- What is a comma splice?
- Two complete sentences (independent clauses) joined by only a comma. Fix with a period, a semicolon, or a comma + a conjunction.
- What is an independent clause?
- A group of words with a subject and a verb that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
- What is a dependent clause?
- A subject + verb that cannot stand alone because it starts with a subordinating word (because, although, since, when).
- What is a run-on sentence?
- Two independent clauses joined with no punctuation or conjunction between them.
- What is a sentence fragment?
- A group of words punctuated as a sentence but missing a subject, a verb, or a complete thought.
- What does FANBOYS stand for?
- The coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. A comma + FANBOYS can join two independent clauses.
- When can a comma join two complete sentences?
- Only with a coordinating conjunction (comma + FANBOYS). A comma alone is a splice.
- How do you fix a comma splice?
- Use a period or semicolon, or add a coordinating conjunction after the comma.
- What does a semicolon do?
- Joins two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction.
- When do you use a colon?
- After a complete sentence, to introduce a list, an explanation, or a quotation.
- What is subject-verb agreement?
- A verb must match its subject in number: singular subject → singular verb; plural subject → plural verb.
- "The list of volunteers (has/have) been posted." Which verb?
- Has. The subject is the singular noun 'list,' not 'volunteers.'
- Is 'mathematics' singular or plural?
- Singular — it names one field of study, so it takes a singular verb ('Mathematics is...').
- What is pronoun-antecedent agreement?
- A pronoun must match the noun it refers to in number and gender (a company = 'it,' not 'they').
- Difference between 'its' and 'it's'?
- 'Its' = possessive (its tail). 'It's' = it is / it has.
- What is a misplaced modifier?
- A describing word or phrase sitting next to the wrong noun, so it seems to describe the wrong thing.
- What is a dangling modifier?
- An opening phrase that doesn't logically describe the noun right after the comma.
- Fix: 'Walking to school, the rain soaked us.'
- 'Walking to school, we were soaked by the rain.' The noun after the comma must be the one doing the walking.
- What is parallel structure?
- Items in a series share the same grammatical form: 'to stretch, to drink, and to rest.'
- What signals a contrast transition?
- Words like however, nevertheless, on the other hand, instead, conversely.
- What signals a cause/effect transition?
- Therefore, thus, consequently, as a result.
- What signals an addition transition?
- Furthermore, moreover, in addition, also.
- What signals an example transition?
- For example, for instance, specifically.
- How do you choose a transition word?
- Decide the logical relationship between the ideas first, then pick the matching word. Transitions test logic, not vocabulary.
- What is a coordinating conjunction?
- A word (FANBOYS) that joins two equal grammatical parts, such as two independent clauses.
- What is a subordinating conjunction?
- A word (because, although, when, since, if) that begins a dependent clause.
- When do you use a comma after an introductory phrase?
- Always set off an introductory word, phrase, or dependent clause with a comma before the main clause.
- How do you set off nonessential information?
- With a pair of commas (or a pair of dashes) around the extra, removable detail.
- What is a verb tense error?
- Switching tense inconsistently within a passage's timeline; keep tense consistent unless time changes.
- What is redundancy in writing?
- Saying the same thing twice ('annual yearly report'). The SHSAT often asks you to cut it.
- What is wordiness?
- Using more words than needed; the SHSAT favors the most concise correct option.
- What does the apostrophe show in 'students' books'?
- Plural possession — the books belonging to multiple students (apostrophe after the s).
- Singular possessive of 'class'?
- Class's (add apostrophe + s): 'the class's project.'
- What is a comma after each item in a list called?
- Items in a series are separated by commas; the last comma before 'and' is the Oxford (serial) comma.
- When is a dash used?
- To set off a nonessential interruption (like paired commas) or to create emphasis before a closing remark.
- What is the editing test for any boundary punctuation?
- Check whether each side is a complete sentence; that decides whether you can use a comma, semicolon, period, or conjunction.
- 'Their, there, they're' — which means 'they are'?
