
• Orange pages: the guides linked by 3-digit guide number
• Green pages: Table 1, initial isolation and protective action distances
• White pages: how to use the guide, plus a placard table to find a guide when only the placard is known

Both the yellow and blue indexes give a 3-digit guide number. That number sends you to the right guide in the orange pages.

Each orange guide covers these topics.

• hazards
• public safety
• evacuation
• fire
• spills
• first aid

Some entries are highlighted in the yellow or blue pages. A highlighted entry sends you to the green pages for distances.

Initial isolation distance is the radius around the spill, in all directions, that people not involved must leave. Protective action distance is how far downwind people are evacuated or sheltered in place.

Table 1 separates small and large spills, and day and night. A P after the guide number means the material can polymerize.^[49][7]

7.2 Leaks, Fires, Crashes & Reporting

At the Scene

Your job at a crash is to keep people away from the area. Limit the spread of material only if it is safe, call for help, and follow your employer’s instructions.

Check that your driving partner is OK. Keep the shipping papers with you and give them to responders.

Warn others about the danger. Keep people far away and upwind of the scene.

Send for help with this information:

• description of the emergency
• exact location and direction of travel
• your name, the carrier’s name, and the city of your terminal
• proper shipping name, hazard class, and ID number of the material if known

Leaks and Fires

Find out what is leaking from the shipping papers, labels, or package location. Never touch the leaking material.

Never try to find a leak by smell. Never eat, drink, or smoke near a spill.

Do not move a leaking vehicle more than safety requires. Never keep driving with a leak to find a phone or help.

Control minor truck fires only if you have training and equipment. Do not fight a hazmat cargo fire.

Feel trailer doors before opening them. If a door is hot, do not open it, because air can make the fire flare up.

Reporting

Phone the National Response Center (800-424-8802) as soon as practical and within 12 hours. Call when the hazmat causes one of these:

• death of a person
• hospitalization of a person
• evacuation of the public for 1 hour or more
• closure of a major road or facility for 1 hour or more

Also call for fire, breakage, spillage, or suspected contamination with radioactive material or an infectious substance.

The person with the material (often the carrier) files a written incident report on DOT Form F 5800.1 within 30 days.^[7][50][51]

7.3 Emergency Response by Hazard Class

Fires, leaks and crashes

The rules for Class 1 through Class 5 focus on explosion and fire. You will be tested on what you do at the scene.

• Warn others of the danger of explosion with Class 1, keep bystanders away, and allow no smoking or open fire near the vehicle
• Remove all explosives after a collision before separating the vehicles, and place them at least 200 feet from the vehicles and occupied buildings
• Limit the area around leaking compressed gas in Class 2 to only those removing the hazard, and notify the shipper if compressed gas is in any accident
• Hold bystanders away from Class 3 and stop them smoking, and never transport a leaking cargo tank farther than needed to reach a safe place
• Give warning of fire with Class 4 and 5, and never open smoldering packages of flammable solids

Poisons, radioactive and corrosive material

The rules for Division 2.3 and 6.1, Division 6.2, Class 7, and Class 8 cover poison, infection, radiation, and burns. Know who you call and how the vehicle is cleaned.

• Treat many poisons in Division 2.3 and 6.1 as flammable too because many also burn, and check a vehicle involved in a poison leak for stray poison before reuse
• Call your supervisor at once for a damaged infectious substance package in Division 6.2
• Tell your dispatcher or supervisor about a Class 7 spill, do not touch or inhale spilled material, and do not use the vehicle until it is cleaned and checked with a survey meter
• Rinse parts of the vehicle exposed to Class 8 corrosive liquid thoroughly with water, and wash out the interior after unloading before reloading^[7]

How to Use This CDL Hazmat Study Guide

• Work through the 7 modules in order
• Learn the Table 1 list and the 1,001 lb and 2,205 lb numbers by heart
• Take each module’s checkpoint; checking off sections raises your exam-readiness score
• Drill scenarios in our free practice test until you pick the right placard set every time
• Use the flashcards daily for classes, divisions and distances
• Read your own state’s CDL manual hazardous materials section before the test

CDL Hazmat Glossary

The high-yield hazmat terms are in one place, and you can hover any dotted term in the guide or flip the whole deck here as a self-grading flashcard set.

Aggregate gross weight

Total weight of all Table 2 hazmat on the vehicle, packaging included.

Attended

Person in charge on the vehicle, awake and not in the sleeper, or within 100 feet with a clear view.

Basic description

ID number, proper shipping name, hazard class or division and packing group, in that order.

Bonding

Electrical connection between tank and fill system to drain static before and during flammable liquid transfer.