- They're. 'Their' = possessive; 'there' = a place.
- 'Your' vs 'you're'?
- 'Your' = possessive (your book); 'you're' = you are.
- What is an antecedent?
- The noun that a pronoun refers back to.
- How do you keep a list of actions parallel?
- Make every item the same form — all infinitives, all -ing words, or all simple verbs.
- What does Part A of Revising/Editing test?
- Fixing errors in standalone sentences (grammar, punctuation, usage).
- What does Part B of Revising/Editing test?
- Improving sentences within a short passage, including organization and transitions.
- What is the most concise way to revise a sentence usually?
- The shortest option that keeps all needed meaning and is grammatically correct.
- What is a clause vs a phrase?
- A clause has a subject and a verb; a phrase does not.
- What punctuation joins two sentences when ideas are equally important and related?
- A semicolon.
- What is the main idea of a passage?
- The central point the whole passage makes — broad enough to cover the entire text.
- What is a supporting detail?
- A specific fact, example, or piece of evidence that backs up the main idea.
- What is an inference?
- A conclusion the passage strongly implies but does not state outright.
- How do you choose the right inference?
- Pick the conclusion the text most directly supports — not the most dramatic or one needing outside facts.
- What is 'vocabulary in context'?
- Choosing a word's meaning based on how it's used in the passage, not its most common dictionary definition.
- Strategy for a vocabulary-in-context question?
- Reread the full sentence, predict your own meaning, then match the closest choice.
- What is the difference between tone and mood?
- Tone = the author's attitude toward the subject; mood = the feeling created in the reader.
- What is the author's purpose?
- The reason the author wrote the text — to inform, persuade, entertain, or describe.
- What is personification?
- Giving human qualities or actions to something nonhuman ('the wind whispered').
- What is a metaphor?
- A comparison that calls one thing another, without 'like' or 'as' ('time is a thief').
- What is a simile?
- A comparison using 'like' or 'as' ('quiet as a mouse').
- What is imagery?
- Descriptive language that appeals to the senses to create a picture or feeling.
- What is a theme?
- The central message or insight a literary work conveys about life or human nature.
- What is text structure?
- How a passage is organized — sequence, cause/effect, compare/contrast, problem/solution.
- Words signaling a sequence structure?
- First, then, next, finally, after, before.
- Words signaling cause and effect?
- Because, therefore, as a result, so, leads to.
- Words signaling compare/contrast?
- Similarly, in contrast, however, on the other hand, both.
- What is the effect of strongly negative word choices?
- They create an alarmed or critical tone and shape how the reader feels before facts arrive.
- How do you find the best evidence for a claim?
- Locate the single sentence in the passage that most directly supports the stated claim.
- What makes a 'main idea' answer wrong?
- It's too narrow (just a detail) or too broad (beyond what the passage says).
- Where must every Reading Comprehension answer come from?
- The passage itself — never outside knowledge.
- What is connotation?
- The feelings or associations a word carries beyond its literal meaning (denotation).
- What is denotation?
- The literal, dictionary definition of a word.
- What is hyperbole?
- Deliberate exaggeration for effect ('I've told you a million times').
- What is irony / sarcasm in tone?
- Saying the opposite of what is meant, often to mock ('How kind of you' after harm).
- What is a counterargument?
- A point that opposes the author's claim, often raised so it can be answered.
- What is a claim?
- A statement the author argues is true and supports with evidence.
- How do you summarize a passage?
- State the main idea plus the key supporting points in your own words, leaving out minor details.
- What is the topic sentence of a paragraph?
- The sentence (often first) that states the paragraph's main point.
- What is an allusion?
- A brief reference to a well-known person, place, event, or work.
- What is alliteration?
- Repetition of the same beginning consonant sound ('wild and windy').
- What is a stanza?
- A grouped set of lines in a poem, like a paragraph.
- What is rhyme scheme?
- The pattern of end rhymes in a poem, labeled with letters (ABAB, AABB).
- What is symbolism?
- Using an object or image to represent a larger idea (a dove for peace).
- How do you analyze a poem's theme?
- Look at its images, tone, and what the speaker realizes or feels, then state the central message.
- What is point of view?
- The perspective the text is told from: first person (I), second (you), or third person.
- What is the difference between explicit and implicit information?
- Explicit = stated directly; implicit = implied, requiring an inference.
- What is a rhetorical question?
- A question asked for effect, not to be answered.
- How do you handle a paired (two-passage) reading task?
- Pin down each author's viewpoint separately, then describe how the second relates to the first.
- What is the function of a sentence in a passage?
- Its role — to introduce, give an example, contrast, qualify, or restate — not just what it says.
- What is a ratio?
- A comparison of two quantities, such as 3 to 4 (written 3:4 or 3/4).
- What is a proportion?
- An equation setting two ratios equal; solve by cross-multiplying.
- Split 28 students in a ratio of 3 girls to 4 boys — how many girls?
- 7 parts total; 28 ÷ 7 = 4 per part; girls = 3 × 4 = 12.
- How do you find a percent of a number?
- Convert the percent to a decimal and multiply: 8% of 350 = 0.08 × 350 = 28.
- What is percent change?
- Change ÷ original × 100. Always divide by the starting value.
- Increase 8,000 by 15% — what is the result?
- 0.15 × 8,000 = 1,200; 8,000 + 1,200 = 9,200 (or ×1.15).
- How do you multiply by a percent increase directly?
- Up 15% = ×1.15; down 15% = ×0.85.
- What is a unit rate?
- A rate per one unit; divide to get it (miles per hour, cost per item).
- Solve 6x + 11 = 47.
- Subtract 11: 6x = 36; divide by 6: x = 6.
- Solve 5x − 3 = 2x + 12.
- Subtract 2x: 3x − 3 = 12; add 3: 3x = 15; x = 5.
- How do you solve a linear equation?
- Isolate the variable: undo addition/subtraction first, then multiplication/division, doing the same to both sides.
- Variable on both sides — first step?
- Collect all variable terms on one side and constants on the other.
- x⁵ · x³ = ?
- x⁸ — multiplying powers of the same base adds the exponents.
- x⁸ ÷ x⁵ = ?
- x³ — dividing powers of the same base subtracts the exponents.
- (x²)³ = ?
- x⁶ — a power of a power multiplies the exponents.
- Any nonzero number to the 0 power = ?
- 1.
- What is scientific notation?
- A number written as a value between 1 and 10 times a power of 10 (6,400,000 = 6.4 × 10⁶).
- What does PEMDAS stand for?
- Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication/Division (left to right), Addition/Subtraction (left to right).
- Evaluate 100 − 4 × 5².
- 5² = 25; 4 × 25 = 100; 100 − 100 = 0.
- What is 2 to the 5th power?
- 32 (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2).
- What is the greatest common factor (GCF)?
- The largest factor shared by two numbers (GCF of 24 and 36 is 12).
- What is the least common multiple (LCM)?
- The smallest number both values divide into (LCM of 4 and 6 is 12).
- What is a prime number?
- A whole number greater than 1 whose only factors are 1 and itself (2, 3, 5, 7, 11).
- What is the mean?
- The average — sum of the values divided by how many there are.
- What is the median?
- The middle value of an ordered data set (average the two middle values if the count is even).
- What is the mode?
- The value that appears most often in a data set.
- What is the range of a data set?
- The largest value minus the smallest value.
- Mean vs median — which resists outliers?
- The median resists outliers; the mean is pulled toward extreme values.
- What is probability?
- Favorable outcomes ÷ total outcomes — a number from 0 to 1.
- Probability of red from 3 red and 5 blue marbles?
- 3 ÷ 8 = 3/8.
- How do you convert a fraction to a percent?
- Divide to a decimal, then multiply by 100: 3/5 = 0.6 = 60%.
- How do you convert a percent to a fraction?