Bulk packaging

Packaging with no intermediate containment: liquid over 119 gallons, solid over 882 lb, or gas container over 1,000 lb water capacity.

Cargo tank

Bulk tank permanently attached to a vehicle, or loaded and unloaded without being removed.

Carrier

The company that transports the shipment; may not haul hazmat without the required placards and shipping paper.

Combustible liquid

Liquid with a flash point above 60 °C (140 °F) and below 93 °C (200 °F) meeting no other class.

DANGEROUS placard

Placard allowed instead of separate placards for 2 or more Table 2 categories; never for Table 1.

Dangerous when wet

Division 4.3; becomes flammable or gives off flammable or toxic gas on contact with water.

ELDT

Entry-Level Driver Training; first-time H applicants complete hazmat theory from a Training Provider Registry provider, 80% minimum on the assessment.

Elevated temperature material

Liquid at or above 100 °C (212 °F), or other heated material shipped in bulk; HOT precedes the shipping name.

Emergency response information

Health hazards, fire and explosion risks, immediate precautions, fire and spill methods, first aid; kept with the shipping paper.

ERG

Emergency Response Guidebook (current edition ERG2024), published with PHMSA for first responders.

Flash point

Lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to ignite; Class 3 is not more than 60 °C (140 °F).

Forbidden

Hazmat Table entry meaning the material may not be offered or transported.

H endorsement

CDL endorsement for driving a vehicle with placarded hazmat or any select agent or toxin; knowledge test only (49 CFR 383.93).

Hazard class

One of 9 categories of hazard (explosives, gases, flammable liquids and so on); some split into divisions.

Hazardous Materials Table

The 49 CFR 172.101 table listing each regulated material's shipping name, class, ID number, packing group, labels and packaging.

Hazardous substance

Material listed in Appendix A to the Hazardous Materials Table, in one package at or above its reportable quantity.

Hazardous waste

Material subject to the EPA hazardous waste manifest rules; travels on a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest.

Hazmat employee

Anyone who loads, unloads, handles or transports hazmat, or otherwise affects its safety; trained at least every 3 years.

Identification number

Four-digit number preceded by UN or NA identifying a material, e.g. UN1203 for gasoline.

Initial isolation distance

ERG radius around a spill, in all directions, that people not involved must leave.

Label

Diamond-shaped hazard warning on a package, near the proper shipping name marking.

Limited quantity

Maximum amount of a material that qualifies for a specific labeling or packaging exception.

Marking

Required words, numbers or symbols on a package, such as the proper shipping name, ID number or RQ.

Mass explosion

An explosion that affects almost the entire load instantly (Division 1.1).

n.o.s.

Not otherwise specified; a generic shipping name that may need a technical name in parentheses.

National Response Center

Federal 24-hour line (800-424-8802) for immediate notice of serious hazmat incidents.

Orange panel

Orange rectangle that displays a bulk package's 4-digit ID number.

Outage

Room left in a packaging short of liquid full, so the liquid can expand; also called ullage.

Oxidizer

Division 5.1; can cause or increase burning of other materials, generally by yielding oxygen.

Packing group

Degree of danger within a class: PG I great, PG II medium, PG III minor.

Placard

Diamond-shaped sign at least 9.84 inches on a side, on each side and each end of a vehicle or bulk packaging.

Poisonous by inhalation

Gas or liquid toxic when breathed, in a hazard zone (A–D for gases, A–B for liquids); a Table 1 placard material.

Portable tank

Bulk tank loaded or unloaded off the vehicle, then carried on it.

Proper shipping name

The name of a hazmat in Roman (not italic) type in the Hazardous Materials Table.

Protective action distance

ERG downwind distance in which people are evacuated or sheltered in place.

Qualified person

Attendant who knows the material, has emergency instructions, and is authorized and able to move the cargo tank.

Reportable quantity

RQ; the Appendix A amount that makes a package a hazardous substance; RQ goes on the paper and package.

Safe haven

Government-approved area for parking unattended vehicles with Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosives.

Security plan

Written plan required for higher-risk shipments; covers personnel security, unauthorized access and en route security.

Security threat assessment

TSA background check required for an H endorsement: fingerprints, criminal history, intelligence-related and immigration checks.

Segregation table

177.848 table showing which hazard classes may not be loaded, transported or stored together.

Shipper

The person offering hazmat for transport; classifies, packages, marks, labels, prepares and certifies the shipping paper, supplies placards.

Shipper's certification

Signed statement that the shipment is properly classified, described, packaged, marked, labeled and in proper condition.

Shipping paper

Document describing the hazmat being shipped, such as a bill of lading or manifest.

Subsidiary placard

Additional placard for a material's secondary hazard, such as POISON INHALATION HAZARD.

Table 1

Placard list for materials placarded in any amount (172.504(e)).

Table 2

Placard list for materials placarded at 1,001 lb or more aggregate gross weight (172.504(e)).

Transport index

Number on a Radioactive Yellow II or III label; vehicle total may not exceed 50.

TWIC

Transportation Worker Identification Credential; a valid TWIC satisfies the TSA requirement for an H endorsement.

Written route plan

Carrier-prepared route a Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 driver must carry and follow.

X endorsement

CDL code for the tank vehicle (N) and hazmat (H) endorsements combined.

CDL Hazmat Study Guide FAQ

References

1. 1.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 383.121 — Requirements for hazardous materials endorsement.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
2. 2.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 383.93 — Endorsements.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
3. 3.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 383.135 — Passing knowledge and skills tests.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
4. 4.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 383.141 — Hazardous materials endorsement: TSA security threat assessment and renewal.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
5. 5.Transportation Security Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 1572.15 — Procedures for HME security threat assessment.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
6. 6.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 380.609 — General entry-level driver training requirements.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
7. 7.Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (AAMVA model manual). “Commercial Driver's License Manual, Section 9: Hazardous Materials.” pa.gov, accessed Nov 8, 2026. ↑
8. 8.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.506 — Providing and affixing placards: Highway.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
9. 9.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.101 — Purpose and use of hazardous materials table.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
10. 10.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 171.8 — Definitions and abbreviations.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
11. 11.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.704 — Training requirements.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
12. 12.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.800 — Security plans: purpose and applicability.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
13. 13.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.802 — Components of a security plan.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
14. 14.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 173.50 — Class 1 — Definitions.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
15. 15.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 173.120 — Class 3 — Definitions.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
16. 16.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 173.124 — Class 4, Divisions 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 — Definitions.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
17. 17.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.315 — Limited quantities.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
18. 18.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.202 — Description of hazardous material on shipping papers.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
19. 19.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.201 — Preparation and retention of shipping papers.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
20. 20.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.204 — Shipper's certification.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
21. 21.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.602 — Emergency response information.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
22. 22.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.604 — Emergency response telephone number.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
23. 23.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 177.817 — Shipping papers.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
24. 24.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.205 — Hazardous waste manifest.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
25. 25.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.203 — Additional description requirements.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
26. 26.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.406 — Placement of labels.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
27. 27.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.301 — General marking requirements for non-bulk packagings.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
28. 28.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.504 — General placarding requirements.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
29. 29.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.505 — Placarding for subsidiary hazards.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
30. 30.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.516 — Visibility and display of placards.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
31. 31.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.302 — General marking requirements for bulk packagings.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
32. 32.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 172.334 — Identification numbers; prohibited display.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
33. 33.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 177.834 — General requirements (loading and unloading).” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
34. 34.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 177.835 — Class 1 (explosive) materials.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
35. 35.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 177.848 — Segregation of hazardous materials.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
36. 36.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 177.841 — Division 6.1 (poisonous) materials and Division 2.3 (poisonous gas) materials.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
37. 37.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 177.842 — Class 7 (radioactive) material.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
38. 38.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 177.839 — Class 8 (corrosive) materials.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
39. 39.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 177.837 — Class 3 (flammable liquid) materials.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
40. 40.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 177.840 — Class 2 (gases) materials.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
41. 41.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 392.10 — Railroad grade crossings; stopping required.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
42. 42.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 397.67 — Motor carrier responsibility for routing.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
43. 43.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 397.5 — Attendance and surveillance of motor vehicles.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
44. 44.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 397.7 — Parking.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
45. 45.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 397.13 — Smoking.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
46. 46.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 397.17 — Tires.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
47. 47.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 393.95 — Emergency equipment on all power units.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
48. 48.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 397.19 — Instructions and documents.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
49. 49.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. DOT. “Emergency Response Guidebook 2024 (ERG2024).” phmsa.dot.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
50. 50.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 171.15 — Immediate notice of certain hazardous materials incidents.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
51. 51.Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 171.16 — Detailed hazardous materials incident reports.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
52. 52.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 397.11 — Fires.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
53. 53.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 397.15 — Fueling.” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
54. 54.Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (eCFR). “49 CFR § 397.101 — Requirements for motor carriers and drivers (radioactive materials routing).” ecfr.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑
55. 55.Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (AAMVA model manual). “Commercial Driver's License Manual, Section 8: Tank Vehicles.” pa.gov, accessed Nov 9, 2026. ↑

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