- Put it over 100 and simplify: 60% = 60/100 = 3/5.
- How do you add fractions with different denominators?
- Find a common denominator, rewrite each fraction, then add the numerators.
- How do you multiply fractions?
- Multiply numerators and multiply denominators, then simplify.
- How do you divide fractions?
- Multiply by the reciprocal of the second fraction (flip and multiply).
- What is an integer?
- A whole number and its negatives: ..., −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, ...
- What is the absolute value of a number?
- Its distance from zero, always nonnegative (|−7| = 7).
- Distribute: 2(y − 4).
- 2y − 8.
- What is the slope of a line?
- Rise over run — the change in y divided by the change in x.
- Slope-intercept form of a line?
- y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
- What is the formula for distance, rate, time?
- Distance = rate × time (d = rt).
- If 4 workers build a wall in 18 days, how long for 6?
- Total work 4 × 18 = 72 worker-days; 72 ÷ 6 = 12 days.
- What is a coefficient?
- The number multiplying a variable (in 3x, the coefficient is 3).
- What is a like term?
- Terms with the same variable and exponent that can be combined (4x and 7x).
- Write 6,400,000 in scientific notation.
- 6.4 × 10⁶.
- What is the order to undo operations when solving?
- Reverse PEMDAS: undo addition/subtraction first, then multiplication/division.
- What is a negative exponent, e.g., x⁻²?
- A reciprocal: x⁻² = 1/x².
- What is a percent greater than 100%?
- A value more than the whole; 150% of a number is 1.5 times it.
- How do you find part of a whole from a ratio?
- Add the parts, divide the total by the sum, then multiply by the part you want.
- What is a function in math?
- A rule pairing each input with exactly one output, often written f(x).
- What is a grid-in question?
- A student-produced-response Math question with no answer choices; you enter an exact numeric answer.
- How many grid-in questions are on the SHSAT Math section?
- 5 of the 57 Math questions are grid-ins.
- Can you guess on a grid-in?
- There's no penalty, so never leave it blank — but there are no choices to work backward from, so accuracy matters.
- Do you round a grid-in answer?
- No — enter the exact value (whole number, fraction, or decimal) unless the question says to round.
- Is a grid-in worth more than a multiple-choice question?
- No — each scored question is worth the same.
- What is the Pythagorean theorem?
- For a right triangle with legs a and b and hypotenuse c: a² + b² = c².
- Hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs 6 and 8?
- 10 — since 6² + 8² = 36 + 64 = 100, and √100 = 10.
- Name three common Pythagorean triples.
- 3-4-5, 5-12-13, and 6-8-10 (a scaled 3-4-5).
- Area of a rectangle?
- Length × width.
- Area of a triangle?
- ½ × base × height.
- Area of a circle?
- πr² (pi times the radius squared).
- Circumference of a circle?
- 2πr (or πd, pi times the diameter).
- Volume of a rectangular box?
- Length × width × height.
- Perimeter of a shape?
- The sum of the lengths of all its sides.
- Interior angles of a triangle sum to?
- 180°.
- Angles on a straight line sum to?
- 180°.
- Angles around a point sum to?
- 360°.
- What is the side of a square with area 144?
- 12 — the side equals √(area), and √144 = 12.
- What is a right angle?
- An angle of exactly 90°.
- What are complementary angles?
- Two angles that add to 90°.
- What are supplementary angles?
- Two angles that add to 180°.
- What is an isosceles triangle?
- A triangle with two equal sides and two equal base angles.
- What is an equilateral triangle?
- A triangle with three equal sides and three 60° angles.
- Express 3/5 as a percent.
- 60%.
- What value should you grid for 9 squared?
- 81.
- What is the GCF of 24 and 36 (a grid-in answer)?
- 12.
- Median of 7, 3, 9, 5, 11?
- 7 — ordered: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11; the middle is 7.
- What is the diameter of a circle?
- A straight line through the center, equal to twice the radius.
- What is the radius of a circle?
- The distance from the center to the edge, half the diameter.
- What is the value of pi (approx.)?
- About 3.14 (or 22/7).
- Are vertical angles equal?
- Yes — angles opposite each other where two lines cross are equal.
- Sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral?
- 360°.
- What is a parallelogram's area?
- Base × height.
- How can you grid a fraction like 3/8?
- Enter it as the fraction 3/8 or its exact decimal 0.375 — both are acceptable.
- What is the surface area of a cube with side s?
- 6s² — six equal square faces.
- What does 'congruent' mean?
- Equal in size and shape.
- What does 'similar' mean for shapes?
- Same shape, proportional sizes (equal angles, sides in the same ratio).
- How do you find the average speed for a trip?
- Total distance ÷ total time.
- Coordinates of the origin on a graph?
- (0, 0).
- What is the x-coordinate vs the y-coordinate?
- x is the horizontal position (first), y is the vertical position (second).
- What does SHSAT stand for?
- Specialized High Schools Admissions Test.
- Who administers the SHSAT?
- The NYC Department of Education (developed under contract by Pearson).
- How many questions are on the SHSAT?
- 114 total — 57 ELA + 57 Math.
- How many questions are scored in each section?
- 47 scored + 10 unscored field-test questions per section.
- How long is the SHSAT?
- 180 minutes (3 hours), self-paced across both sections.
- What are the two SHSAT sections?
- English Language Arts (ELA) and Mathematics.
- What is a field-test question?
- An unscored question used to try out new items; you can't tell which, so answer all.
- Is there a passing score on the SHSAT?
- No — admission is by competitive rank order of your composite score.
- What is the SHSAT composite score?
- Your ELA and Math scaled scores added into one number (max about 800).
- What is a scaled score?
- A converted score that adjusts for slight differences between test forms so versions are comparable.
- How does rank-order admission work?
- Seats fill from the highest composite down; you're placed in the highest-ranked school whose cutoff you meet.
- How many specialized high schools use the SHSAT?
- Eight.
- Which school historically has the highest SHSAT cutoff?
- Stuyvesant High School.
- Is there a guessing penalty on the SHSAT?
- No — answer every question, including grid-ins.
- Can you use a calculator on the SHSAT?
- No — no calculator is permitted.
- How many schools can you rank?
- Up to all eight specialized high schools, in order of preference.
- Does LaGuardia HS use the SHSAT?
- No — LaGuardia admits by audition or portfolio, not the SHSAT.
- What are the two parts of the ELA section?
- Revising/Editing and Reading Comprehension.
- How is the Math section split?
- 52 multiple-choice questions and 5 grid-in questions.
- Is the SHSAT digital now?
- Yes — fully digital since fall 2025 for most students (paper for certain accommodations).
- What change is planned for fall 2026?
- The SHSAT becomes computer-adaptive, adjusting difficulty based on responses.
- Why should you rank schools in true preference order?
- The match places you in your highest-ranked school whose cutoff you meet — ranking has no downside.
- Name three of the eight specialized high schools.
- Stuyvesant, Bronx Science, and Brooklyn Tech (also Brooklyn Latin, HSMSE, HSAS-Lehman, Queens Science, Staten Island Tech).
- Why answer every SHSAT question?
- There's no guessing penalty, and you can't tell the scored questions from the field-test ones.
- What single number decides SHSAT admission?
- Your composite scaled score (ELA + Math).
- What grade do students usually take the SHSAT in?
- Eighth grade (current 8th graders for 9th-grade admission); some 9th graders also test for 10th-grade seats.
- Who is eligible for the SHSAT?
- NYC residents in the appropriate grade applying for admission to a specialized high school.
- Is the SHSAT free to take?
- Yes — there is no fee for NYC students to take the SHSAT.
- What does a higher composite score do?
- It improves your rank, giving access to more (and more competitive) schools.
- Are ELA and Math weighted equally?
- Each section has 57 questions; their scaled scores combine into the composite.